Análisis de la composición corporal de los jugadores de la selección española de fútbol para ciegos / Analysis of the body composition of the players of the Spanish blind soccer team

La Composición Corporal (CC) de los deportistas varía en función de la modalidad deportiva practicada. Además, es un factor determinante en el rendimiento deportivo, y puede influir en la prevención de lesiones. En fútbol practicado por personas sin discapacidad, varios estudios analizan las diferencias en la CC de los jugadores en función de la posición de juego y nivelcompetitivo. Por el contrario, son escasos los estudios que analizan la CC en modalidades deportivas para personas con discapacidad, en concreto en jugadores profesionales de Fútbol para Ciegos (FpC). El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la CC en función de la Lateralidad y de la Posición de juego de los jugadores de la Selección Española de FpC. El estudio presenta un diseño cuantitativo descriptivo y transversal, de carácter ecológico. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 12 jugadores (Edad: 28.76 ± 8.89 años, Peso: 73.89 ± 10.79 kg, y, Altura: 176.82 ± 9.07 cm), pertenecientes a la Selección Española de FpC durante una concentración previa a los Juegos Paralímpicos de Tokio 2020. Para ello, se utilizó un monitor de CC modelo BC-601 (TANITA, Tokio, Japón). Los resultados muestran que no existen diferencias significativas en ninguno de los análisis realizados en función la Lateralidad y de la Posición de juego. Sin embargo, la CC es uno de los factores determinantes del rendimiento deportivo y establecer rangos de CC en deportistas profesionales de FpC va a permitir establecer patrones para la seleccionar jugadores. Por otro lado, ante la escasez de investigaciones encontradas, se recomienda llevar a cabo estudios que analicen la CC de los jugadores y su influencia en los procesos y etapas de entrenamiento con la finalidad de determinar la influencia de la CC en el rendimiento deportivo. (AU)

Análisis de la danza como herramienta educativa para el alumnado con Síndrome de Down: revisión narrativa / Analysis of dance as an educational tool for students with Down Syndrome: narrative review / Análise da dança como ferramenta educativa para alunos com Síndrome de Down: revisão narrativa

Resumen La danza es una actividad físico-deportiva y artística idónea para el desarrollo integral del alumnado y puede considerarse como promotora de inclusión. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión narrativa relacionada con los beneficios que aporta la danza en el alumnado con Síndrome de Down (SD) en la etapa de educación infantil. Para realizar la búsqueda de los documentos, se emplearon las palabras clave: "Child Education", "Dance" y "Down Syndrome". Los manuscritos fueron buscados en las bases de datos Web of Science, Scopus, SPORTDiscus y PubMed, hasta enero de 2023. Para ajustar la búsqueda al objeto de estudio, se estableció una serie de criterios de inclusión: i) cualquier tipo de documento científico relacionado con la temática; ii) manuscritos que indiquen, en el cuerpo del texto, al menos una descripción de los alumnos con SD de una longitud mínima de 50 palabras; iii) documentos realizados en inglés, español y/o portugués; y, iv) manuscritos que permitan obtener el texto completo; se obtuvo un total de 9 documentos. Los resultados mostraron una escasez de documentos en relación con el ámbito de estudio, como consecuencia de ser una temática muy específica. Asimismo, los manuscritos incluidos en esta revisión reportan que los beneficios que podrían obtenerse de la danza para el alumnado con SD están relacionados con la conciencia y el control postural, la mejora de aspectos sociales y mejoras a nivel cognitivo y emocional, así como el disfrute. Por ello, se recomienda ampliar el número de investigaciones futuras relacionadas con la danza en el sistema educativo y, concretamente, en la etapa de educación infantil, debido a los múltiples beneficios que aporta al alumnado con discapacidad.

Abstract Dance is a physical/sports and artistic activity appropriate to the comprehensive development of students, and can be considered as a means to promote inclusion. Thus, the objective of this study was to carry out a narrative review related to the benefits of dance in students with Down Syndrome (DS) in the child education stage. In order to carry out the search of documents, the keywords "Child Education", "Dance", and "Down Syndrome" were used. Manuscripts were searched in the Web of Science, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and PubMed data bases, up to January, 2023. In order to adjust the search of the object of study, a series of inclusion criteria was established: i) any type of scientific document relating to the topic; ii) manuscripts indicating, within the text body, at least one description of the students with DS that is at least 50 words in length; iii) documents written in English, Spanish and/or Portuguese; and iv) manuscripts that allow to obtain the full text. A total 9 documents were obtained. The results showed a scarcity of documents concerning the domain of study, as a result of this being a very specific topic. Similarly, the manuscripts included in this review report that the benefits that could derive from dance for students with DS have to do with posture awareness and control, the improvement of social aspects and improvements of a cognitive and emotional nature, as well as enjoyment. Therefore, it is recommended to expand the number of future research projects related to dance in the educational system, and concretely in the child education stage, due to the multiple benefits this brings to students with disabilities.

