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INTRODUCTION: Life expectancy (LE) and Health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) are summary indicators that reflect a population's general life conditions and measure inequities in health outcomes. The objective of this study was to identify the differences in LE and HALE by sex, age group, and state in Mexico from 1990 to 2019. Also, to evaluate whether the changes in HALE are related to sociodemographic indicators and indicators of access to and quality of health services. METHODS: A secondary analysis was performed based on the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Data were obtained for LE (by sex and state) and HALE (by sex, age group, and state) for the years 1990, 2010, and 2019. The correlations between HALE with the Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) and with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index were estimated for 1990 and 2019 (by total population and sex). RESULTS: LE and HALE had an absolute increase of 6.7% and 6.4% from 1990 to 2019, mainly among women, although they spent more years in poor health (11.8 years) than men. The patterns of LE and HALE were heterogeneous and divergent by state. In 2019, the difference in HALE (for both sex) between the states with the highest (Hidalgo) and the lowest (Chiapas) value was 4.6 years. CONCLUSIONS: Progress in LE and HALE has slowed in recent years; HALE has even had setbacks in some states. Gaps between men and women, as well as between states, are persistent. Public and population policymaking should seek to lengthen LE and focus on ensuring that such years are spent in good health and with good quality of life.
Subject(s)
Global Burden of Disease , Quality of Life , Male , Humans , Female , Mexico , Life Expectancy , Healthy Life ExpectancyABSTRACT
Objective: To document trends in inequity in homicide rates in Mexico for the period 2000-2021, at the state and national levels. Methods: An observational, longitudinal ecological study was conducted in which standardized homicide mortality rates were estimated, by municipality and sex. Municipalities were classified in five groups, according to the Social Lag Index. The absolute inequality gap was obtained, as well as differences between groups with very high and very low social lag, for each year of the study period. Results: In the 32 states, an increase was observed in the rate of death by homicide, with higher rates among men but a greater relative increase among women (+127.86% vs. +110.03%). The absolute gap between municipalities with very high and very low social lag narrowed in the period, due to higher homicide rates in municipalities with low social lag and a modest reduction in municipalities with very high social lag. Conclusions: In Mexico, between 2000 and 2021, the absolute gap in deaths by homicide between municipalities with very high and very low social lag declined due to higher homicide rates in municipalities with lower social lag. It is necessary to strengthen policies and actions aimed at addressing the social determinants of interpersonal violence.
Objetivo: Documentar as tendências de desigualdade nas taxas de homicídio do México no período de 2000 a 2021 em nível estadual e nacional. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo ecológico observacional e longitudinal no qual se estimaram taxas padronizadas de mortalidade por homicídio por município e sexo. Os municípios foram classificados em cinco grupos conforme o índice de defasagem social. Calculou-se a diferença absoluta de desigualdade como a diferença entre os grupos com defasagem social muito alta e muito baixa, para cada ano do período estudado. Resultados: Em todos os 32 municípios, observou-se aumento na taxa de mortalidade por homicídio; as taxas foram mais altas entre homens, embora o aumento relativo tenha sido maior entre as mulheres (variação percentual: 127,86% comparado a 110,03%). A diferença absoluta entre municípios com defasagem social muito alta e muito baixa diminuiu no período estudado devido ao aumento na taxa de mortalidade por homicídio nos municípios com defasagem social baixa e uma certa redução nos que tinham defasagem social muito alta. Conclusões: No México, entre 2000 e 2021, a diferença absoluta nas mortes por homicídio entre municípios com defasagem social muito alta e muito baixa diminuiu devido ao aumento na taxa de homicídios nos municípios com uma menor defasagem social. É necessário reforçar políticas e iniciativas que abordam os determinantes sociais da violência interpessoal.
