Association between the Use of Backpack and Static Foot Posture in Schoolchildren with Static Pronated Foot Posture: A 36-Month Cohort Study.

Background: Schoolchildren often spend a lot of time carrying a backpack with school equipment, which can be very heavy. The impact a backpack may have on the pronated feet of schoolchildren is unknown. Aims: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of the backpack use on static foot posture in schoolchildren with a pronated foot posture over 36 months of follow-up. Methods: This observational longitudinal prospective study was based on a cohort of consecutive healthy schoolchildren with pronated feet from fifteen different schools in Plasencia (Spain). The following parameters were collected and measured in all children included in the study: sex, age, height, weight, body mass index, metatarsal formula, foot shape, type of shoes, and type of schoolbag (non-backpack and backpack). Static foot posture was determined by the mean of the foot posture index (FPI). The FPI was assessed again after 36 months. Results: A total of 112 participants used a backpack when going to school. Over the 36-month follow-up period, 76 schoolchildren who had a static pronated foot posture evolve a neutral foot posture. Univariate analysis showed that the schoolchildren using backpacks were at a greater risk of not developing neutral foot (odds ratio [OR]: 2.09; 95% CI: 1.08-4.09). The multivariate analysis provided similar results, where the schoolchildren using a backpack (adjusted OR [aOR]: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.02-3.82) had a significantly greater risk of not developing a neutral foot posture. Conclusions: A weak relationship was found between backpack use and schoolchildren aged from five to eleven years with static pronated feet not developing a neutral foot posture over a follow-up period of 36 months.

Backpacks Effect on Foot Posture in Schoolchildren with a Neutral Foot Posture: A Three-Year Prospective Study.

BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of data on the relationship between backpack use and foot posture in children. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a backpack on foot posture in children with neutral foot posture during three years of follow-up. METHODS: A prospective longitudinal observational study was conducted in a sample of 627 children with neutral foot. For each participant included in the study, age, sex, weight, height, body mass index, type of schoolbag (backpack or non-backpack), foot shape, metatarsal formula and type of shoes were recorded. Foot posture was described by the mean of the foot posture index (FPI) and reassessed after three years in a follow-up study. RESULTS: The average age of the children was 8.32 ± 1.32 years. A total of 458 used a backpack when going to school. Over the three-year follow-up period, 50 children who had neutral foot developed supinated foot (n = 18) or pronated foot (n = 32). Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that the children using a backpack were at a higher risk of developing pronated foot (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) = 2.05, 95% IC: 1.08-3.89, p = 0.028). Backpack use was not associated with the change from neutral foot to supinated foot. CONCLUSIONS: We found a positive association between using a backpack and the risk of developing pronated but not supinated foot. Clinical trials should be conducted to analyze the effect of backpack use on the foot among schoolchildren.

A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a brief motivational intervention to improve exclusive breastfeeding rates: Study protocol.

AIMS: To estimate the effectiveness of a brief motivational intervention (BMI) in increasing the duration of exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months postpartum. A complementary aim was to examine a potential mediating role of breastfeeding self-efficacy in the effectiveness of the BMI. BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding is associated with benefits for babies and mothers' health. Among the pool of techniques used to encourage healthy behaviours, BMI is highlighted based on the principles of motivational interviewing. One of the main components of these interventions is the promotion of self-efficacy, which, in fact, is a key factor for breastfeeding success. DESIGN: A multi-centre randomized controlled clinical trial of parallel groups. METHODS: Women who begin to breastfeed in the first hour after birth will be randomly assigned to the intervention group (receiving a BMI at immediate postpartum plus a telephone booster at the 1st and 3rd month postpartum) or the control group (receiving standard breastfeeding education at the same time). Outcome measures include the following: breastfeeding, breastfeeding self-efficacy, general self-efficacy, and postnatal depression. Data will be collected before the intervention and at the 1st, 3rd, and 6th month after birth. The study protocol has been approved by Badajoz Ethics Committee of Clinical Research in October 2017. DISCUSSION: This study will identify the effectiveness of BMI in improving exclusive breastfeeding rates. The findings will give useful evidence to health professionals about how to support breastfeeding. IMPACT: This study will address the low-exclusive breastfeeding rates, that in our country are far lower than World Health Organization's recommendation.

