Student Confidence in Providing Healthcare to Adults With Intellectual Disability: Implications for Health Profession Curricula.

Self-perceived confidence of health professions students at one university in caring for adults with intellectual disability (ID) was examined via an electronic survey using the Therapy Confidence Scale - Intellectual Disabilities (TCS-ID). A stepwise multiple regression of data collected from 232 completed surveys revealed that prior training and prior experience were predictors of TCS-ID total score. Adults with ID experience healthcare disparities due, in part, to poor provider communication and a lack of confidence. Results from this novel study suggest that opportunities for experiential learning and training with people with ID are important considerations for health professions curricula. Further research is needed for generalizability of results.

Monomeric/dimeric forms of Fgf15/FGF19 show differential activity in hepatocyte proliferation and metabolic function.

Human Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 (FGF19) and mouse ortholog Fgf15 play similar roles in liver regeneration and metabolism via the activation of Fgfr4/b-klotho (Klb). Monomeric FGF19 and dimeric Fgf15 are both necessary for liver regeneration and proper bile acid (BA) metabolism. FGF19 elicits stronger effects than Fgf15 on glucose and fatty acid metabolism and only FGF19 induces hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, inhibiting FGF19/FGFR4 signaling in HCC patients is associated with toxicity due to elevated BA levels. Here, we examine the structure/function relationship in Fgf15/FGF19 to better understand the molecular basis for their distinct functions. We demonstrate that FGF19 is a more effective activator of Fgfr4 and of downstream signaling (Erk, Plcg1) than Fgf15. Furthermore, we use site-directed mutagenesis to show that the presence or absence of an unpaired cysteine in Fgf15/19 modulates ligand structure and determines the ability of these molecules to induce hepatocyte proliferation, with monomers being more potent activators. Consistent with these findings, an engineered dimeric variant of FGF19 is less effective than wild-type FGF19 at inducing liver growth in cooperation with the Wnt-enhancer RSPO3. In contrast to effects on proliferation, monomeric and dimeric ligands equally inhibited the expression of Cyp7a1, the enzyme catalyzing the rate limiting step in BA production. Thus, structure and function of Fgf15/FGF19 are intricately linked, explaining why FGF19, but not Fgf15, induces liver tumorigenesis. Our data provide insight into FGF19/FGFR4 signaling and may inform strategies to target this pathway while limiting on-target toxicity due to dysregulation of BA production or induction of hepatocyte proliferation.

Experiencias de habitantes de calle que asisten al Programa de Salud Camad Rafael Uribe Uribe en Bogotá / The Experiences of Homeless Persons Attending the Health Program Camad Rafael Uribe Uribe in Bogotá / Experiências de pessoas moradoras de rua que participam do Programa de Saúde Camad Rafael Uribe Uribe em Bogotá

Resumen Introducción: la habitabilidad en la calle crea condiciones para el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas ilegales (SPAI) que afectan la salud y que hacen de estas personas un grupo vulnerable. El programa de Centros de Atención Médica a Drogodependientes (Camad) fue una propuesta novedosa que intentó abordar esta situación con la perspectiva de la prevención y la atención en salud in situ de dicha población. El objetivo fue interpretar las experiencias vividas de un grupo de habitantes de calle de la localidad Rafael Uribe Uribe en Bogotá Colombia, en relación con el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y la atención en salud en el Camad. Materiales y métodos: se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y un abordaje enmarcado en el paradigma cualitativo desde un enfoque comprensivo-hermenéutico. Resultados: los resultados dan cuenta del programa Camad y su efecto en la vida de los habitantes de calle, quienes por medio de sus experiencias construyen un significado propio sobre la atención en salud; también reflejan que los espacios creados por el programa apuntaron a la prevención y mitigación del riesgo en el consumo de SPAI, sin lograr un cambio notorio por la complejidad del problema. Conclusión: los habitantes de calle tienen experiencias que cuentan la relación con el Camad, en cuanto a la atención de la salud y la promoción del autocuidado, pero relacionan de manera deficiente el éxito en el control del consumo de sustancias psicoactivas.

Abstract Introduction: Street habitability creates conditions for the consumption of illegal psychoactive substances (SPAI) that affect health and make these people a vulnerable group. The Camad program was a novel proposal that attempted to address this situation with the perspective of prevention and on-site care of this population. The objective is to interpret the lived experiences of a group of homeless of the locality Rafael Uribe Uribe in Bogota Colombia, in relation to the consumption of psychoactive substances and the health care in Camad. Materials and methods: Semi-structured interviews and an approach framed in the qualitative paradigm focused on the comprehensive-hermeneutical approach were carried out. Results: The results show the Camad program and its effect on the lives of street people, who through their experiences build their own meaning on health care; they also reflect that the spaces created by the program aimed at preventing and mitigating the risk of SPAI consumption without achieving a noticeable change due to the complexity of the problem. Conclusion: The homeless have experiences that relate to the relationship with Camad in terms of health care and self-care promotion, but poorly relate success in controlling the use of psychoactive substances.

Resumo Introdução: a habitabilidade na rua cria condições para o consumo de substâncias psicoativas ilegais (SPAI) que afetam a saúde e que fazem destas pessoas um grupo vulnerável. O programa Camad foi uma proposta inovadora que tentou abordar esta situação com a perspetiva da prevenção e a atenção em saúde in situ de dita população. O objetivo é interpretar as experiências vividas de um grupo de moradores de rua da localidade Rafael Uribe Uribe em Bogotá, Colômbia, em relação com o consumo de substâncias psicoativas e a atenção em saúde no Camad. Materiais e métodos: realizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas e uma abordagem enquadrado no paradigma qualitativo desde um enfoque com-preensivo-hermenêutico. Resultados: os resultados dão conta do programa Camad e o seu efeito na vida dos moradores de rua, os quais através de suas experiências constroem um significado próprio sobre a atenção em saúde; também refletem que os espaços criados pelo programa apontaram à prevenção e mitigação do risco no consumo de SPAI sem conseguir uma mudança notória pela complexidade do problema. Conclusão: os moradores de rua tem experiências que contam a relação com o Camad referente à atenção da saúde e à promoção do autocuidado, mas relacionam de maneira deficiente o sucesso no controlo do consumo de substâncias psicoativas.

