Actualización del reporte de biopsiapor aspiración con aguja fina de mama / Report of breast fine needle aspiration biopsy: an update

Las recomendaciones para la biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina de mama se desarrollaron y aprobaron en 1997 por el Instituto Nacional de Cáncer en Bethesda, Estados Unidos y fueron adaptadas a nuestro país en 2007, sin embargo, en los últimos años no se han realizado cambios formales en estas indicaciones. El objetivo de este módulo es presentar la actualización del reporte de biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina de mama, usando el sistema de reporte Bethesda, realizado por consenso con un grupo de patólogos, clínicos, radiólogos, cirujanos de mama y otros profesionales de la salud de Colombia y otros países, y con base en la experiencia realizando biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina de mama del Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe y de Dinámica IPS.

Recommendations for breast fine needle aspiration biopsy were developed and approved in 1997 by The National Cancer Institute of Bethesda, United States, , and were adapted to our country on 2007, however, in last years these indications have not changed in a formal manner. The purpose of this review was to provide an update of the report for breast fine needle aspiration biopsy using the Bethesda system. This guide was made by consensus with pathologists, clinicians, radiologists, breast surgeons and other health professionals of Colombia and other countries. The update was basis on the experience of Hospital Pablo Tobon Uribe and Dinamica IPS in performing breast fine needle aspiration biopsy.

Dispositivos o cirugía para los defectos del septo atrial / Devices or surgery for atrial septal defects

El defecto del septo atrial es la segunda patología congénita del corazón más común en adultos, con predominancia en el sexo femenino. Adicionalmente, el 70% corresponde a la variedad ostium secundum. Cuando este tipo de defecto se diagnostica en la niñez pero no se recibe tratamiento, se provoca un aumento del diámetro, de donde sólo el 4% de los casos se cierra de manera espontánea. Por lo general, un paciente con un defecto del septo atrial de la variedad ostium secundum, permanece asintomático hasta la tercera o cuarta décadas de la vida, etapas en las que comienza a disminuir su capacidad para hacer ejercicio, desarrolla fatiga, puede presentar síncope y palpitaciones, o falla ventricular derecha, taquicardia atrial, hipertensión pulmonar y eventos embólicos. Todos estos elementos contribuyen a una morbilidad significativa que, por tanto, puede conducir a la muerte. Entre tanto, la edad de inicio de los síntomas es variable y no se correlaciona con el tamaño del defecto ni con el grado del cortocircuito; sin embargo, Rosas y colaboradores, en un seguimiento a 200 pacientes mayores a 40 años no tratados, observaron cinco muertes súbitas, siete fallas cardiacas, trece infecciones pulmonares severas, cinco embolismos y cuatro accidentes cerebrovasculares (1). De otro lado, se sabe que el reparo de los defectos del septo atrial puede prevenir la hipertensión pulmonar, la falla del ventrículo derecho y las complicaciones tromboembólicas.

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of corn distiller's dried grains with solubles: experiments and mathematical modeling.

Corn distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a byproduct of the ethanol industry and has potential as a source of valuable compounds. In this study, corn DDGS was extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO(2)) at 50-70 °C, 34.5-49.6 MPa, and constant CO(2) flow rate of 1 L/min (measured at ambient conditions). The highest yield of total lipids (9.2%, w/w) was obtained at 49.6 MPa/70 °C. Apparent solubility of corn DDGS lipids ranged between 0.010 kg/kg CO(2) at 34.5 MPa/50 °C and 0.026 kg/kg CO(2) at 49.6 MPa/70 °C. The extract contained 107 mg/kg carotenoids, 1538 mg/kg tocochromanols, and 15904 mg/kg phytosterols at 49.6 MPa/70 °C. The Sovova model and Chrastil model were successfully used to describe the extraction of total lipids and apparent solubility of total and minor lipids, respectively. The study revealed that DDGS is a good inexpensive source of lipids and valuable minor lipid components and that SC-CO(2) extraction can be used as a "green" process to add value to corn DDGS by recovering such high-value lipids.

