3D-CFD Modeling of Hollow-Fiber Membrane Contactor for CO2 Absorption Using MEA Solution.

Membrane technology is considered an innovative and promising approach due to its flexibility and low energy consumption. In this work, a comprehensive 3D-CFD model of the Hollow-Fiber Membrane Contactor (HFMC) system for CO2 capture into aqueous MEA solution, considering a counter-current fluid flow, was developed and validated with experimental data. Two different flow arrangements were considered for the gas mixture and liquid solution inside the HFMC module. The simulation results showed that the CO2 absorption efficiency was considerably higher when the gas mixture was channeled through the membranes and the liquid phase flowed externally between the membranes, across a wide range of gas and liquid flow rates. Sensitivity studies were performed in order to determine the optimal CO2 capture process parameters under different operating conditions (flow rates/flow velocities and concentrations) and HFMC geometrical characteristics (e.g., porosity, diameter, and thickness of membranes). It was found that increasing the membrane radius, while maintaining a constant thickness, positively influenced the efficiency of CO2 absorption due to the higher mass transfer area and residence time. Conversely, higher membrane thickness resulted in higher mass transfer resistance. The optimal membrane thickness was also investigated for various inner fiber diameters, resulting in a thickness of 0.2 mm as optimal for a fiber inner radius of 0.225 mm. Additionally, a significant improvement in CO2 capture efficiency was observed when increasing membrane porosity to values below 0.2, at which point the increase dampened considerably. The best HFMC configuration involved a combination of low porosity, moderate thickness, and large fiber inner diameter, with gas flow occurring within the fiber membranes.

Environmental impact assessment of green ammoniacoupled with urea and ammonium nitrate production.

This study aims to explore more sustainable ammonia production routes for urea and ammonium nitrate fertilizers to support the rising global food demand and help achieve the Net Zero Emissions scenario by 2050. The research uses process modelling tools and Life Cycle Assessment methodology to evaluate the technical and environmental performance of green ammonia production compared to blue ammonia production, both pathways coupled with urea and ammonium nitrate production processes. The blue ammonia scenario uses steam methane reforming for H2 production, while the sustainable approach scenarios consider water electrolysis with renewable resources (i.e., wind, hydro and photovoltaics) and nuclear power as a carbon-free source for H2 generation. The study assumes an annual productivity of 450,000 tons for both urea and ammonium nitrate. The environmental assessment uses mass and energy balance data derived from process modelling and simulation. A cradle-to-gate environmental evaluation is conducted using GaBi software and the Recipe 2016 impact assessment method. Results show that green ammonia production requires less raw materials but has higher energy consumption due to electrolytic H2 production (i.e., >90% of total energy requirements). The use of nuclear power achieves the highest reduction in global warming potential (i.e., 5.5 times for urea and 2.5 times for ammonium nitrate production processes), while hydro power coupled with electrolytic H2 production shows lower environmental impacts in most categories (i.e., six out of ten impact categories). Overall, the sustainable scenarios prove to be suitable alternatives for fertilizer production towards achieving a more sustainable future.

Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) Resections without Reconstruction in Renal Tumors: Two Case Reports.

(1) Background: We aim to present our experience with resection of the inferior vena cava (IVC) without reconstruction in two patients diagnosed with renal tumors. (2) Case Report: The first case was diagnosed with right renal vein sarcoma and the second case was diagnosed with clear cell renal carcinoma; both presented signs of invasion and thrombosis of the IVC at infrarenal and cruoric levels, along with the development of collateral circulation with the help of the paravertebral plexus. In both patients, en bloc right nephrectomy was performed along with the resection of the thrombosed IVC without further reconstruction. In the case of the patient with right vein sarcoma, preservation of the left renal and caval intrahepatic vein was possible, whilst in the second case diagnosed with clear cell renal carcinoma, the associated left renal thrombosis also enforced the resection of the left renal vein. (3) Discussion: Postoperative evolution was favorable in both cases and did not exhibit major complications. Antibiotic therapy, analgesics, and anticoagulant medication were administered at therapeutic doses after surgery in both cases. The histopathological examination of the surgical specimen confirmed the diagnoses of renal vein sarcoma in the first case and clear cell renal carcinoma in the second case. Surgical treatment and adjuvant chemotherapy prolonged survival for two years for the first case and for two months, up until this moment, for the second case. The survival of clear cell renal carcinoma is currently at two months. (4) Conclusions: The resection of the inferior vena cava, without subsequent reconstruction in cases presenting diffused distal thrombosis, can represent an alternative to IVC reconstruction, which might lead to a major ulterior risk of thrombosis. In some cases, this can result in long-term survival.

