Interactive Effects of µ-Opioid and Adrenergic-α 2 Receptor Agonists in Rats: Pharmacological Investigation of the Primary Kratom Alkaloid Mitragynine and Its Metabolite 7-Hydroxymitragynine.

The primary kratom alkaloid mitragynine is proposed to act through multiple mechanisms, including actions at µ-opioid receptors (MORs) and adrenergic-α 2 receptors (Aα 2Rs), as well as conversion in vivo to a MOR agonist metabolite (i.e., 7-hydroxymitragynine). Aα 2R and MOR agonists can produce antinociceptive synergism. Here, contributions of both receptors to produce mitragynine-related effects were assessed by measuring receptor binding in cell membranes and, in rats, pharmacological behavioral effect antagonism studies. Mitragynine displayed binding affinity at both receptors, whereas 7-hydroxymitragynine only displayed MOR binding affinity. Compounds were tested for their capacity to decrease food-maintained responding and rectal temperature and to produce antinociception in a hotplate test. Prototypical MOR agonists and 7-hydroxymitragynine, but not mitragynine, produced antinociception. MOR agonist and 7-hydroxymitragynine rate-deceasing and antinociceptive effects were antagonized by the opioid antagonist naltrexone but not by the Aα 2R antagonist yohimbine. Hypothermia only resulted from reference Aα 2R agonists. The rate-deceasing and hypothermic effects of reference Aα 2R agonists were antagonized by yohimbine but not naltrexone. Neither naltrexone nor yohimbine antagonized the rate-decreasing effects of mitragynine. Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine increased the potency of the antinociceptive effects of Aα 2R but not MOR reference agonists. Only mitragynine produced hypothermic effects. Isobolographic analyses for the rate-decreasing effects of the reference Aα 2R and MOR agonists were also conducted. These results suggest mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine may produce antinociceptive synergism with Aα 2R and MOR agonists. When combined with Aα 2R agonists, mitragynine could also produce hypothermic synergism. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Mitragynine is proposed to target the µ-opioid receptor (MOR) and adrenergic-α2 receptor (Aα2R) and to produce behavioral effects through conversion to its MOR agonist metabolite 7-hydroxymitragynine. Isobolographic analyses indicated supra-additivity in some dose ratio combinations. This study suggests mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine may produce antinociceptive synergism with Aα2R and MOR agonists. When combined with Aα2R agonists, mitragynine could also produce hypothermic synergism.

Modelos de atención en salud en enfermedades raras: revisión sistemática de la literatura / Healthcare Models for Rare Diseases: A Systematic Review of the Literature / Modelos de atenção em saúde em doenças raras: revisão sistemática da literatura

Resumen Las enfermedades de baja prevalencia requieren modelos de gestión diferentes a los de otras condiciones. Este trabajo buscó recoger las experiencias internacionales. Se realizaron búsquedas en numerosas bases de datos de literatura indexada y de documentos grises. Un panel de expertos de diferentes disciplinas revisó los resúmenes de la literatura y su posible adaptación al contexto colombiano. La búsqueda inicial arrojó 5604 referencias; la búsqueda manual adicionó 31 referencias, finalmente 78 artículos aportaron información útil para el análisis. Los resultados permiten afirmar que existen varios componentes de un modelo de gestión, estos son: políticas, legislación y aspectos administrativos; definición y codificación de enfermedades; investigación y educación; centros especializados, centros de excelencia y redes de atención; diagnóstico, tamizaje, prevención y promoción; inclusión de medicamentos huérfanos; rehabilitación y manejo paliativo; organizaciones de pacientes, grupos o redes de apoyo; y apoyo sociosanitario (inclusión laboral y educativa).

Abstract Low prevalence diseases require management models different from those used in other conditions. This work was intended to gather international experiences on this issue. Searches were made in many indexed literature databases as well as in those with gray literature. A panel of experts from different disciplines checked the abstracts and their potential adaptation into the Colombian context. The initial search retrieved 5604 references and the manual search added other 31 references. At the end, 78 articles provided useful information for the analysis. The results allow to state that a management model consists of several components, to wit: policies, legislation and administrative aspects; definition and coding of the diseases; research and education; specialized centers; excellence centers and service networks; diagnosis, screening, prevention, and promotion; orphan drug inclusion; rehabilitation and palliative care; organizations of patients and support groups or networks; and social-sanitary support (labor and educational inclusion).