The presence of abdominal obesity is associated with changes in vascular function independently of other cardiovascular risk factors.

BACKGROUND: Because of the strong association between abdominal obesity (AO) and other cardiovascular risk factors, it has been difficult to determine which changes in vascular function are directly related to this condition. Our objective was to evaluate the changes in ex-vivo vascular reactivity, circulating levels of adipokines and inflammatory markers associated with the presence of AO in subjects who underwent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) controlling by the presence of other cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: Subjects scheduled for a CABG with (n=17) and without (n=17) AO (defined as a waist circumference > or =90 cm for male or > or =80 cm for female) whom were matched by several cardiovascular risk factors, were included in the study. Lipid profile and plasma levels of glucose, insulin, leptin, adiponectin and inflammatory markers were measured. Internal mammary artery segments were used for ex-vivo vascular reactivity experiments and morphometry. RESULTS: Leptin concentrations were higher and adiponectin concentrations were lower in subjects with AO. No differences were observed in other biochemical or clinical parameters between the groups. No correlation between waist circumference, HOMA index and inflammatory markers were observed. Endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine was lower, and contractile responses to angiotensin-II were higher in subjects with AO. These changes were not related to differences in vascular morphometry. CONCLUSION: In subjects with severe coronary disease, the presence of AO was associated with leptin/adiponectin imbalance, decreased endothelium-dependent relaxation and an enhanced response to angiotensin-II. These changes occurred independently of other cardiovascular risk factors including insulin resistance and levels of inflammatory markers.

[Percutaneous closure of inter-atrial communication with the Amplatzer device. Experience with 42 cases]. / Cierre percutáneo de la comunicación inter-atrial con dispositivo de Amplatzer. Experiencia de 42 casos.

We report our experience on 42 patients treated with atrial septal defect (ASD) occlusion using Amplatzer device. Thirty patients were females and 12 were males, mean ages 26.5-years-old +/- 12 years (interval from 7 to 69 years). Average weight was 57.1 +/- 13.8 kg (32.3-85.0 kg). Forty-two devices (ranging diameters from 13 mm to 40 mm) were deployed, 40 of which were placed successfully and attempts were unsuccessful in two cases (diameter devices 36 mm and 40 mm, respectively). We used the "balloon on the left or right upper pulmonary vein" in 5 patients, achieving good deployment. Echocardiography showed total occlusion in 37 patients (93.5%), trivial leak in 2 (4.7%), and light leak in 1 patient (2.3%). Follow up was at 1 to 12 months (mean 6.5). Total occlusion was observed at one month on both patients with trivial leak, and at 6 months on the patient with light leak. Failure to deploy the device appropriately on the two patients with unsuccessful result was due to unfavorable anatomy: very large defects in both cases (occluder size 36 mm and 40 mm), very thin postero-superior 6 mm rim on one of them and aortic rim absence on the other one. Stretched diameters were 34 mm and 38 mm on patients with 36 mm and 40 mm devices, respectively. Both of them were sent to surgery. We conclude that percutaneus closure of atrial septal defect with the Amplatzer device is a save and have good results.

Cierre percutáneo de la comunicación inter-atrial con dispositivo de Amplatzer: experiencia de 42 casos / Percutaneous closure of inter-atrial communication with the Amplatzer device: experience with 42 cases

We report our experience on 42 patients treated with atrial septal defect (ASD) occlusion using Amplatzer device. Thirty patients were females and 12 were males, mean ages 26.5-years-old +/- 12 years (interval from 7 to 69 years). Average weight was 57.1 +/- 13.8 kg (32.3-85.0 kg). Forty-two devices (ranging diameters from 13 mm to 40 mm) were deployed, 40 of which were placed successfully and attempts were unsuccessful in two cases (diameter devices 36 mm and 40 mm, respectively). We used the [quot ]balloon on the left or right upper pulmonary vein[quot ] in 5 patients, achieving good deployment. Echocardiography showed total occlusion in 37 patients (93.5%), trivial leak in 2 (4.7%), and light leak in 1 patient (2.3%). Follow up was at 1 to 12 months (mean 6.5). Total occlusion was observed at one month on both patients with trivial leak, and at 6 months on the patient with light leak. Failure to deploy the device appropriately on the two patients with unsuccessful result was due to unfavorable anatomy: very large defects in both cases (occluder size 36 mm and 40 mm), very thin postero-superior 6 mm rim on one of them and aortic rim absence on the other one. Stretched diameters were 34 mm and 38 mm on patients with 36 mm and 40 mm devices, respectively. Both of them were sent to surgery. We conclude that percutaneus closure of atrial septal defect with the Amplatzer device is a save and have good results.