Automatic or manual arterial path for the ankle-brachial differences pulse wave velocity.

An automated method for measuring arterial path length with devices that determine pulse wave velocity (PWV) in peripheral arteries is frequently applied. We aimed to compare arterial path length measurements based on mathematical height-based formulas with those measured manually and to assess whether the ankle-brachial difference (abD-PWV) measured with the VOPITB device is comparable to that obtained by manual measurements. In 245 patients, a metric measuring tape was used to determine the arterial path length from the suprasternal notch to the midpoint of the VOPITB cuffs wrapped around the extremities, and the results were compared with those obtained with height-based formulas. We examined the relationship between the abD-PWV measured with both methods. The arterial path length measured manually was shorter than that calculated automatically by 5 ± 2 and 30 ± 4 cm-of 13% and 21% for the arms and legs, respectively (difference of 13% and 21%). As a result, the abD-PWV calculated with the automatic method was greater (automatic abD-PWV vs. manual: 462 ± 90 vs. 346 ± 79 cm/s). The Blant Altman plot showed a percentage error of: 15,2%, 7,5% and 17,3% for heart-brachial, heart-ankle length and abD-PWV respectively. In conclusion there were significant differences between manual and automated arterial length measurements and it translates into difference abD-PWV calculate from both methods. However, the Bland-Alman plot showed that abD-PWV was comparable for both techniques. The advantages of height-based formulas for the calculation of arterial path lengths suggest that they may be the recommended method for measuring the abD-PWV.

Association between the detection of alcohol, illicit drugs and/or psychotropic medications/opioids in patients admitted due to trauma and trauma recidivism: A cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the association between the presence and type of drug detected and trauma recidivism in a cohort of patients admitted due to trauma. METHOD: A cohort study was conducted based on data from a project where the presence of alcohol and other drugs (cannabis, cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamines, tricyclic antidepressants, barbiturates, opiates and benzodiazepines) was analysed in 1,187 patients aged 16 to 70 years admitted due to trauma. The patients were followed for a period of between 10 to 52 months until June 2016. For this study, the recurrence of injuries from a sample of 929 patients from this cohort was analysed according to their consumption profile. Survival curves were estimated and adjusted Hazard Rate Ratios (aHRR) and adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRR) were calculated. RESULTS: The incidence rate of TR was 10.94 cases per 100 patient-years in the group of patients negative for substances and 27.99 per 100 patient-years in positive patients. The survival curves show very significant differences in cumulative recurrence-free survival between the groups (Log Rank: p<0.001). Both the aHRR and the aIRR estimates show an increased risk of re-injury due to alcohol consumption (aIRR: 2.33 (1.72-3.15), p<0.001), cannabis use (aIRR: 1.87 (1.09-3.20), p = 0.022) and polydrug use (aIRR: 2.34 (1.80-3.04), p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of alcohol and/or illicit drugs in these patients doubles the risk of trauma recidivism.

Del Hospital Municipal de Trujillo y del cese de las Hermanas Amantes de Jesús / O Hospital Municipal de Trujillo ea cessação de amantes Irmãs de Jesus / Municipal Hospital of Trujillo and the cessation of Lovers Sisters of Jesus

