Phase I-II study of plitidepsin and dacarbazine as first-line therapy for advanced melanoma.

BACKGROUND: This phase I-II trial compared plitidepsin 1-h infusion alone or combined with dacarbazine (DTIC) 1-h infusion as front-line therapy for advanced melanoma. METHODS: The recommended dose (RD) for plitidepsin/DTIC was defined in the first stage. In the second stage, patients were randomised to receive single-agent plitidepsin 3.2 mg m(-2) (n = 20) on days 1, 8 and 15 every 4 weeks (q4wk) or plitidepsin 2.4 mg m(-2) on days 1, 8 and 15 q4wk combined with DTIC 800 mg m(-2) q4wk (n = 38). RESULTS: The overall response rate with plitidepsin/DTIC was 21.4%; all responders had normal serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and performance status ≤ 1 at baseline. Median progression-free survival (PFS) with plitidepsin/DTIC was 3.3 months in all patients, and 4.3 months in those with baseline normal LDH. No responses occurred with single-agent plitidepsin and median PFS was 1.5 months. Both regimens were well tolerated. Haematological abnormalities were more common and transaminase increases more severe with plitidepsin/DTIC. Treatment-related transaminase increases leading to infusion omission on day 8 were relatively common. No drug-drug pharmacokinetic interactions were found. CONCLUSION: This plitidepsin/DTIC schedule has antitumour activity and manageable toxicity in advanced melanoma. Further evaluation of plitidepsin 2.4 mg m(-2) fortnightly and DTIC 800 mg m(-2) q4wk is recommended.

Vitamin D and asthma.

Asthma, one of the most prevalent diseases affecting people worldwide, is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by heightened airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness and airflow obstruction in response to specific triggers. While the specific mechanisms responsible for asthma are not well understood, changing environmental factors associated with urban lifestyles may underlie the increased prevalence of the disorder. Vitamin D is of particular interest in asthma since vitamin D concentrations decrease with increased time spent indoors, decreased exposure to sunlight, less exercise, obesity, and inadequate calcium intake. Additionally, a growing body of literature suggests that there is a relationship between vitamin D status and respiratory symptoms, presumably through immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D. This review discusses vitamin D as it relates to asthma across the age spectrum, with a focus on human studies.

Synthetic lethality to overcome cancer drug resistance.

A large body of evidence point out that the onset of synthetic lethality may provide a useful tool for amplifying the efficacy of drugs in anticancer regimens, to uncover interdependence between genes and to identify predictive factors that would be extremely useful to guide in the selection of more effective targeted drugs and drug combinations for each patient. Here, we provide an overview on the exploitation of synthetic lethality to overcome drug resistance to conventional chemotherapy in several types of solid tumors. We report recent findings on cellular markers and gene mutations which are specifically essential for the viability of cancer cells and for resistance to chemotherapeutics. In addition, new molecularly targeted strategies to overcome drug resistance are suggested.

A phase I dose escalation study of AT9283, a small molecule inhibitor of aurora kinases, in patients with advanced solid malignancies.

BACKGROUND: AT9283 is an inhibitor of aurora kinases A and B with antitumor activity in preclinical models. This a First in Human phase I study assessed the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and preliminary efficacy of AT9283. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with advanced tumors received AT9283 as a continuous central venous infusion over 3 days in cohorts of three to six patients starting at 1.5 mg/m(2)/day (equivalent to 4.5 mg/m(2)/72 h). The oral bioavailability of AT9283 was assessed in a cohort of seven patients. Pharmacodynamic analysis of biomarkers included phosphorylation of histone H3 on serine 10, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, Ki67, M30 and M65 in skin and plasma. RESULTS: Forty patients were included in all analyses. AT9283 was generally well tolerated with main toxic effects of reversible dose-related myelosuppression, gastrointestinal disturbance, fatigue and alopecia. The dose-limiting toxicity of AT9283 was grade 3 febrile neutropenia in two patients at 36 mg/m(2)/72 h and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was established at 27 mg/m(2)/72 h. Systemic exposure was dose proportional. The mean oral bioavailability of a 0.9 mg/m(2) dose was 29.4% (range 11.2%-36.7%). Pharmacodynamic analyses indicated antiproliferative and apoptotic activity of AT9283. Four patients with esophageal, non-small-cell lung cancer (n = 2) and colorectal cancer demonstrated RECIST stable disease ≥ 6 months. CONCLUSION: AT9283 was well tolerated up to the MTD of 27 mg/m(2)/72 h. AT9283 is currently assessed in phase II trials.