Atresia tricuspídea asociada a tronco común: reporte de un caso / Tricuspid atresia associated with common trunk: a case report

The tricuspid atresia associated with persistent truncus arteriosus is a rare anomaly. A case is presented of one male patient of three months age in which was detected a cardiac murmur. The diagnosis was made by echocardiography and confirmed by cardiac catheterization. The first step of the palliation was done with disconnection of the trunk of the pulmonary artery combined with a systemic- to- pulmonary shunt of 4 mm. The patient died 24 hours later for persistent metabolic acidosis.

Manejo de la angina refractaria con estimulación eléctrica espinal: revisión de la literatura / Treatment of refractory chest angina with spinal electrical stimulator: literature review

Justificación: existe un grupo de pacientes con angina de pecho crónica refractaria, que no son candidatos a revascularización quirúrgica o percutánea y que a pesar de recibir un manejo médico óptimo, aún experimentan severos episodios de angina. El estimulador eléctrico espinal es un neuromodulador que se emplea como alternativa de manejo en estos pacientes. Objetivos: se realizó una revisión sobre estimulación eléctrica espinal en el manejo de la angina, su mecanismo de acción, sus beneficios y su costo-efectividad. Materiales y métodos: se llevó a cabo una búsqueda en MedLine, según la metodología Cochrane, de artículos publicados desde enero de 1980 a enero de 2007, mediante los términos ®spinal cord stimulation¼; de ésta se seleccionaron los manuscritos que los autores consideraron relevantes. Conclusiones: el efecto anti-isquémico del estimulador espinal eléctrico reduce los episodios de angina de pecho, mejora la calidad de vida y la tolerancia al ejercicio, disminuye la estancia hospitalaria y retarda la aparición de signos de isquemia.

Evaluation of the impact of overseas pre-departure treatment for infection with intestinal parasites among Montagnard refugees migrating from Cambodia to North Carolina.

We evaluated the effectiveness of an overseas pre-departure regimen of five days of albendazole for presumptive treatment of intestinal parasites by examining stool specimens in treated and untreated Montagnard refugees after arrival in the United States. Among 815 refugees evaluated, fully treated refugees had a significantly lower prevalence of helminths (11 [1.4%] of 777), specifically hookworm and Ascaris lumbricoides, than untreated pregnant women (3 [20%] of 15) (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that treatment was associated with significantly lower rates of infection with helminths but not protozoa. Post-arrival gastrointestinal symptoms were not associated with findings on stool examination. Our evaluation suggests that although additional studies are needed to determine optimal treatment regimens for intestinal parasites, especially among young children and pregnant women, a five-day course of pre-departure albendazole was effective in reducing helminthic infection in treated refugees.

[Tricuspid atresia associated with common trunk. A case report]. / Atresia tricuspídea asociada a tronco común. Reporte de un caso.

The tricuspid atresia associated with persistent truncus arteriosus is a rare anomaly. A case is presented of one male patient of three months age in which was detected a cardiac murmur. The diagnosis was made by echocardiography and confirmed by cardiac catheterization. The first step of the palliation was done with disconnection of the trunk of the pulmonary artery combined with a systemic- to- pulmonary shunt of 4 mm. The patient died 24 hours later for persistent metabolic acidosis.

[Endomyocardial biopsy. Revision and experience of 176 procedures]. / Biopsia endomiocárdica. Revisión y experiencia de 176 procedimientos.