Los objetivos del estudio fueron realizar una descripción del hospital municipal y de las obras acometidas, exponer las condiciones del convenio entre el Ayuntamiento y las religiosas y describir los cambios que se producen durante 1894. Se ha realizado un estudio histórico-documental durante los años 2014-2015 de los legajos depositados en el Archivo Municipal de Trujillo. El Hospital de la ciudad de Trujillo estaba destinado a la atención de ciudadanos, militares y transeúntes enfermos. La atención a los enfermos fue realizada por las Hermanas Amantes de Jesús y María Inmaculada desde el año 1890. En la labor asistencial, las religiosas fueron ayudadas por una enfermera y un enfermero contratados por el Ayuntamiento. Durante 1894 se produjeron una serie de cambios, promovidos por la Corporación Local de la ciudad, que provocaron que las religiosas cesaran su labor asistencial. Estos cambios se vieron motivados por las quejas recibidas por los enfermos ingresados y por lo costoso que la atención resultaba para el Ayuntamiento. El cese de las hermanas llevaría a que el Ayuntamiento tuviera la necesidad de estudiar una nueva organización a nivel de régimen y administración (AU)

O alvo de este estudo foi a descrição do hospital e das obras de remodelação do mesmo, assim como expor as condições do contrato entre as religiosas e a Câmara. Descrevem-se também as alterações producidas durante 1894. Em 2014 e 2015 realizou-se un trabalho de investigação dos documentos depositados no Arquivo Municipal da cidade de Trujillo. O Hospital Municipal da cidade de Trujillo, estava destinado ao atendimento de cidadãos, militares e transeuntes doentes. O tratamento dos doentes foi realizado pelas Irmãs Amantes de Jesus e Maria Imaculada desde o ano 1890. Para dar assistência às irmãs seriam contratados uma enfermeira e um enfermeiro, pagos pela Câmara Municipal. Durante 1894 a Câmara Municipal efetuou uma série de alterações que produziram a cessação da tarefa assistencial das raligiosas. Esatas alterações foram originadas pelas queixas de alguns dos doentes e pelas elevadas despesas que a Câmara Municipal tinha que pagar pela manutenção do hospital. Com a cessação da atividadde das irmãs a Câmara começou a estudar uma nova organização do regime e da administração da instituição (AU)

The objectives were to make a description of the hospital and the works undertaken, exposing the conditions of the agreement between the city and religious and describe changes that occur during 1894. There has been a historical documentary study during the years 2014-2015 of the files deposited in the Municipal Archives of Trujillo. The Municipal Hospital in the city of Trujillo, was destined to service citizens, sick soldiers and bystanders. The Sisters Lovers of Jesus and Mary Immaculate performed treatment of patients since the year 1890. To assist the sisters would be hired a nurse and a nurse, paid by the city. During 1894 the City Council performed changes that produced the cessation of the assistance service of religious. The changes originated by the complaints of some patients and the high costs that the City Council had to pay for hospital maintenance. With the cessation, the religious began to study a new organization of the regime and the management of the institution (AU)

Hospital Militar de San Miguel (1838-1839) / Hospital Militar em San Miguel (1838-1839) / Military Hospital of San Miguel (1838-1839)

En el año 1838 el Capitán General decide instalar en la ciudad de Trujillo un hospital militar debido al asentamiento de varios regimientos de Infantería y Caballería en dicha zona. El hospital se ubicó en el convento de San Miguel, aprovechando que este se encontraba vacío. Prestarían servicio en el mismo los tres médicos, el boticario y el practicante de la cuidad y fueron contratados tres enfermeros que se encargarían de atender a los militares enfermos. La Diputación Provincial de Cáceres fue la encargada de suministrar parte de los recursos materiales, lencería, ropa para los militares. Siendo el Ayuntamiento de la cuidad el que debía sufragar el resto de gastos que ocasionara el mismo, personal, víveres, medicinas, entre otros. En el hospital, según los registros encontrados en el archivo, se atendieron a un total de 93 militares y un preso, en un período de unos tres meses, que originaron unos 1714 días de ingreso. El hospital de San Miguel estuvo en funcionamiento por un período de unos dos años, el cierre del mismo que se estableció a finales del mes de octubre de 1839, pudo deberse al excesivo gasto que suponía mantener tal infraestructura o al desacuerdo entre el Capitán General y la Corporación Local. Los objetivos del presente trabajo son: conocer la dotación de personal de dicha institución, centrándonos en la figura del personal de enfermería; exponer los recursos materiales con los que contaban el personal asistencial para dar dicha atención y describir la atención prestada a los militares enfermos que estaban ingresados en dicho hospital. Para ello se ha realizado un estudio histórico-documental, durante los años 2013-2014, de los legajos que se encuentran depositados en el Archivo Municipal de Trujillo. Tras esta investigación podemos concluir que la figura del personal de enfermería era clave dentro del funcionamiento del Hospital Militar de San Miguel, pues es este colectivo el encargado de prestar los cuidados necesarios a los militares enfermos en pro de su recuperación. Fueron entidades como la Diputación Provincial y el Ayuntamiento de la cuidad los que sufragaron los gastos que el mismo originó (AU)