[Prevalence of domestic violence in pregnant women from 20 to 35 years in a family medicine unit]. / Prevalencia de violencia intrafamiliar en embarazadas de 20 a 35 años de una unidad de medicina familiar.

BACKGROUND: Violence against women is one of the most important health problems in recent times. In Mexico, it is reported a prevalence of 21.5% during pregnancy; however, it seems to be underdiagnosed. The objective is to determine the prevalence of domestic violence in pregnant women from 20 to 35 years at the Unidad de Medicina Familiar (UMF) 171 of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS). METHODS: It was performed a cross-sectional descriptive study with a sample of 102 pregnant women to which we applied a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Severity of Violence Against Women Scale (ISVP). RESULTS: 19 women (18.6%) suffered violence; of these, 10.8% (n=11) experienced physical violence, 5.9% (n=6) psychological violence, and 4% (n=4) sexual violence. We used chi squared between the variable violence and each of the sociodemographic factors: 52.6% women (n=10) were married (p=0.005), 26.3% (n=5) had a bachelor's degree (p=0.074), 57.8% (n=11) had planned their pregnancy, 47.3% (n=9) were in the third trimester of pregnancy, and 78.95% (n=15) worked as laborers, shop-keepers or professionals (p=0.016). CONCLUSIONS: Among pregnant women belonging in UMF 171 of IMSS, domestic violence is a problem with a prevalence of 18.6%.

Introducción: la violencia contra la mujer es uno de los problemas sanitarios de mayor relevancia en los últimos tiempos. Durante el embarazo se reporta un 21.5 % de prevalencia en nuestro país y se cree que esta está subdiagnosticada. El objetivo fue conocer la prevalencia de violencia intrafamiliar en embarazadas de 20 a 35 años de la Unidad de Medicina Familiar 171 (UMF 171) del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Métodos: estudio transversal-descriptivo con pacientes embarazadas de 20 a 35 años con una muestra de 102 embarazadas a las cuales se les aplicó un cuestionario sociodemográfico y el instrumento índice de severidad de violencia de pareja (ISVP). Se utilizó media, porcentajes y chi cuadrada para los resultados. Resultados: el 18.6 % de las participantes (n = 19) padeció violencia. De estas la violencia física se presentó en el 10.8 % (n = 11), seguida de la violencia psicológica en un 5.9 % (n = 6) y la violencia sexual en 4 % (n = 4). Se empleó chi cuadrada entre la variable violencia y cada uno de los factores sociodemográficos: 52.6 % (n = 10) eran casadas (p 0.005), 26.3 % (n = 5) tenían licenciatura (p 0.074), 57.8 % (n = 11) habían planeado su embarazo, 47.3 % (n = 9) cursaban el tercer trimestre de embarazo y 78.95 % (n = 15) tenían un trabajo entre obreras, comerciantes o profesionistas (p 0.016). Conclusiones: la violencia intrafamiliar es un problema presente en las embarazadas de la UMF 171, con una prevalencia de 18.6 %.

Assessment of physical education time and after-school outdoor time in elementary and middle school students in south Mexico City: the dilemma between physical fitness and the adverse health effects of outdoor pollutant exposure.

Strategies to promote lifelong physical activity among children are needed to stem the adverse health consequences of inactivity. However, the health effects in growing children of long-term exposure to a polluted atmosphere are of deep concern. The atmosphere of south Mexico City (SMC) is characterized by a complex mixture of air pollutants, including ozone, particulate matter, and aldehydes. Radiological evidence suggests that small-airway disease could be present in clinically healthy, tobacco unexposed SMC children. The aim of this study was to assess, by means of a self-reported questionnaire, the physical education class times, daily outdoor after-school exposure time, and tobacco exposure in students attending public elementary and middle schools in SMC. Additionally, the time each student spent viewing television was assessed, and the authors measured each student's weight and height to determine body mass index (BMI, weight in kg divided by height in m2). The survey included 1,159 students in grades 7-9. The authors identified 2 critical periods of outdoor exposure in SMC children that coincided with significant concentrations of both ozone and particulate matter with diameters less than 10 micrometers (PM10): during school time after 11:00 A.M. and in the after-school outdoor activity period, usually extending from 1:00 P.M. to 6:00 P.M. Thirty-two percent of elementary and 61% of middle school students have physical education classes after 11:00 A.M. Students in SMC spend an average of 19.6 hr/wk outdoors in the after-school period, during which time they are engaged in light to moderate physical activities. Half of the students are exposed to tobacco smoke at home, and 7% of middle school students smoke. On the basis of BMI, 60% of students were classified as undernourished, overweight, or obese. No correlations were found between BMI and time spent viewing TV, time outdoors (on weekdays and weekends), or exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Children and adolescents in SMC are participating in physical activities that enhance multiple components of health-related fitness. However, their activities occur outdoors, where they are exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants throughout the year. The authors believe that SMC children and adolescents must be educated, through both the school and health systems, regarding ways to obtain the necessary exercise while protecting themselves from the high concentrations of pollutants. Individuals should instruct and encourage young people to be involved in lifetime fitness activities and to eat balanced diets, if the goal is to control health-care costs, reduce disease incidence, and improve the overall quality of life of the Mexico City population.