A phase II trial evaluating two schedules of sagopilone (ZK-EPO), a novel epothilone, in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: Sagopilone, the first fully synthetic epothilone, has shown promising preclinical activity in tumour models. This open-label randomised phase II study investigated two infusion schedules of sagopilone in women with ovarian cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Women with ovarian cancer recurring within 6 months of end of last platinum-containing treatment received sagopilone 16 mg/m(2) as a 3- or 0.5-h i.v. infusion every 21 days for up to 6 weeks. RESULTS: Sixty-three patients received sagopilone as a 3-h (n=38) or 0.5-h (n=25) infusion. There were nine confirmed tumour responses [by modified RECIST (n=8) and by Gynecologic Cancer Intergroup CA-125 criteria (n=1)] in 57 patients assessable for efficacy overall [three (13%) with 0.5-h and six (18%) with 3-h infusions]. The 0.5-h arm was closed when it failed to meet its target efficacy. Main drug-related adverse events were peripheral sensory neuropathy (73%; 16% grade 3), nausea (37%; 2% grade 3), fatigue (35%; 3% grade 3) and arthralgia (30%; 5% grade 3). Overall incidence of peripheral sensory neuropathy was similar in both treatment arms, with no grade 4 neuropathy events. No acute allergic infusion reactions were observed. CONCLUSION: Sagopilone is effective, with balanced tolerability, in patients with recurrent platinum-resistant ovarian cancer.

A phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of AT7519, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor in patients with refractory solid tumors.

BACKGROUND: AT7519 is an inhibitor of multiple cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Based on potent antitumor activity in preclinical models, a first-in-human clinical trial in refractory solid tumors investigated its safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: AT7519 was administered in a '3 + 3' dose- escalation scheme on 5 consecutive days every 3 weeks to patients with advanced, refractory solid tumors. Samples to monitor AT7519 PK and PD were obtained. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients were treated at seven dose levels (1.8-40 mg/m(2)/day). At 40 mg/m(2)/day, one patient developed hypotension and ST segment elevation. At 34 mg/m(2)/day, dose-limiting toxic effects (DLTs) were QTc prolongation with one death (grade 5), fatigue (grade 4) and mucositis (grade 3). Electrocardiogram review suggested a dose-dependent increase in QTc and recruitment was discontinued without establishing a maximum tolerated dose. Four patients exhibited stable disease for >6 months and one had a prolonged partial response. PK profile revealed modest interpatient variation with linear exposure at increasing doses. Inhibition of markers of CDK activity was observed across the dose range and manifested in antiproliferative activity at a dose of 28 mg/m(2). CONCLUSION: AT7519 elicited clinical and PD activity resulting from CDK inhibition at doses below the appearance of DLT of QTc prolongation.

The clinical development of inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase.

A number of inhibitors of DNA repair have been evaluated or are undergoing development as potential cancer treatments. Inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) are of particular interest in treating hereditary breast cancers occurring in patients who are carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. In vitro PARP inhibitors are highly cytotoxic to cell lines carrying BRCA mutations while only minimally toxic to cell lines without these mutations. This is thought to be due to a phenomenon known as synthetic lethality where the accumulation of single-strand breaks consequent on PARP inhibition are converted to double-strand breaks on cell division. Cancer cells in BRCA carriers are uniquely unable to repair the consequent double-strand breaks that result during cell division. PARP inhibitors were initially developed as possible chemo-potentiating agents but have now been evaluated clinically in BRCA-related tumors, showing remarkable single-agent activity. The potential future development and use is reviewed.

A Phase I clinical study of cisplatin-incorporated polymeric micelles (NC-6004) in patients with solid tumours.

BACKGROUND: On the basis of preclinical studies of NC-6004, a cisplatin-incorporated micellar formulation, we hypothesised that NC-6004 could show lower toxicity than cisplatin and show greater anti-tumour activity in phase I study. METHODS: A total of 17 patients were recruited in a range of advanced solid tumour types. NC-6004 was administered intravenously (i.v.) every 3 weeks. The dose escalation started at 10 mg m(-2) and was increased up to 120 mg m(-2) according to the accelerated titration method and modified Fibonacci method. RESULTS: One dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) occurred in a patient who was given 90 mg m(-2) of NC-6004, otherwise any significant cisplatin-related toxicity was not observed or generally mild toxicity was observed. Despite the implementation of post-hydration and pre-medication regimen, renal impairment and hypersensitivity reactions still developed at 120 mg m(-2), which led to the conclusion that the maximum tolerated dose was 120 mg m(-2), and the recommended dose was 90 mg m(-2), although DLT was not defined as per protocol. Stable disease was observed in seven patients. The maximum concentration and area under the concentration-time curve of ultrafilterable platinum at 120 mg m(-2) NC-6004 were 34-fold smaller and 8.5-fold larger, respectively, than those for cisplatin. CONCLUSION: The delayed and sustained release of cisplatin after i.v. administration contributes to the low toxicity of NC-6004.

Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the oral cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor AZD5438 when administered at intermittent and continuous dosing schedules in patients with advanced solid tumours.

BACKGROUND: AZD5438 is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of cyclin E-cdk2, cyclin A-cdk2 and cyclin B-cdk1 complexes. Three phase I studies assessed the clinical safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of AZD5438 when administered in different dosing schedules. PATIENTS AND METHODS: AZD5438 was administered four times daily, once every 7 days (study 1), for 14 consecutive days followed by 7 days of rest (study 2), or continuously (study 3), to patients with advanced solid tumours. Dose escalation proceeded until the emergence of dose-limiting toxic effects. RESULTS: Sixty-four patients were included across the three studies (19, 17 and 28, respectively). Nausea and vomiting were the most common adverse events. When dosed continuously, 40 mg four times daily was considered intolerable, and due to safety issues, all studies were terminated prematurely. Consequently, no intolerable dose was identified during the weekly schedule. Pharmacokinetics demonstrated dose-proportional exposure, high interpatient variability and accumulation after multiple doses. Skin biopsies indicated reduced retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation at cdk2 phospho-sites; other pharmacodynamic assessments did not reveal consistent trends. CONCLUSIONS: AZD5438 was generally well tolerated in a weekly dosing schedule, but not in continuous schedules. The clinical development programme for AZD5438 was discontinued owing to tolerability and exposure data from these studies.

Surgical treatment of hepatic hydatid cyst.

Hydatid disease of the liver is caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus, and the highest incidence of human infestation occurs in sheep and cattle-raising areas. Although, still an uncommon occurrence, it is being seen with increasing frequency; hence, it is important that surgeons make themselves aware of the pathology and treatment of the disease. The liver is most commonly involved, although many other organs, including lungs and brain may also be affected. An echinococcal cyst of the liver was reported in a patient who is a resident in Northern Ireland but had originally lived and worked in mainland Britain. Details of the lifecycle, pathology, diagnostic techniques and surgical management of hydatid cysts are reviewed.

Baseline health-related quality-of-life data as prognostic factors in a phase III multicentre study of women with metastatic breast cancer.

The potential value of baseline health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL) and clinical factors in predicting prognosis was examined using data from an international randomised phase III trial which compared doxorubicin and paclitaxel with doxorubicin and cylophosphamide as first line chemotherapy in 275 women with metastatic breast cancer. The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ-C30 and the related breast module (QLQ-BR23) were used to assess baseline HRQOL data. The Cox proportional-hazards regression model was used for both univariate and multivariate analyses of survival. In the univariate analyses, performance status (P<0.001) and number of sites involved (P=0.001) were the most important clinical prognostic factors. The HRQOL variables at baseline most strongly associated with longer survival were better appetite, physical and role functioning, as well as less fatigue (P<0.001). The final multivariate model retained performance status (P<0.001) and appetite loss (P=0.005) as the variables best predicting survival. Substantial loss of appetite was the only independent HRQOL factor predicting poor survival and was strongly correlated (/r/>0.5) with fatigue, role and physical functioning. In addition to known clinical factors, appetite loss appears to be a significant prognostic factor for survival in women with metastatic breast cancer. However, the mechanism underlying this association remains to be precisely defined in future studies.

Efficacy of botulinum toxin in chronic anal fissure.

BACKGROUND: Chronic anal fissures (CAF) are caused by anal sphincter hypertonia leading to an ischaemic ulcer. By inducing temporary sphincter relaxation, botulinum toxin (Botox) injection has been shown to heal CAF in approximately 73-96% of cases in clinical trials. AIM: This study looks at the efficacy of Botox clinical practice. METHODS: The medical charts were reviewed of all patients with CAF treated with Botox (30iu injected into the sphincter complex in three 10iu aliquots) in the Ulster Hospital, Dundonald, Northern Ireland between March 1999 and November 2001. RESULTS: Fifty-one charts were identified. Four patients failed to attend for review and were excluded from the study. Of the remaining 47 patients, 37 (78.7%) were healed following Botox injection. 10 out of 37 (27.0%) developed a recurrent CAF after a median time of 16.0 months (IQR 3.8-20 months). Eight of these patients opted for repeat Botox injection, which was successful in 7 (87.5%) cases. No adverse effects were reported. CONCLUSION: Botox injection for the treatment of CAF is as effective in clinical practice as reported in clinical trials from specialist centres.

