CPAP Treatment Improves Quality of Life and Self-perception of Voice Impairment in Patients with OSA.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to examine vocal fatigue and impairment, gastroesophageal symptoms, dysphagia risk, and sleep-related quality of life in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) who have been treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) compared to those who have not received treatment. METHODS: Fifty-four participants diagnosed with OSA completed an online research form. Of these, 29 were receiving CPAP treatment, while 25 were not undergoing treatment. The following instruments were used: Vocal Fatigue Index, Voice Handicap Index, Gastroesophageal symptoms, Eating Assessment Tool, and Quebec Sleep Questionnaire. RESULTS: The group that received CPAP treatment had significantly lower scores in the functional domain and total Voice Handicap Index. They also experienced fewer symptoms of regurgitation, reduced daytime sleepiness, fewer nocturnal symptoms, and better emotional and social interactions in their quality of life compared to the untreated group. There were no significant differences in voice fatigue and dysphagia risk between the groups. CONCLUSION: Individuals treated with CPAP experience reduced vocal impairment, fewer regurgitation symptoms, and improvement in the emotional and social interactions domains of their quality of life compared to individuals without treatment.

Effects of Inspiratory Muscle Training in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: People with type 2 diabetes mellitus present multiple complications and comorbidities, such as peripheral autonomic neuropathies and reduced peripheral force and functional capacity. Inspiratory muscle training is a widely used intervention with numerous benefits for various disorders. The present study aimed to conduct a systematic review to identify inspiratory muscle training effects on functional capacity, autonomic function, and glycemic indexes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: A search was carried out by two independent reviewers. It was performed in PubMed®, Cochrane Library, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (or LILACS), Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. There were no restrictions of language or time. Randomized clinical trials of type 2 diabetes mellitus with inspiratory muscle training intervention were selected. Studies' methodological quality was assessed using PEDro scale. RESULTS: We found 5,319 studies, and six were selected for qualitative analysis, which was also conducted by the two reviewers. Methodological quality varied - two studies were classified as high quality, two as moderate quality, and two as low quality. CONCLUSION: It was found that after inspiratory muscle training protocols, there was a reduction in the sympathetic modulation and an increase in functional capacity. The results should be carefully interpreted, as there were divergences in the methodologies adopted, populations, and conclusions between the studies evaluated in this review.

Effects of Inspiratory Muscle Training in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review

ABSTRACT Introduction: People with type 2 diabetes mellitus present multiple complications and comorbidities, such as peripheral autonomic neuropathies and reduced peripheral force and functional capacity. Inspiratory muscle training is a widely used intervention with numerous benefits for various disorders. The present study aimed to conduct a systematic review to identify inspiratory muscle training effects on functional capacity, autonomic function, and glycemic indexes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: A search was carried out by two independent reviewers. It was performed in PubMed®, Cochrane Library, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (or LILACS), Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. There were no restrictions of language or time. Randomized clinical trials of type 2 diabetes mellitus with inspiratory muscle training intervention were selected. Studies' methodological quality was assessed using PEDro scale. Results: We found 5,319 studies, and six were selected for qualitative analysis, which was also conducted by the two reviewers. Methodological quality varied - two studies were classified as high quality, two as moderate quality, and two as low quality. Conclusion: It was found that after inspiratory muscle training protocols, there was a reduction in the sympathetic modulation and an increase in functional capacity. The results should be carefully interpreted, as there were divergences in the methodologies adopted, populations, and conclusions between the studies evaluated in this review.