Critical Assessment of Membrane Technology Integration in a Coal-Fired Power Plant.

Despite the many technologies for CO2 capture (e.g., chemical or physical absorption or adsorption), researchers are looking to develop other technologies that can reduce CAPEX and OPEX costs as well as the energy requirements associated with their integration into thermal power plants. The aim of this paper was to analyze the technical and economic integration of spiral wound membranes in a coal-fired power plant with an installed capacity of 330 MW (the case of the Rovinari power plant-in Romania). The study modeled energy processes using CHEMCAD version 8.1 software and polymer membranes developed in the CO2 Hybrid research project. Thus, different configurations such as a single membrane step with and without the use of a vacuum pump and two membrane steps placed in series were analyzed. In all cases, a compressor placed before the membrane system was considered. The use of two serialized stages allows for both high efficiency (minimum 90%) and CO2 purity of a minimum of 95%. However, the overall plant efficiency decreased from 45.78 to 23.96% and the LCOE increased from 75.6 to 170 €/kWh. The energy consumption required to capture 1 kg of CO2 is 2.46 MJel and 4.52 MJth.

Environmental impact assessment of post-combustion CO2 capture technologies applied to cement production plants.

Decarbonizing the cement manufacturing sector presents an interesting and pressing challenge as it is one of the largest energy consumers in industry (i.e., 7%), emitting considerable amounts of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (i.e., 7%). This paper performs a technical and environmental assessment of decarbonisation of cement production through process modelling and simulation, thermal integration analysis, and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Integration of three post-combustion capture methods for a conventional cement plant with an annual productivity of one million tons and a carbon capture rate of 90% is evaluated in comparison to the reference case without carbon capture and storage (CCS). Mass and energy balances derived from simulations are used for the assessment of three innovative capture systems: reactive gas-liquid absorption using Methyl-Di-Ethanol-Amine, reactive gas-solid adsorption using calcium looping (CaL) technology and membrane separation. For the LCA study, a "cradle-to-gate" approach is carried out using GaBi software, according to the ReCiPe impact assessment method. The general conclusion is that integrating the CCS methods into the cement production process leads to a decrease in global warming potential (GWP) in the range of 69.91%-76.74%. Of the CCS technologies analysed, CaL technically outperforms the others as it requires 34% less coal and provides 1.6 times higher gross energy efficiency. From an environmental perspective, CaL integration ranks first, with the lowest scores in six of the nine impact categories and a GWP reduction of 76.74% compared to the baseline scenario without CCS.

Left Spermatic Vein Thrombosis - An Uncommon Diagnosis: A Case Report.

Introduction: Spermatic vein thrombosis is a rare entity with poor clinical distinctive signs for the differential diagnosis, which raises numerous controversies about the appropriate management. Case report: A 55 years old man presents at the emergency room for left scrotal pain and swelling evolving for two weeks. The patient denied any recent local traumatic event. Physical examination revealed an approximately 15 to 20 cm length mass from the posterior scrotum to the external inguinal orifice. The other genitals had a healthy appearance at the moment of the examination. An incarcerated hernia couldn't be excluded. The Doppler ultrasound evaluation of the scrotum con firmed the suspicion of left testicular vein thrombosis with complete cessation of blood flow. Both testicles appeared to have regular blood flow. CT scan established that the thrombus extended up to the left external inguinal orifice. Surgical treatment was preferred to address an eventually incarcerated hernia. The left testicular vein was excised from the external orifice. Postoperative management consisted of apixaban for 30 days, and the cardiology department thus conducted the treatment. Conclusions: Doppler ultrasound evaluation of the scrotum represents the gold standard diagnostic test for spermatic vein thrombosis. There are still controversies about the management approach of this pathology, conservative or surgical.