Phase II study of pemetrexed in breast cancer patients pretreated with anthracyclines.

BACKGROUND: To assess antitumor activity and toxicity of pemetrexed in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients previously treated with anthracyclines. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy-seven MBC patients from 12 European institutions were entered into the study. Seventy-two patients were considered evaluable for response and toxicity. Forty-two patients were classified as anthracycline-failure (relapse >30 days after completion of a prior anthracycline regimen) and 30 as anthracycline-refractory (progression within 30 days after anthracycline therapy). Pemetrexed 600 mg/m(2) was administered intravenously every 3 weeks until progressive disease or unacceptable toxicity. RESULTS: There were three complete and 12 partial responders [response rate 21% (95% confidence interval 12%)]. Response rates in the anthracycline-failure and anthracycline-refractory groups were 24% and 17%, respectively. A subset of 31 patients pretreated with anthracyclines and taxanes had a response rate of 26%. Median duration of response and median survival were 5.5 and 10.7 months, respectively (13 months in the failure group and 5.7 months for refractory). Grade 3/4 toxicities included neutropenia and thrombocytopenia in 56% and 19% of patients, respectively. Nine patients (12%) experienced neutropenic fever. Grade 3/4 non-hematological toxicities included skin rash (10%), nausea (12%), fatigue (10%) and stomatitis (5%). CONCLUSION: Our trial demonstrates pemetrexed to be active in breast cancer, with manageable toxicity. Activity of pemetrexed did not appear to be adversely affected by prior taxane, 5-fluorouracil or endocrine treatments.

Cancer drug development in Europe: a selection of new agents under development at the European Drug Development Network.

From may 99, three european leaders in anti-cancer drug development (EORTC, Cancer Research UK, SENDO) have got together to form a network of collaborating groups: the European Drug Development Network. The member organisations have all agreed to join their efforts in developing new drugs. They have acquired a great and efficient expertise in anticancer drug development covering all aspects from drug screening to refinement of trial methodology and translational research. In this paper, the most interesting drugs under development in each of the three organisations are being described and discussed.

Phase I safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic trial of ZD1839, a selective oral epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with five selected solid tumor types.

PURPOSE: To establish the safety and tolerability of ZD1839 (Iressa), a selective epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and to explore its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects in patients with selected solid tumor types. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a phase I dose-escalating trial of oral ZD1839 150 mg/d to a maximum of 1,000 mg/d given once daily for at least 28 days. Patients with either advanced non-small-cell lung, ovarian, head and neck, prostate, or colorectal cancer were recruited. RESULTS: Eighty-eight patients received ZD1839 (150 to 1,000 mg/d). At 1,000 mg/d, five of 12 patients experienced dose-limiting toxicity (grade 3 diarrhea [four patients] and grade 3 somnolence [one patient]). The most frequent drug-related adverse events (AEs) were acne-like rash (64%) and diarrhea (47%), which were generally mild (grade 1/2) and reversible on cessation of treatment. No change in ZD1839 safety profile was observed with prolonged administration. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed steady-state exposure to ZD1839 in 98% of patients by day 7. Nineteen patients had stable disease and received ZD1839 for >or= 3 months; seven of these patients remained on study drug for >or= 6 months. Serial skin biopsies taken before treatment and at approximately day 28 revealed changes indicative of inhibition of the EGFR signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: ZD1839 was generally well tolerated, with manageable and reversible AEs at doses up to 600 mg/d and dose-limiting toxicity observed at 1,000 mg/d. ZD1839 treatment resulted in clinically meaningful disease stabilization across a range of tumor types and doses. Pharmacodynamic changes in skin confirmed inhibition of EGFR signaling, which was predicted from the mode of action of ZD1839.

Population pharmacokinetic and dynamic analysis of the topoisomerase I inhibitor lurtotecan in phase II studies.