Endomyocardial biopsy (EB) is often used in the clinical evaluation of several cardiac disease. Hundred-seventy-six consecutive procedures were performed in 65 patients, 43 men and 22 women mean age was 29.86 +/- 11.53 (range 4 days to 66 years). Group A, 26 postcardiac transplantation patients in whom 137 EB were performed (39 heterotopic and 98 orthotopic), average sample 5.2 biopsy for each patient. Group B (n = 39) was studied for several cardiac diseases during cardiac diagnostic catheterism. The jugular venous approach was performed in 3 patients (1.7%), femoral in 173 patients. Major complications were found in 3 (1.7%) cases consisting in cerebrovascular accident (stroke) and coronary fistula into the right ventricle. Endomyocardial biopsy provides a low incidence of adverse reactions, mortality was 0%.

Experiencia en el manejo endovascular para el tratamiento de la aorta torácica / Experience in endovascular management for thoracic aorta treatment

Antecedentes: el tratamiento endovascular ofrece la posibilidad de cubrir el origen de la disección y evitar que progrese hasta aneurisma de la aorta, y con ello demuestra una reducción en la mortalidad hasta del 16 porciento.Objetivo: evaluar los resultados quirúrgicos en términos de morbi-mortalidad de los pacientes sometidos a manejo endovascular de las lesiones de la aorta torácica en la Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia desde 2003 hasta 2005. Diseño–método: estudio longitudinal tipo descriptivo retrospectivo, en el que se evaluaron las historias clínicas de todos los pacientes sometidos a manejo endovascular de patología toracoabdominal; en éste sólo se incluyeron los pacientes con procedimientos de la aorta torácica, desde 2003 hasta 2005. El análisis de los datos se realizó en Stata/SE 8,0...

Endarterectomía carotídea en pacientes sintomáticos y asintomáticos: resultados de morbi-mortalidad desde 1998 hasta 2005 / Carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients: morbid-mortality results from 1998 to 2005

Antecedentes: el accidente cerebrovascular es la tercera causa de muerte y probablemente la causa más importante de discapacidad a largo plazo. La tasa de mortalidad está entre 15% y 35% con el primer ataque y se eleva a 65% para los accidentes cerebrovasculares subsiguientes. Los resultados a largo y mediano plazo avalan esta técnica quirúrgica para el tratamiento de la enfermedad carotídea, al demostrar altos perfiles de seguridad. Objetivo: determinar los resultados de morbilidad y mortalidad quirúrgica y a 3, 6 y 12 meses de seguimiento, en los pacientes sometidos a endarterectomía carotídea desde 1998 hasta septiembre de 2005. Diseño-método: se evaluaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes sometidos a endarterectomía carotídea, desde 1998 hasta septiembre de 2005. Resultados: se realizaron 42 procedimientos desde 1998 hasta septiembre de 2005; el 57% de los pacientes eran hombres, con edad promedio de 68,8 ± 9,9 años. Los antecedentes de importancia fueron: hipertensión arterial (82%), tabaquismo (61%) y dislipidemia (50%). El 82% de los pacientes mostraban síntomas de enfermedad carotídea. Once pacientes tuvieron lesión de carótida derecha, 16 de carótida izquierda y 15 lesión bilateral, con un promedio de obstrucción de 85 ± 11,4%. La mortalidad fue de 4,7% y no estaba relacionada con el procedimiento quirúrgico. A septiembre de 2005 el 57% de los pacientes egresados estaban libres de síntomas. Conclusiones: la mortalidad para este grupo de pacientes es comparable con los resultados publicados en todo el mundo. La seguridad del procedimiento avala esta técnica quirúrgica como la primera opción en el manejo de la patología carotídea.