Estimulação elétrica funcional associada ao treinamento combinado pós-CRM: ensaio clínico randomizado / Estimulación eléctrica funcional asociada con el entrenamiento combinado post-CABG: ensayo clínico aleatorizado / Functional electrical stimulation associated with combined post-CABG training: a randomized clinical trial

RESUMO Os efeitos da adição da estimulação elétrica funcional (EEF) ao treinamento aeróbico e resistido (treino combinado) de curto prazo em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM) ainda não foram estabelecidos. O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar o impacto da adição da EEF ao treino combinado no fluxo arterial periférico, na capacidade funcional e na qualidade de vida de pacientes pós-CRM participantes de um programa de reabilitação cardíaca - Fase II. Trata-se de um ensaio clínico randomizado, duplo cego, composto por 17 pacientes (54,8±10,5 anos, 12 homens) randomizados ou em grupo intervenção (GI, n=8,) submetido à EEF no músculo quadríceps associada ao treino combinado, ou em grupo sham (GS, n=9), que realizou a EEF sham em associação ao treino combinado. Os desfechos avaliados foram: fluxo arterial periférico (índice tornozelo-braquial), capacidade funcional (distância percorrida no teste de caminhada de seis minutos - DTC6M) e qualidade de vida (questionário MacNew). Na comparação entre os grupos, o aumento do índice tornozelo-braquial (GI: 0,14±0,08 mmHg vs. GC: 0,05±0,04 mmHg; p=0,020) e do escore do domínio global do questionário MacNew (GI: 1,1±0,3 pontos vs. GC: 0,6±0,4 pontos; p=0,020) foi maior no GI. Entretanto, não foi observada diferença entre os grupos para a DTC6M (GI: 130,9±73,7 m vs. GS: 73,7±32,6 m; p=0,072). A adição da EEF, durante curto período, potencializou os efeitos do exercício aeróbico e resistido sobre o fluxo arterial periférico e a qualidade de vida em pacientes pós CRM em Fase II da reabilitação cardíaca.

RESUMEN Aún no se han establecido los efectos de agregar estimulación eléctrica funcional (EPS) cortoplacista al entrenamiento aeróbico y de resistencia (entrenamiento combinado) en pacientes sometidos a cirugía de injerto de derivación de las arterias coronarias (CABG). El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el impacto de la adición de EPS al entrenamiento combinado sobre el flujo arterial periférico, la capacidad funcional y la calidad de vida de los pacientes post-CABG que participan en un programa de rehabilitación cardíaca de Fase II. Este es un ensayo clínico aleatorizado, doble ciego, compuesto por 17 pacientes (54,8±10,5 años, 12 hombres) aleatorizados en un grupo de intervención (GI, n=8) sometidos a EEF en el músculo cuádriceps asociado a entrenamiento combinado o en grupo simulado (GS, n=9), que realizó el simulacro de EEF en asociación con el entrenamiento combinado. Los resultados evaluados fueron: flujo arterial periférico (índice tobillo braquial), capacidad funcional (distancia recorrida en la prueba de caminata de seis minutos - 6MWT) y calidad de vida (cuestionario MacNew). Al comparar los grupos, el aumento del índice tobillo braquial (GI: 0,14±0,08 mmHg vs. GC: 0,05±0,04 mmHg; p=0,020) y la puntuación para el dominio global del cuestionario MacNew (GI: 1,1±0,3 puntos vs. GC: 0,6±0,4 puntos; p=0,020) fueron mayores en el GI. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias entre los grupos en la 6MWT (GI: 130,9±73,7 m vs. GS: 73,7±32,6 m; p=0,072). La adición de EEF, durante un período corto, potenció los efectos del ejercicio aeróbico y de resistencia sobre el flujo arterial periférico y la calidad de vida en pacientes post-CABG en la Fase II de rehabilitación cardíaca.

ABSTRACT The effects of adding functional electrical stimulation (FES) to short-term aerobic and resistance exercise (combined training) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery have not yet been established. This study aims to evaluate the effect of adding FES to combined training on peripheral arterial flow, functional capacity and quality of life of post-CABG patients participating in a cardiac rehabilitation program - Phase II. This is a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial, composed of 17 patients (54.8±10.5 years old, 12 men) randomized or in an intervention group (IG, n=8,) submitted to FES in the quadriceps muscle associated with combined training, or in a sham group (SG, n=9), which performed the FES sham in association with the combined training. The evaluated outcomes were: peripheral arterial flow (ankle-brachial index), functional capacity (distance covered in the six-minute walk test - 6MWT) and quality of life (MacNew questionnaire). In the comparison between the groups, the increase in the ankle-brachial index (IG: 0.14±0.08mmHg vs. CG: 0.05±0.04mmHg; p=0.020) and the score of the global MacNew questionnaire (IG: 1.1±0.3 points vs. CG: 0.6±0.4 points; p=0.020) was higher in the IG. However, no difference was observed between the groups for the 6MWT (IG: 130.9±73.7m vs SG: 73.7±32.6m; p=0.072). The addition of FES, during a short period, potentiated the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on peripheral arterial flow and quality of life in patients after CABG in Phase II of cardiac rehabilitation.