ABSTRACT
[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Documentar las tendencias de la inequidad en las tasas de homicidio en México para el periodo 2000-2021, a nivel estatal y nacional. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio ecológico observacional y longitudinal en el cual se estimaron las tasas estandarizadas de mortalidad de homicidios por municipio y sexo. Clasificando a los municipios de acuerdo con el Índice de Rezago Social en cinco grupos. Se obtuvo la brecha absoluta de desigualdad, así como la diferencia entre los grupos de muy alto y muy bajo rezago social para cada año del periodo estudiado. Resultados. En las 32 entidades se observa un incremento en la tasa de mortalidad por homicidios, con tasas mayores entre hombres, pero un incremento relativo mayor entre mujeres (porcentaje de cambio: 127,86 vs 110,03). La brecha absoluta entre municipios de muy alto y muy bajo rezago social se ha cerrado en el periodo por el incremento en la tasa de mortalidad por homicidios en los municipios de bajo rezago social y por una cierta reducción en los de muy alto rezago social. Conclusiones. En México, entre 2000 y 2021 se redujo la brecha absoluta en las defunciones por homicidios entre municipios de muy alto y muy bajo rezago social debido al incremento en la tasa de homicidios en los municipios de menor rezago social. Es necesario reforzar políticas y acciones encaminadas a atender los determinantes sociales de la violencia interpersonal.
[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To document trends in inequity in homicide rates in Mexico for the period 2000–2021, at the state and national levels. Methods. An observational, longitudinal ecological study was conducted in which standardized homicide mortality rates were estimated, by municipality and sex. Municipalities were classified in five groups, accor- ding to the Social Lag Index. The absolute inequality gap was obtained, as well as differences between groups with very high and very low social lag, for each year of the study period. Results. In the 32 states, an increase was observed in the rate of death by homicide, with higher rates among men but a greater relative increase among women (+127.86% vs. +110.03%). The absolute gap between municipalities with very high and very low social lag narrowed in the period, due to higher homicide rates in municipalities with low social lag and a modest reduction in municipalities with very high social lag. Conclusions. In Mexico, between 2000 and 2021, the absolute gap in deaths by homicide between municipa- lities with very high and very low social lag declined due to higher homicide rates in municipalities with lower social lag. It is necessary to strengthen policies and actions aimed at addressing the social determinants of interpersonal violence.
[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Documentar as tendências de desigualdade nas taxas de homicídio do México no período de 2000 a 2021 em nível estadual e nacional. Métodos. Foi realizado um estudo ecológico observacional e longitudinal no qual se estimaram taxas padroni- zadas de mortalidade por homicídio por município e sexo. Os municípios foram classificados em cinco grupos conforme o índice de defasagem social. Calculou-se a diferença absoluta de desigualdade como a diferença entre os grupos com defasagem social muito alta e muito baixa, para cada ano do período estudado. Resultados. Em todos os 32 municípios, observou-se aumento na taxa de mortalidade por homicídio; as taxas foram mais altas entre homens, embora o aumento relativo tenha sido maior entre as mulheres (variação per- centual: 127,86% comparado a 110,03%). A diferença absoluta entre municípios com defasagem social muito alta e muito baixa diminuiu no período estudado devido ao aumento na taxa de mortalidade por homicídio nos municípios com defasagem social baixa e uma certa redução nos que tinham defasagem social muito alta. Conclusões. No México, entre 2000 e 2021, a diferença absoluta nas mortes por homicídio entre municí- pios com defasagem social muito alta e muito baixa diminuiu devido ao aumento na taxa de homicídios nos municípios com uma menor defasagem social. É necessário reforçar políticas e iniciativas que abordam os determinantes sociais da violência interpessoal.
Subject(s)
Homicide , Health Inequities , Violence , Mortality , Mexico , Homicide , Health Inequities , Violence , Mortality , Mexico , Health Inequities , MortalityABSTRACT
A systematic study over different treatment conditions, including hydrothermal and acid-thermal, was successfully carried out to determine the most suitable conditions to enhance the textural properties and surface chemical composition of natural dolomite. The reconstruction of dolomite after various treatments enhanced the surface area by 4-5 times and diminished the pore diameter between 70% and 81% compared to the untreated parent dolomite. The Rietveld analysis of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed changes in the crystalline compositions after each treatment. When the treated dolomite was used as a catalyst to produce glycerol carbonate via a transesterification reaction of glycerol and dimethyl carbonate, the crystalline Ca(OH)2 concentration of the modified dolomite and the apparent glycerol carbonate formation rate (rgc) are well-correlated. The results suggest that an increase of the crystalline Ca(OH)2 concentration could be related with surface basicity at the weak and moderate strength sites that may lead to an increase in catalytic activity. The hydrothermal treated dolomite showed a selectivity of glycerol carbonate greater than 99% and rgc value 3.42 mmol/min·gcat, which was higher than that achieved on other samples. This study could aid to the proper selection of dolomite treatment for the desired crystalline composition, depending on the applications of this highly available mineral.