Antecedents: cerebrovascular disease is the third cause of death and probably the most common cause of significant long term disability. Mortality rate with first stroke is between 15% and 35% and goes up to 65% with subsequent strokes. Results at long and middle term endorse carotid endarterectomy for carotid artery disease treatment by demonstrating high safety profiles. Objective: to determine the surgical morbidity and mortality results at 3, 6 and 12 months of follow-up in patients submitted to carotid endarterectomy from 1998 to 2005. Design-Method: clinical histories of patients submitted to carotid endarterectomy from 1998 to September 2005 were evaluated. Results: 42 procedures were realized since 1998 until September 2005. 57% of the patients were men with mean age 68.8 ± 9.9 years. Important antecedents were arterial hypertension (82%), cigarette smoking (61) and dyslipidemia (50%). 82% showed symptoms of carotid disease. 11 patients had right carotid lesion and in 15 the lesion was bilateral, with mean obstruction of 85 ± 11.4%. Mortality was 4.7% and was not related to the surgical procedure. At September 2005, 57% of the discharged patients were asymptomatic. Conclusions: mortality for this group of patients is comparable to the worldwide published results. Procedure safety guarantees this surgical technique as the first option in this carotid pathology management.

Biopsia endomiocárdica: revisión y experiencia de 176 procedimientos / Endomyocardial biopsy: revision and experience of 176 procedures

Endomyocardial biopsy (EB) is often used in the clinical evaluation of several cardiac disease. Hundred-seventy-six consecutive procedures were performed in 65 patients, 43 men and 22 women mean age was 29.86 +/- 11.53 (range 4 days to 66 years). Group A, 26 postcardiac transplantation patients in whom 137 EB were performed (39 heterotopic and 98 orthotopic), average sample 5.2 biopsy for each patient. Group B (n = 39) was studied for several cardiac diseases during cardiac diagnostic catheterism. The jugular venous approach was performed in 3 patients (1.7%), femoral in 173 patients. Major complications were found in 3 (1.7%) cases consisting in cerebrovascular accident (stroke) and coronary fistula into the right ventricle. Endomyocardial biopsy provides a low incidence of adverse reactions, mortality was 0%.

[Right ventricular thrombous and pulmonary artery aneurysms in Behçet's disease. Report of one case]. / Trombo en ventriculo derecho y aneurismas de arterias pulmonares en enfermedad de Behçet. Reporte de un caso.

UNLABELLED: Behçet's disease uncommon in the pediatric population. Intracardiac thrombus and bilateral pulmonary artery aneurysms are uncommon manifestations. We are reporting one case. A 14 years old patient was admitted, with high fever, dyspnea and hemoptysis since 4 months ago. Two years ago, fever, oral ulcers, aphthae (gingival, palate, tonsils), nose ulceration in and arthralgias-arthritis were noted. Chest radiograph showed round mass in the right lower lung field. The chest tomographic computed scan and pulmonary centellography were done to investigate malformations arterial. An Intracardiac thrombus of 27 x 12 mm was identified in the right ventricle by transthoracic echocardiography. Catheterization and pulmonary angiography showed an aneurism located in the right and left lobares arteries. Medical management with immunosuppressive and anticoagulation therapy resulted in complete remission of the clinical manifestations. Due to heamodynamic compromise surgical removal of the intracardiac thrombus was done. IN SUMMARY: The Behçet's disease is rare disease in children. Intracardiac thrombus and bilateral pulmonary artery aneurysms are rare complications. Medical treatment (immunosupressive and anticoagulation) is the first line therapy with resolution of the mucous, skin, cardiac and pulmonary manifestations.

Tratamiento de aorta abdominal e ilíacas con técnica endovascular / Treatment of abdominal aorta and iliac arteries with endovascular technique

Antecedentes: desde 1991 la técnica endovascular se ha aplicado con éxito en el manejo de los aneurismas de aorta infrarrenal, y se ha perfeccionado de manera tal que rápidamente se ha convertido en una alternativa para pacientes de alto riesgo para la cirugía convencional. Objetivo: describir los resultados institucionales en el manejo de las patologías de aorta abdominal e ilíacas mediante técnica endovascular desde 2003 a 2005.Diseño-Método: estudio descriptivo, longitudinal, retrospectivo, en el que se analizaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes sometidos a procedimiento endovascular de aorta abdominal e ilíacas. El análisis se realizó en Stata 8,0 S/E...