Confiabilidade e concordância intra e interavaliadores na avaliação da pressão perineal em nulíparas / Intra- and inter-raters reliability and concordance in the evaluation of perineal pressure in nulliparous

OBJETIVOS: Verificar a confiabilidade e concordância intra e interavaliadores na avaliação da pressão perineal em nulíparas. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídas mulheres jovens, saudáveis, nulíparas, não gestantes, que já haviam tido relação sexual e apresentavam correta contração da musculatura perineal ao exame físico. Foram excluídas mulheres que na contração perineal utilizavam outros músculos de forma visualmente perceptível; com alteração do tônus dos músculos pélvicos; com incontinência urinária; com alterações cognitivas; com doença que pudesse afetar os tecidos muscular e nervoso; ou praticantes de atividade física de alto impacto. As participantes foram submetidas a duas avaliações da pressão perineal no mesmo dia, com avaliadores distintos. Após uma semana repetiu-se o protocolo. A pressão perineal foi determinada por meio de um perineômetro e obtida pela diferença entre a pressão máxima (Pmáx) e a pressão mínima (Pmín), registradas pelo aparelho, em milímetros de mercúrio. A contração sustentada (CS) foi avaliada pelo tempo em segundos. Para determinar a confiabilidade foi utilizado o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (ICC). Para a análise de concordância foi utilizado o teste de Bland-Altman. A comparação de médias foi realizada pelo teste de Wilcoxon. Um valor de p≤0,05 foi considerado significativo. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídas 10 participantes, com média de idade de 23,8±2,9 anos e índice de massa corporal de 22,2±1,8 kg/m². O avaliador A obteve confiabilidade intra-avaliador excelente para Pmín (ICC=0,86; p<0,01) e Pmáx (ICC=0,92; p<0,01); muito boa para pressão perineal (ICC= 0,65; p=0,01); e sem significância estatística para CS. Para o avaliador B, não houve significância estatística para Pmín e Pmáx, mas houve confiabilidade muito boa para pressão perineal (ICC=0,78; p<0,01) e CS (ICC= 0,70; p<0,01). Na análise interavaliadores (A vs B), no dia 1 não houve significância estatística para Pmín, Pmáx e pressão perineal; mas houve confiabilidade muito boa para CS (ICC= 0,71; p<0,01). No dia 2 não houve significância estatística para Pmín e Pmáx, mas houve confiabilidade muito boa para pressão perineal (ICC=0,62; p=0,02) e boa para CS (ICC=0,56; p=0,03). Houve concordância entre as mensurações intra e interavaliadores. CONCLUSÕES: A aferição da pressão perineal apresentou confiabilidade intra-avaliador muito boa e interavaliadores boa a muito boa, com concordância intra e interavaliadores.