Population pharmacokinetic-dynamic analysis was prospectively integrated in a broad phase II program of lurtotecan (GI147211), a novel camptothecin derived topoisomerase I inhibitor, to determine the population pharmacokinetic profile in a larger population, to estimate individual pharmacokinetic parameters and to investigate relationships with clinical outcome. A sparse sampling method was applied during course one, which involved two sampling time-points. A Bayesian algorithm was used to estimate individual pharmacokinetic parameters, in particular total plasma clearance (CL) and volume of distribution. In total, samples were collected of 109 (63%) of 173 patients. Pharmacokinetic-dynamic evaluation could be carried out successfully in 85 (78%) of the sampled patients. CL of lurtotecan showed substantial variability (mean 87 +/- 28 L/h) and was of the same magnitude as in the phase I studies where full pharmacokinetic curves were used. Residual variability in the population estimate of CL was 9.9%. No significant relationships were observed between exposure parameters and toxicity nor likelihood of tumor response, however the latter relationship may well have been obscured by the heterogeneity of the studied population. Prospective implementation of large scale population pharmacokinetic-dynamic analysis is feasible and important to establish whether interpatient variability in drug exposure is a major determinant of toxicity or activity.

A randomised trial of oral versus intravenous topotecan in patients with relapsed epithelial ovarian cancer.

A multicentre, randomised study was carried out in Europe, South Africa and North America to compare the activity and tolerability of oral versus intravenous (i.v.) topotecan in patients with relapsed epithelial ovarian cancer. Patients who had failed first-line therapy after one platinum-based regimen, which could have included a taxane, were randomised to treatment with either oral (p.o.) topotecan, 2.3 mg/m(2)/day or i.v. topotecan 1.5 mg/m(2)/day for 5 days every 21 days. Patients were stratified by prior paclitaxel exposure, interval from previous platinum therapy and tumour diameter. 266 patients were randomised. Response rates were 13% orally (p.o.) and 20% (i.v.) with a complete response in 2 and 4 patients, respectively. The difference in the response rates was not statistically significant. Median survival was 51 weeks (p.o.) and 58 weeks (i.v.) with a risk ratio of death (p.o. to i.v. treatment) of 1.361 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.001, 1.850). Median time to progression was 13 weeks (p.o.) and 17 weeks (i.v.). The principal toxicity was myelosuppression although grade 3/4 neutropenia occurred less frequently in those receiving oral topotecan. Toxicity was non-cumulative and infectious complications were relatively infrequent. Non-haematological toxicity was generally mild or moderate. The incidence of grade 3/4 gastrointestinal events was slightly higher for oral than i.v. topotecan. Oral topotecan shows activity in second-line ovarian cancer and neutropenia may be less frequent than with the i.v. formulation. A small, but statistically significant, difference in survival favoured the i.v. formulation, but the clinical significance of this needs to be interpreted in the context of second-line palliative treatment. Oral topotecan is convenient and well tolerated and further studies to clarify its role are ongoing.

Randomized double-blind phase II survival study comparing immunization with the anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody 105AD7 against placebo in advanced colorectal cancer.

The cancer vaccine 105AD7 is an anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody that mimics the tumour-associated antigen 791T/gp72 (CD55, Decay Accelerating Factor) on colorectal cancer cells. Phase I studies in patients with advanced disease confirmed that 105AD7 is non-toxic, and that T cell responses could be generated. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled survival study in patients with advanced colorectal cancer was performed. 162 patients were enrolled between April 1994 and October 1996. Patients attended at trial entry, and at 6 and 12 weeks, where they received 105AD7 or placebo. Study groups were comparable in terms of patient demographics, and time from diagnosis of advanced colorectal cancer (277.1 v 278.6 days). Baseline disease was similar, with 50% of patients having malignancy in at least 2 anatomic sites. Compliance with treatment was poor, with only 50% of patients receiving 3 planned vaccinations. Median survival from randomization date was 124 and 184 days in 105AD7 and placebo arms respectively (P = 0.38), and 456 and 486 days from the date of diagnosis of advanced disease (P = 0.82). 105AD7 vaccination does not prolong survival in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. The reasons for lack of efficacy are unclear, but may reflect the high tumour burden in the patient population, and poor compliance with immunization. Further vaccine studies should concentrate on patients with minimal residual disease.

Activity of the dolastatin analogue, LU103793, in malignant melanoma.

LU103793, a synthetic analogue of dolastatin 15, showed interesting pre-clinical activity in melanoma xenografts. In this phase II multicentre trial, 80 chemotherapy-naïve patients with metastatic melanoma received a total of 218 cycles of treatment. The response rate showed one complete and three partial responses of median duration six months (range 3-9.1). Toxicity was moderate, mostly haematological (neutropenia grade 4 in 16%, grade 3 in 3%). There were no significant problems with hypertension or other non-haematological toxicities.