Antecedents: since 1991 endovascular technique has been successfully used in the management of infra-renal aortic aneurysms and it has been improved in such a way that it has quickly turned into an alternative for patients considered having high risk for conventional surgery. Objective: describe the institutional results in the management of abdominal aortic pathologies through endovascular technique from 2003 to 2005. Design-Method: descriptive, longitudinal, retrospective study in which clinical histories of patients that underwent an endovascular procedure of abdominal aorta and iliac arteries were analyzed. The analysis was performed in Stata 8,0 S/E. Results: 9 patients received exclusively treatment for abdominal aortic and iliac lesions. All were male individuals with mean age 68.9 ± 8.1 years. 6 patients had diagnosis of infra-renal aortic aneurysm and the other 3 had anastomotic aneurysms. Requirement of endoprosthesis was evidenced in an average of 1.9 ± 0.8. Femoro-femoral bypass surgery was performed as simultaneous procedure in 4 of the 9 patients. 77.8% of patients had no complications. Mortality due to the procedure was 22% (2 patients) and it is important to notice that only these 2 patients had complications. Conclusions: exclusion of aortic and iliac aneurysms with modular endoprosthesis is being widely implemented as a valid treatment option, with excellent results that avoid the risks of conventional surgery and its associated morbidity.

Trombo en ventriculo derecho y aneurismas de arterias pulmonares en enfermedad de Behçet: reporte de un caso / Right ventricular thrombous and pulmonary artery aneurysms in Behçet's disease: report of one case

Behçet's disease uncommon in the pediatric population. Intracardiac thrombus and bilateral pulmonary artery aneurysms are uncommon manifestations. We are reporting one case. A 14 years old patient was admitted, with high fever, dyspnea and hemoptysis since 4 months ago. Two years ago, fever, oral ulcers, aphthae (gingival, palate, tonsils), nose ulceration in and arthralgias-arthritis were noted. Chest radiograph showed round mass in the right lower lung field. The chest tomographic computed scan and pulmonary centellography were done to investigate malformations arterial. An Intracardiac thrombus of 27 x 12 mm was identified in the right ventricle by transthoracic echocardiography. Catheterization and pulmonary angiography showed an aneurism located in the right and left lobares arteries. Medical management with immunosuppressive and anticoagulation therapy resulted in complete remission of the clinical manifestations. Due to heamodynamic compromise surgical removal of the intracardiac thrombus was done. IN SUMMARY: The Behçet's disease is rare disease in children. Intracardiac thrombus and bilateral pulmonary artery aneurysms are rare complications. Medical treatment (immunosupressive and anticoagulation) is the first line therapy with resolution of the mucous, skin, cardiac and pulmonary manifestations.

Papel del tejido perivascular en la regulación del tono vascular: repercusión en el uso de puentes aorto-coronarios para revascularización miocárdica / Role of perivascular tissue in vascular tone regulation: repercussion in the use of aortocoronary bypass for myocardial revascularization

Desde hace más de treinta años, la inserción quirúrgica de puentes aorto-coronarios autólogos de vena safena y de arteria mamaria, constituye el tratamiento de elección para pacientes con enfermedad coronaria severa. La vida útil de estos injertos ha demostrado ser mayor en los colgajos de tipo arterial, aunque su uso está limitado por la restringida disponibilidad de los mismos. Por esta razón, y a pesar de que tienen mayor riesgo de presentar oclusión, los injertos de vena safena son los que más se usan en estos procedimientos de reperfusión miocárdica. Aún no se han esclarecido del todo las razones por las cuales los injertos venosos se ocluyen luego de su inserción en los lechos arteriales; no obstante, se ha propuesto que podría deberse a diferentes factores como: trauma mecánico quirúrgico, aumento de la presión arterial y disminuido estrés de fricción.En 1996 se describió la técnica no-touch de preparación de los injertos venosos, en la cual se implantaron los puentes venosos en los lechos coronarios junto con el tejido peri-vascular que los circunda, y demostró mejorar la vida útil de este tipo de injertos. Recientemente se ha propuesto que el tejido adiposo peri-vascular podría desempeñar un papel en la regulación del tono vascular, e incluso se ha descrito la existencia de un factor relajante derivado del adipocito (ADRF), cuya naturaleza no se ha esclarecido completamente.El objetivo de este articulo es revisar los diferentes factores vinculados con la oclusión de los injertos aorto-coronarios, las posibles vías fisiopatológicas que configuran este fenómeno, las nuevas alternativas quirúrgicas utilizadas para la preparación de los injertos venosos y los avances en la descripción del ADRF y su papel en la regulación del tono vascular.