AIMS: To verify intra and inter-rater reliability and concordance in the assessment of perineal pressure in nulliparous women. METHODS: Young, healthy, nulliparous, non-pregnant women who had had sexual intercourse and had a correct contraction of the perineal musculature on physical examination were included. Women were excluded if they used other muscles in a visually perceptible way during the perineal contraction; with changes in the pelvic muscles tone; with urinary incontinence; with cognitive alterations; with disease that could affect the muscular and nervous tissues; or practitioners of high-impact physical activity. The participants were submitted to two assessments of perineal pressure on the same day, with different evaluators. After one week the protocol was repeated. Perineal pressure was determined by means of a perineometer and obtained by the difference between the maximum pressure (Pmax) and the minimum pressure (Pmin) recorded by the device, in millimeters of mercury. Sustained contraction (SC) was evaluated by the time in seconds. In order to determine reliability, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used. Bland-Altman test was used for the concordance analysis. Comparison of means was performed by the Wilcoxon test. A value of p≤0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Ten participants were included, with a mean age of 23.8±2.9 years and a body mass index of 22.2±1.8kg/m². The evaluator A obtained excellent intra-rater reliability for Pmin (ICC=0.86, p<0.01) and Pmax (ICC=0.92, p<0.01); very good reliability for perineal pressure (ICC=0.65, p=0.01); and no statistical significance for SC. For evaluator B, there was no statistical significance for Pmin and Pmax, but there was very good reliability for perineal pressure (ICC=0.78, p<0.01) and SC (ICC=0.70, p<0.01). In the inter-rater analysis (A vs B), on day 1 there was no statistical significance for Pmin, Pmax and perineal pressure; but there was very good reliability for SC (ICC=0.71, p<0.01). On day 2, there was no statistical significance for Pmin and Pmax, but there was very good reliability for perineal pressure (ICC=0.62, p=0.02) and good for SC (ICC=0.56, p=0.03). There was agreement between intra and inter-rater measurements. CONCLUSIONS: Perineal pressure measurements showed very good intra-rater reliability and good to very good inter-rater reliability, with intra and inter-rater concordance.

Endurance muscular inspiratória em indivíduos obesos e eutróficos / La resistencia muscular inspiratoria en individuos obesos y eutróficos / Inspiratory muscle endurance in obese and eutrophic individuals

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a endurance muscular inspiratória e as respostas hemodinâmicas de indivíduos obesos e eutróficos. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com amostra composta por 20 indivíduos obesos (31±6 anos, 10 homens, 37,5±4,7 kg/m2) e 20 indivíduos eutróficos (29±8 anos, 10 homens, 23,2±1,5 kg/m2). A força muscular inspiratória e expiratória foi mensurada por manovacuometria, através da determinação da pressão inspiratória máxima e da pressão expiratória máxima. A endurance muscular inspiratória foi determinada por meio de exercício inspiratório com carga progressiva, iniciado com carga de 50% da pressão inspiratória máxima por 3 minutos, seguidos de incremento de 10% a cada 3 minutos até que o indivíduo fosse incapaz de continuar o teste. Verificou-se que os indivíduos obesos (470 ± 326 seg) apresentaram endurance muscular inspiratória reduzida em comparação com os eutróficos (651 ± 215 seg). A força muscular inspiratória e expiratória não diferiu entre os grupos. O teste de exercício progressivo induziu aumento da pressão arterial sistólica, diastólica e média e da frequência cardíaca, semelhante em indivíduos obesos e eutróficos. Foi possível concluir que embora a endurance muscular inspiratória de indivíduos obesos seja menor que a de eutróficos, as respostas hemodinâmicas induzidas pelo teste de endurance muscular inspiratória foram semelhantes nos dois grupos.

