The tryptophan connection: cyclic peptide natural products linked via the tryptophan side chain.

Covering: from 1938 up to March 2021The electron-rich indole side chain of tryptophan is a versatile substrate for peptide modification. Upon the action of various cyclases, the tryptophan side chain may be linked to a nearby amino acid residue, opening the door to a diverse range of cyclic peptide natural products. These compounds exhibit a wide array of biological activity and possess fascinating molecular architectures, which have made them popular targets for total synthesis studies. This review examines the isolation and bioactivity of tryptophan-linked cyclic peptide natural products, along with a discussion of their first total synthesis, and biosynthesis where this has been studied.

Synthetic approaches towards bedaquiline and its derivatives.

Bedaquiline is a diarylquinoline drug that demonstrates potent and selective inhibition of mycobacterial ATP synthase, and is clinically administered for the treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. Due to its excellent activity and novel mechanism of action, bedaquiline has been the focus of a number of synthetic studies. This review will discuss these synthetic approaches, as well as the synthesis and bioactivity of the numerous derivatives and molecular probes inspired by bedaquiline.

Synthesis of montbretin A analogues yields potent competitive inhibitors of human pancreatic α-amylase.

Simplified analogues of the potent human amylase inhibitor montbretin A were synthesised and shown to bind tightly, K I = 60 and 70 nM, with improved specificity over medically relevant glycosidases, making them promising candidates for controlling blood glucose. Crystallographic analysis confirmed similar binding modes and identified new active site interactions.

Pathoblockers or antivirulence drugs as a new option for the treatment of bacterial infections.

The rapid development of antimicrobial resistance is threatening mankind to such an extent that the World Health Organization expects more deaths from infections than from cancer in 2050 if current trends continue. To avoid this scenario, new classes of anti-infectives must urgently be developed. Antibiotics with new modes of action are needed, but other concepts are also currently being pursued. Targeting bacterial virulence as a means of blocking pathogenicity is a promising new strategy for disarming pathogens. Furthermore, it is believed that this new approach is less susceptible towards resistance development. In this review, recent examples of anti-infective compounds acting on several types of bacterial targets, e.g., adhesins, toxins and bacterial communication, are described.

N-Acetylmuramic Acid (MurNAc) Auxotrophy of the Oral Pathogen Tannerella forsythia: Characterization of a MurNAc Kinase and Analysis of Its Role in Cell Wall Metabolism.

Tannerella forsythia is an anaerobic, Gram-negative oral pathogen that thrives in multispecies gingival biofilms associated with periodontitis. The bacterium is auxotrophic for the commonly essential bacterial cell wall sugar N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) and, thus, strictly depends on an exogenous supply of MurNAc for growth and maintenance of cell morphology. A MurNAc transporter (Tf_MurT; Tanf_08375) and an ortholog of the Escherichia coli etherase MurQ (Tf_MurQ; Tanf_08385) converting MurNAc-6-phosphate to GlcNAc-6-phosphate were recently described for T. forsythia. In between the respective genes on the T. forsythia genome, a putative kinase gene is located. In this study, the putative kinase (Tf_MurK; Tanf_08380) was produced as a recombinant protein and biochemically characterized. Kinetic studies revealed Tf_MurK to be a 6-kinase with stringent substrate specificity for MurNAc exhibiting a 6 × 104-fold higher catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km ) for MurNAc than for N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) with kcat values of 10.5 s-1 and 0.1 s-1 and Km values of 200 µM and 116 mM, respectively. The enzyme kinetic data suggest that Tf_MurK is subject to substrate inhibition (Ki[S] = 4.2 mM). To assess the role of Tf_MurK in the cell wall metabolism of T. forsythia, a kinase deletion mutant (ΔTf_murK::erm) was constructed. This mutant accumulated MurNAc intracellularly in the exponential phase, indicating the capability to take up MurNAc, but inability to catabolize MurNAc. In the stationary phase, the MurNAc level was reduced in the mutant, while the level of the peptidoglycan precursor UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide was highly elevated. Further, according to scanning electron microscopy evidence, the ΔTf_murK::erm mutant was more tolerant toward low MurNAc concentration in the medium (below 0.5 µg/ml) before transition from healthy, rod-shaped to fusiform cells occurred, while the parent strain required > 1 µg/ml MurNAc for optimal growth. These data reveal that T. forsythia readily catabolizes exogenous MurNAc but simultaneously channels a proportion of the sugar into peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Deletion of Tf_murK blocks MurNAc catabolism and allows the direction of MurNAc solely to peptidoglycan biosynthesis, resulting in a growth advantage in MurNAc-depleted medium. This work increases our understanding of the T. forsythia cell wall metabolism and may pave new routes for lead finding in the treatment of periodontitis.

Flavoalkaloids-Isolation, Biological Activity, and Total Synthesis.

The flavoalkaloids possess unique molecular frameworks that contain both a flavonoid and alkaloid component. Flavoalkaloids result from the convergence of distinct biosynthetic pathways, affording natural products that display a wide range of interesting biological activities that would not be expected for flavonoids or alkaloids alone. This chapter collates all the known flavoalkaloids up until early 2016, detailing their isolation, bioactivity, and successful total syntheses.

An efficient synthesis of 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid from N-acetylglucosamine.

A novel synthesis of 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid is described, which proceeds in only five steps from the cheap starting material N-acetylglucosamine. This efficient synthesis should enable future studies into the importance of 1,6-anhydromuramic acid in bacterial cell wall recycling processes.

Synthetic studies towards putative yuremamine using an iterative C(sp(3))-H arylation strategy.

An overview of an iterative, 8-aminoquinoline (AQ)-directed C(sp(3))-H arylation strategy towards the pyrroloindole structure initially assigned to the alkaloid yuremamine is described. During initial efforts using a model indane system, it was discovered that the iodoresorcinol unit was not a viable C(sp(3))-H arylation partner when masked as its dimethyl ether but upon switching to a MOM group, the ether oxygen served to stabilise the high valent Pd intermediate during the reaction, thus promoting reductive elimination and leading to acceptable yields of the C(sp(3))-H arylation product. The second C(sp(3))-H arylation with an iodopyrogallol gave a 1,3-diarylated model yuremamine system possessing the desired 1,3-cis relationship. When the successful model studies were applied to a pyrroloindole system in pursuit of yuremamine, it became apparent that C9 underwent competing C(sp(2))-H arylation if left vacant, but installing a tryptamine side chain at this site prevented the desired C(sp(3))-H arylation from occurring altogether. However, a C9-methyl pyrroloindole underwent iterative C(sp(3))-H arylation at C1 with an iodoresorcinol followed by C3 with an iodopyrogallol to give a diarylated product with the aryl groups in the undesired 1,3-trans-relationship, arising from epimerisation at C1 during the second C(sp(3))-H arylation event. Although the synthesis of putative yuremamine was not accomplished, several findings are disclosed that will serve as useful additions to the burgeoning field of directed C(sp(3))-H arylations and related C-H functionalization reactions.

Bioinspired total synthesis and structural revision of yuremamine, an alkaloid from the entheogenic plant Mimosa tenuiflora.

Guided by a biosynthetic hypothesis, a serendipitous total synthesis of yuremamine has resulted in its structural revision from the putative pyrroloindole (1) to the flavonoidal indole (2), which was initially proposed as a biosynthetic intermediate.