Resumo A dança é uma atividade físico-esportiva e artística idônea para o desenvolvimento integral dos alunos e pode ser considerada como promotora de inclusão. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão narrativa relacionada aos benefícios que a dança proporciona aos alunos com Síndrome de Down (SD) na etapa da educação infantil. Para busca dos documentos foram utilizadas as palavras-chave: "Child Education", "Dance" e "Down Syndrome". Os manuscritos foram pesquisados nas bases de dados Web of Science, Scopus, SPORTDiscus e PubMed, até janeiro de 2023. Para adequar a busca ao objeto de estudo, foi estabelecida uma série de critérios de inclusão: i) qualquer tipo de documento científico relacionado ao tema; ii) manuscritos que indiquem, no corpo do texto, pelo menos uma descrição de alunos com SD com extensão mínima de 50 palavras; iii) documentos elaborados em inglês, espanhol e/ou português; e, iv) manuscritos que permitam a obtenção do texto completo; foram obtidos um total de 9 documentos. Os resultados mostraram escassez de documentos em relação à área de estudo, por se tratar de um tema muito específico. Da mesma forma, os manuscritos incluídos nesta revisão mostram que os benefícios que poderiam ser obtidos com a dança para alunos com SD estão relacionados à consciência e ao controle postural, à melhoria dos aspectos sociais e às melhorias no âmbito cognitivo e emocional, bem como ao prazer. Portanto, recomenda-se ampliar o número de pesquisas futuras relacionadas à dança no sistema educacional e, especificamente, na etapa da educação infantil, pelos múltiplos benefícios que traz aos alunos com deficiência.

Revisión sistemática de programas de intervención para promover hábitos saludables de actividad física y nutrición en escolares españoles / Systematic review of intervention programmes to promote healthy physical activity and nutrition habits in Spanish school children

Introducción. La obesidad infantil es uno de los problemas de salud pública más graves del siglo XXI, originado porque los niños crecen en un entorno en el que no se fomenta la práctica deportiva. Esto es debido al cambio en el tipo de alimentación y al aumento del sedentarismo. Objetivo. Describir y analizar los principales programas de intervención, basados en la promoción de hábitos saludables (Nutrición y Actividad Física) en la población infantil y las principales estrategias utilizadas para su implantación en los centros educativos españoles. Materiales y métodos. Se ha realizado un estudio transversal descriptivo mediante el empleo de una revisión sistemática de la literatura realizada en el mes de octubre de 2022. La población de estudio fue el alumnado de entre 6 y 12 años escolarizados en centros de Educación Primaria de España. Resultados. Se ha identificado que las intervenciones educativas sobre nutrición y/o actividad física realizadas en los centros educativos, resultan positivas en la mejora de los hábitos de alimentación y la práctica físico-deportiva entre los escolares. Discusión. Además, combinando las temáticas de nutrición y actividad física, se fomenta la consecución de hábitos saludables, con el objetivo de prevenir la obesidad y el sedentarismo. A su vez, fomentando la participación de las familias en los programas de intervención se obtiene un resultado positivo en la efectividad de las intervenciones. Conclusiones. La mayor parte de los programas de intervención analizados demuestran su eficacia a la hora de modificar los hábitos alimentarios, además, se produce un aumento del nivel de actividad física, evitando el sedentarismo entre los escolares, y, por ende, disminuir el riesgo de obesidad(AU)

Introduction: Childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century, because children are growing up in an environment where sport is not encouraged. This is due to changes in dietary patterns and an increase in sedentary lifestyles. Objective. Describe and analyze the main intervention programs, based on the promotion of healthy habits (Nutrition and Physical Activity) in the child population and the main strategies used for their implementation in Spanish schools. Material and methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study based on a systematic review of the literature carried out in October 2022. The study population was pupils aged between 6 and 12 years old attending primary schools in Spain. Results. It has been identified that educational interventions on nutrition and/or physical activity carried out in schools are positive in improving eating habits and physical activity among schoolchildren. Discussion. In addition, by combining the topics of nutrition and physical activity, healthy habits are encouraged, with the aim of preventing obesity and sedentary lifestyles. In turn, by encouraging the participation of families in the intervention programmes, a positive result is obtained in the effectiveness of the interventions. Conclusions. Most of the intervention programmes analysed demonstrate their effectiveness in modifying eating habits, as well as increasing the level of physical activity, avoiding sedentary lifestyles among schoolchildren and, therefore, reducing the risk of obesity(AU)

Analysis of Injuries and Wellness in Blind Athletes during an International Football Competition.