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ANTECEDENTES: El sarcoma fibromixoide de bajo grado es una neoplasia rara de histología someramente benigna, pero con un comportamiento agresivo metastásico tardío. Las hernias perineales son de presentación inusitada y no existen más de 100 casos reportados en la literatura mundial. DISCUSIÓN: La presentación de esta neoplasia fibroblástica es poco frecuente, y aún más como contenido de una hernia perineal primaria. CONCLUSIÓN: Es una neoplasia infrecuente que se presenta en aproximadamente el 0.7% de los casos, con comportamiento agresivo metastásico y con necesidad de tratamiento adyuvante. BACKGROUND: Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma is a rare neoplasm with apparently benign histology but with late aggressive metastatic behavior. The perineal hernias are unusual, there are no more than 100 cases reported in the world literature. DISCUSSION: The presentation of this fibroblastic neoplasm is rare and makes it even more rare if it is as the content of a primary perineal hernia. CONCLUSION: It is an infrequent neoplasm that occurs in approximately 0.7% of all cases, with aggressive metastatic behavior and in need of adjuvant treatment.
Subject(s)
Perineum , Sarcoma , Hernia , Humans , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) are the collection modality of choice for reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) multiplex array for respiratory viruses. NPS gather both extracellular material and human respiratory epithelial cells and, when used with RT-PCR, have reliable sensitivity for detection of viral infection. GOALS: At our institution, we identified a 1.7% re-order rate within 7-days for NPS destined for RT-PCR respiratory pathogen multiplex, which we hypothesize may be due in part to low confidence in adequate collection. We sought an inexpensive and accessible strategy for benchside quality assurance of NPS adequacy by observing microscopic content of viral transport media. PROCEDURE: For eight-hundred one NPS samples collected during routine clinical practice in November 2019, aliquots of viral transport media were air-dried and safranin-stained on glass slides under a fume hood. We then counted morphologically distinct ciliated columnar epithelial cells (CCEs), which are prevalent in the nasopharynx. RESULTS: Twenty percent of samples negative for respiratory pathogens by RT-PCR (BioFire FilmArray RP2, Cepheid GeneXpert) had no CCEs, while just seven percent of positive samples had no CCEs. Pearson's Chi-squared test was used to compare presence of CCEs between samples that were positive and negative for respiratory pathogens by RT-PCR (p=1.6×10-36). CONCLUSION: We posit that samples without identifiable CCEs have a greater likelihood of inadequate collection. The basic, benchside protocol that we describe here demonstrates potential to reduce unnecessary re-testing when deployed to confirm negative tests despite high clinical suspicion: a strategy which may help conserve NPS reagents.
Subject(s)
Nasopharynx/cytology , Specimen Handling/methods , Diagnostic Tests, Routine , Humans , Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods , Nasopharynx/virology , Quality Control , Reference Standards , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Sensitivity and Specificity , Virus Diseases/diagnosis , Virus Diseases/virology , Viruses/geneticsABSTRACT
El objetivo central del proyecto es brindar alimentación saludable y personalizada a un segmento de Lima Metropolitana, lo cual implica tener una infraestructura adecuada, con equipamiento, personal y procesos de gestión de calidad. FIT LIFE es una empresa que brindará servicios de alimentación saludable a personas. El segmento objetivo son personas en el rango de edad de 30 a 54 años y que preferentemente pertenezcan a una población económicamente activa donde las características de stress, el poco tiempo dedicado a su salud personal y la escasa actividad física nos da el mercado objetivo para ofrecer un servicio integral de asesoría nutricional a personas sanas y/o que padezcan alguna enfermedad.
