ABSTRACT
A high-spectral-resolution lidar can measure vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature, pressure, the aerosol backscatter ratio, and the aerosol extinction coefficient simultaneously. We describe a system with these characteristics. The transmitter is a narrow-band (FWHM of the order of 74 MHz), injection-seeded, pulsed, double YAG laser at 532 nm. Iodine-vapor filters in the detection system spectrally separate the molecular and aerosol scattering and greatly reduce the latter (-41 dB). Operating at a selected frequency to take advantage of two neighboring lines in vapor filters, one can obtain a sensitivity of the measured signal-to-air temperature ratio equal to 0.42%/K. Using a relatively modest size transmitter and receiver system (laser power times telescope aperture equals 0.19 Wm(2)), our measured temperature profiles (0.5-15 km) over 11 nights are in agreement with balloon soundings to within 2.0 K over an altitude range of 2-5 km. There is good agreement in the lapse rates, tropopause altitudes, and inversions. In principle, to invert the signal requires a known density at one altitude, but in practice it is convenient to also use a known temperature at that altitude. This is a scalable system for high spatial resolution of vertical temperature profiles in the troposphere and lower stratosphere, even in the presence of aerosols.
ABSTRACT
We report what is to our knowledge the first demonstration of simultaneous measurement of tropospheric temperature and aerosol extinction coefficient profiles using a high-spectral-resolution Rayleigh-Mie lidar. With the pressure at a single reference height independently provided, our lidar inversion is capable of deducing the vertical atmospheric profiles, including temperature, pressure, and density, as well as aerosol profiles, including backscatter ratio, extinction coefficient, and backscatter phase function.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to examine how differences in preference for information may influence stress and coping in patients undergoing outpatient surgery. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 69 subjects undergoing outpatient surgery for the first time. Subjects who had a high preference for information were found to have significantly lower levels of preoperative stress than subjects who had low preference for information; however, preference for information did not have an influence on the percentage of problem-focused coping strategies used by these subjects.
Subject(s)
Adaptation, Psychological , Ambulatory Surgical Procedures/psychology , Choice Behavior , Patient Education as Topic/standards , Stress, Psychological/epidemiology , Adult , Aged , Female , Hospitals, Teaching , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , New England/epidemiology , Stress, Psychological/psychologyABSTRACT
Just asking the patient what he or she is concerned about may help. The vast majority of patients in this study listed multiple concerns when asked. Very few hesitated or had to take time to think about the question or their answer. Give them your time and listen.