RESUMEN Este estudio pretende comparar la resistencia muscular inspiratoria con las respuestas hemodinámicas de individuos obesos y eutróficos. Se trata de un estudio transversal con la muestra formada por 20 individuos obesos (31±6 años, 10 hombres, 37,5±4,7 kg/m2) y 20 individuos eutróficos (29±8 años, 10 hombres, 23,2±1,5 kg/m2). La fuerza muscular inspiratoria y espiratoria se midió por manovacuometría, por medio de la evaluación de la presión inspiratoria máxima y la presión espiratoria máxima. Se evaluó la resistencia muscular inspiratoria mediante el ejercicio inspiratorio con carga progresiva, que se inició con un 50 % de carga de la presión inspiratoria máxima durante 3 minutos, siendo aumentada en un 10 % cada 3 minutos hasta que el individuo no pudiese continuar la prueba. Se encontró que los individuos obesos (470±326 seg) tuvieron menor resistencia muscular inspiratoria comparados a los eutróficos (651±215 seg). La fuerza muscular inspiratoria y espiratoria no difirió entre los grupos. La prueba de esfuerzo progresiva provocó el aumento de la presión arterial sistólica, diastólica y media, así como de la frecuencia cardíaca, tanto en los individuos obesos como en los eutróficos. Se concluyó que, aunque había sido menor la resistencia muscular inspiratoria en los individuos obesos comparados a los eutróficos, las respuestas hemodinámicas de la prueba de resistencia muscular inspiratoria fueron similares en ambos grupos.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to compare inspiratory muscle endurance and hemodynamic responses between obese and eutrophic individuals. In this cross-sectional study participated 20 obese individuals (31±6 years old, 10 men, 37.5±4.7 kg/m2) and 20 healthy subjects (29±8 years old, 10 men, 23.2±1.5 kg/m2). Inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength were measured by a manovacuometry through the determination of the maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and the maximum expiratory pressure (MEP), respectively. Inspiratory muscle endurance was determined by na incremental test with an initial load of 50% MIP and increments of 10% MIP every 3 minutes until the individual was unable to continue the test. Obese (470±326 sec) showed a reduction in inspiratory muscle endurance compared to eutrophic individuals (651±215 sec). Inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength did not differ between groups. Inspiratory muscle endurance test induced a similar increase in systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure, as well as in heart rate in obese and eutrophic individuals. In conclusion, obese show reduction of inspiratory muscle resistance compared to eutrophic individuals, but the hemodynamic responses induced by inspiratory muscle resistance test did not differ between obese and eutrophic patients.

Gerador de alta frequência no tratamento de lesão por pressão em idosos / High frequency generator in the treatment of injury by pressure in elderly

Objetivo: investigar os efeitos no tratamento de Lesões Por Pressão (LPP) sobre o tamanho e tempo de cicatrização, com a utilização do gerador de alta frequência (AF), em idosos acometidos por doenças neurológicas. Método: estudo descritivo, exploratório, do tipo pesquisa de intervenção não farmacológica, realizado com três usuários, em uma Unidade de Reabilitação Física, com LPPs em estágio II e III, submetidos a tratamento com gerador de AF, duas vezes por semana. A cicatrização foi avaliada no início do estudo, após a oitava e a décima sexta sessões. Resultados: os três participantes eram idosos, sedentários e hipertensos. Dois sofreram Acidente Vascular Encefálico (AVE) e um, traumatismo raquimedular. Nos com AVE, ocorreu cicatrização completa das LPPs e no outro, redução da área da LPP de 64,5%. Conclusão: o uso do gerador portátil de AF foi efetivo no tratamento de LPPs nos idosos participantes desta pesquisa.

Effect of inspiratory muscle training with load compared with sham training on blood pressure in individuals with hypertension: study protocol of a double-blind randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a complex chronic condition characterized by elevated arterial blood pressure. Management of hypertension includes non-pharmacologic strategies, which may include techniques that effectively reduce autonomic sympathetic activity. Respiratory exercises improve autonomic control over cardiovascular system and attenuate muscle metaboreflex. Because of these effects, respiratory exercises may be useful to lower blood pressure in subjects with hypertension. METHODS/DESIGN: This randomized, double-blind clinical trial will test the efficacy of inspiratory muscle training in reducing blood pressure in adults with essential hypertension. Subjects are randomly allocated to intervention or control groups. Intervention consists of inspiratory muscle training loaded with 40 % of maximum inspiratory pressure, readjusted weekly. Control sham intervention consists of unloaded exercises. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures are co-primary endpoint measures assessed with 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Secondary outcome measures include cardiovascular autonomic control, inspiratory muscle metaboreflex, cardiopulmonary capacity, and inspiratory muscle strength and endurance. DISCUSSION: Previously published work suggests that inspiratory muscle training reduces blood pressure in persons with hypertension, but the effectiveness of this intervention is yet to be established. We propose an adequately sized randomized clinical trial to test this hypothesis rigorously. If an effect is found, this study will allow for the investigation of putative mechanisms to mediate this effect, including autonomic cardiovascular control and metaboreflex. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02275377 . Registered on 30 September 2014.