Resumo As doenças de baixa prevalência requerem modelos de gestão diferentes aos de outras condições. Este trabalho visou coletar experiências internacionais. Realizaram-se pesquisas em numerosos bancos de dados de literatura indexada e documentos cinza. Um painel de expertos de diferentes disciplinas revisou os resumos da literatura e sua possível adaptação no contexto colombiano. A procura inicial resultou em 5604 referências; a procura manual adicionou 31 referências, por fim 78 artigos forneceram informações úteis para a análise. Os resultados permitem afirmar que existem vários componentes de um modelo de gestão, quais são: políticas, legislações e aspetos administrativos; definição e codificação de doenças; pesquisa e ensino; centros especializados, centros de excelência e redes de atendimento; diagnóstico, triagem, prevenção e promoção; inclusão de medicamentos órfãos; reabilitação e cuidados paliativos; organizações de pacientes, grupos ou redes de apoio; e apoio sócio-sanitário (inclusão laboral e educativa).

Participatory testing and reporting in an environmental-justice community of Worcester, Massachusetts: a pilot project.

BACKGROUND: Despite indoor home environments being where people spend most time, involving residents in testing those environments has been very limited, especially in marginalized communities. We piloted participatory testing and reporting that combined relatively simple tests with actionable reporting to empower residents in Main South/Piedmont neighborhoods of Worcester, Massachusetts. We answered: 1) How do we design and implement the approach for neighborhood and household environments using participatory methods? 2) What do pilot tests reveal? 3) How does our experience inform testing practice? METHODS: The approach was designed and implemented with community partners using community-based participatory research. Residents and researchers tested fourteen homes for: lead in dust indoors, soil outdoors, paint indoors and drinking water; radon in basement air; PM2.5 in indoor air; mold spores in indoor/outdoor air; and drinking water quality. Monitoring of neighborhood particulates by residents and researchers used real-time data to stimulate dialogue. RESULTS: Given the newness of our partnership and unforeseen conflicts, we achieved moderate-high success overall based on process and outcome criteria: methods, test results, reporting, lessons learned. The conflict burden we experienced may be attributable less to generic university-community differences in interests/culture, and more to territoriality and interpersonal issues. Lead-in-paint touch-swab results were poor proxies for lead-in-dust. Of eight units tested in summer, three had very high lead-in-dust (>1000 microg/ft2), six exceeded at least one USEPA standard for lead-in-dust and/or soil. Tap water tests showed no significant exposures. Monitoring of neighborhood particulates raised awareness of environmental health risks, especially asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Timely reporting back home-toxics' results to residents is ethical but it must be empowering. Future work should fund the active participation of a few motivated residents as representatives of the target population. Although difficult and demanding in time and effort, the approach can educate residents and inform exposure assessment. It should be considered as a core ingredient of comprehensive household toxics' testing, and has potential to improve participant retention and the overall positive impact of long-term environmental health research efforts.

Complexities of holistic community-based participatory research for a low income, multi-ethnic population exposed to multiple built-environment stressors in Worcester, Massachusetts.

Low income, multi-ethnic communities in Main South/Piedmont neighborhoods of Worcester, Massachusetts are exposed to cumulative, chronic built-environment stressors, and have limited capacity to respond, magnifying their vulnerability to adverse health outcomes. "Neighborhood STRENGTH", our community-based participatory research (CBPR) project, comprised four partners: a youth center; an environmental non-profit; a community-based health center; and a university. Unlike most CBPR projects that are single topic-focused, our 'holistic', systems-based project targeted five priorities. The three research-focused/action-oriented components were: (1) participatory monitoring of indoor and outdoor pollution; (2) learning about health needs and concerns of residents through community-based listening sessions; (3) engaging in collaborative survey work, including a household vulnerability survey and an asthma prevalence survey for schoolchildren. The two action-focused/research-informed components were: (4) tackling persistent street trash and illegal dumping strategically; and (5) educating and empowering youth to promote environmental justice. We used a coupled CBPR-capacity building approach to design, vulnerability theory to frame, and mixed methods: quantitative environmental testing and qualitative surveys. Process and outcomes yielded important lessons: vulnerability theory helps frame issues holistically; having several topic-based projects yielded useful information, but was hard to manage and articulate to the public; access to, and engagement with, the target population was very difficult and would have benefited greatly from having representative residents who were paid at the partners' table. Engagement with residents and conflict burden varied highly across components. Notwithstanding, we built enabling capacity, strengthened our understanding of vulnerability, and are able to share valuable experiential knowledge.

Urinotórax: ¿siempre un trasudado pleural? / Urinothorax: always a transdative pleural effusion?

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