Since more than thirty years, surgical insertion of autologous aortocoronary bypasses from saphenous vein and mammary artery constitute the election treatment for patients with severe coronary disease. The lifespan of these grafts has shown to be longer with arterial tissue even though its use is limited by its restricted availability. This is why the saphenous vein bypasses, although having a greater risk of presenting occlusion, are the most used in these procedures of myocardial reperfusion. The reasons by which the venous grafts are occluded after its insertion in the arterial site are still not clear; nevertheless, it has been proposed that it could be due to different factors such as: surgical mechanical trauma, increment of arterial pressure and diminished friction stress. In 1996 the «no-touch¼ preparation technique of venous grafts was described, in which the venous bypasses were implanted in the coronary site along with the surrounding perivascular tissue and demonstrated to improve the lifespan of this type of grafts. Recently it has been proposed that the perivascular fat tissue could play a role in the vascular tone regulation and it has been even described the existence of an adipose cell derived relaxing factor (ADRF), whose nature has not been completely cleared yet. The objective of this article is to review the different factors related to the aortocoronary grafts’ occlusion, the possible physiopathologic channels that form this phenomenon, the new surgical alternatives used for vein grafts preparation and the advances in the description of ADRF and its role in vascular tone regulation.

Manejo endovascular de la aorta torácica / Endovascular treatment of thoracic aorta

En comparación con el tratamiento convencional, la terapia endovascular en aneurisma de aorta torácica, presenta los mejores resultados, por lo que se convierte en el tratamiento de elección para la patología de aorta torácica descendente endovascular, por su baja morbimortalidad perioperatoria. El tratamiento quirúrgico por vía retroperitoneal y/o endovascular para aneurisma de aorta abdominal infrarrenal, resulta ser especialmente seguro en pacientes octogenarios o con alta morbilidad. Esta cohorte institucional presenta resultados perioperatorios y en el seguimiento, similares a los reportados en la literatura mundial.

Compared with the conventional treatment, endovascular therapy in thoracic aortic aneurysm shows the best results, being the election treatment for the pathology of the descending thoracic aorta, due to its low peri-operative morbid-mortality. Surgical treatment by retro-peritoneal route and/or endovascular for infra-renal abdominal aortic aneurysm is especially safe in octogenarian patients or in those with a high mortality rate. This institutional cohort show peri-operative and follow-up results similar to those reported in the world literature.

Cambio valvular mitral, aórtico o mitro-aórtico en pacientes con baja fracción de eyección / Mitral, aortic or mitral-aortic valvular replacement in patients with low ejection fraction

La decisión de someter a cambio valvular a un paciente con disfunción ventricular moderada a severa, es motivo de controversia debido a las complicaciones y los malos resultados a corto y largo plazo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los resultados quirúrgicos en los pacientes con baja fracción de eyección pre-quirúrgica sometidos a cambio valvular mitral aórtico o mitro-aórtico. En este tipo de pacientes se puede obtener una aceptable sobrevida libre de sintomas. La clase funcional IV de la New York Heart Association incrementa la mortalidad temprana y tardía. La marcada reducción de la fracción de eyección preoperatoria, no debe considerse como una contraindicación para cambio valvular.

The decision to submit patients with moderate to severe ventricular dysfunction to valvular replacements is subject to controversy because complications and the adverse outcomes in short and long-term. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes in mitral or aortic valve replacements or combined aortic and mitral valve replacements in patients with preoperative low left ventricular ejection fraction. Good symptomatic relief and acceptable overall survival can be obtained in patients with systolic dysfunction and valvular disease. Preoperative NYHA class IV increases early and late mortality. A marked ejection fraction reduction should not be considered a contraindication for valvular replacement.