The settlement of several infantry and cavalry regiments in the area of Trujillo led the general captain to install a Hospital in the town. Such hospital was placed in San Miguel’s convent, since it was unoccupied. The three physicians, a pharmacist and the nursery assistant of Trujillo rendered service at the hospital, together three nurses hired to attend military patients. The Province Council of Caceres was encharged of supply the hospital material necessities, and the City Council beared the cost of expenses and staff salary. As the recordings shown, 93 military patients and one prisioner were attended at the hospital in a three-months period, rendering 1714 days of internment. San Miguel Hospital was operative for two years, being closed at the end October 1839. Objectives: to determine the staffing of the institution, focusing on the figure of the nursing staff; exposing the materials that had the care team to give such care and attention given to describe the military patients who were admitted to the hospital resources. It has made a historical documentary study for the years 2013-2014, of the files that are deposited in the Municipal Archives of Trujillo. Following this research we can conclude that the figure of the nurses was crucial in the functioning of the Military Hospital of San Miguel, because this group is responsible for providing the necessary care for military patients towards recovery. Were entities like the County and the City of the city which covered the cost that it originated (AU)

Em 1838 o Capitão-general decide instalar um hospital militar na cidade de Trujillo devido às varias companhias assentadas na zona. Estabeleceu-se o hospital no antigo mosteiro de São Miguel, na altura desabitado. Davam assistência a este hospital os três médicos, o boticário e o practicante (pessoa encarregada pela administração de medicamentos e injecções sob a direção do médico) da cidade assim como três enfermeiros que foram contratados para o atendimento dos militares doentes. A Deputação Provincial de Cáceres, foi a encarregada de fornecer parte dos recursos materiais, lingerie e roupa para os militares. A Câmara Municipal suportava o resto das despesas, entre as quais as de pessoal, vitualhas e medicamentos. Segundo os registros do arquivo, no hospital foram atendidos -num periodo de três meses- 93 militares e um recluso, com um total de 1.714 dias de internamento. O Hospital de São Miguel esteve a funcionar por volta de dois anos até, em Outubro de 1839. Os objetivos do presente trabalho são: conhezer a dotação do pessoal da dita instituição, nomeadamente do pessoal de enfermagem; expor os recursos materiais com os que contava o pessoal técnico para facilitar os ditos cuidados assim como pormenorizar a atenção dada aos militares doentes hospitalizados nesta instituição. Para isto foi realizado um estúdio histórico-documental ao longo de 2013-2014 dos documentos depositados no Arquivo Municipal de Trujillo. Após a pesquisa podemos concluir que o pessoal de enfermagem era essencial para o funcionamento do Hospital Militar de São Miguel, pois era esta coletividade a encarregada nos cuidados dados aos militares doentes para a sua recuperação. Foram instituições tais como a Deputão Provicial e a Câmara Municipal da cidade quem custearam as despesas geradas pelo Hospital (AU)