Five-a-side football for blind people is the only adapted football modality present at the Paralympic games. Fa5 is a collaborative-opposition sport in which its participants play with no vision, which causes numerous impacts. At the London 2012 Paralympic Games, it was the sport with the highest incidence of sports injuries. The main objective of this work is to analyse the association between pain perception; spatio-temporal, mechanical, and metabolic workload with injuries; and wellness in players during an international Fa5 competition. The following variables, monitored during an International Fa5 Tournament, were analysed: general well-being, perception of pain and injuries, and the spatio-temporal and metabolic workload. The results show that the incidence of injuries increases as the tournament progresses, where injured players reported greater muscle pain and stress before the matches started. Besides, the players' internal and external load did not explain the incidence of injury. Still, the values obtained in the wellness questionnaire, the perception of pain, and stress suggested they contributed to the incidence of injury.

Influencia del equilibrio en la calidad de vida de las personas con síndrome de Down en edad escolar y adulta: Revisión bibliográfica / Influence of Balance on the Quality of Life of People with Down Syndrome in School and Adult Ages: A Literature Review

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una revisión de la bibliografía, estructurada en torno a la influencia del equilibrio en la calidad de vida de las personas con síndrome de Down en edad escolar y adulta. Para la búsqueda, se introdujo en las bases de datos WOS, Scopus y SPORTDiscus las palabras clave "Down Syndrome", "Balance" y "Quality of life". Para ello, se ha seguido la propuesta de revisión literaria de Gamonales, Muñoz-Jiménez, León & Ibáñez (2018), con cuatro criterios de inclusión: i) Mencionar la influencia del equilibrio en la CDV de las personas con SD (mínimo 20 palabras), ii) Seleccionar exclusivamente artículos científicos, iii) Tener acceso al texto completo o Resumen, y iv) Estar escrito en inglés, portugués o español. Los documentos revisados sobre la influencia del equilibrio en personas con síndrome de Down abordan tópicos de investigación diferentes. De los treinta y siete artículos localizados en la primera búsqueda, siete de ellos cumplen con los criterios de inclusión. Los textos científicos revisados muestran que la práctica de ejercicio físico específico produce mejoras en el equilibrio y en la calidad de vida de las personas con síndrome de Down, lo que permite establecer recomendaciones básicas de actividad física para este colectivo.

Abstract The study aims to conduct a bibliographic and structured review based on the results found around the influence of balance on the quality of life of people with Down Syndrome (DS) in school and adult ages. For references searching, the following keywords were used as descriptors: "Down Syndrome," "Balance," and "Quality of life". The words were always introduced in English and computerized databases; SCOPUS, WOS, and SPORTDiscus were used. Four inclusion criteria were introduced to limit the search: i) mentioning the influence of balance on the QOL of people with DS, ii) taking exclusively into consideration scientific articles, iii) having access to the full text or abstract, and iv) being written in English, Portuguese, or Spanish. In conclusion, the documents about the influence of balance in people with Down Syndrome address different research topics. Of the thirty-four articles located in the first search, seven of them meet the inclusion criteria. The reviewed scientific literature shows that the practice of physical exercise and specific training produce improvements in balance and the quality of life of people with Down syndrome, which allows establishing the recommendation to specifically train balance during physical activity sessions since there is evidence of positive effects for this group.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma revisão bibliográfica, estruturada sobre a influência do equilíbrio na qualidade de vida das pessoas com síndrome de Down na idade escolar e adulta. Para a pesquisa, as palavras-chave "Down Syndrome," "Balance," e " Quality of life " foram introduzidas nas bases de dados WOS, Scopus e SPORTDiscus. Foi seguida a proposta de revisão de literatura de Gamonales, Muñoz-Jiménez, León & Ibáñez (2018), com quatro critérios de inclusão: i) Mencionar a influência do equilíbrio na CDV das pessoas com SD (mínimo 20 palavras), ii) Selecionar exclusivamente artigos científicos, iii) Ter acesso ao texto completo ou resumo, e iiii) Ser escrito em inglês, português ou espanhol. Os artigos analisados sobre a influência do equilíbrio nas pessoas com síndrome de Down abordam diferentes tópicos de pesquisa. Dos trinta e sete artigos localizados na primeira busca, sete deles atendem aos critérios de inclusão. Os textos científicos analisados mostram que a prática de exercício físico específico produz melhorias no equilíbrio e na qualidade de vida das pessoas com síndrome de Down, o que permite estabelecer recomendações básicas de atividade física para este grupo.

Ejercicio físico y terapia nutricional en el tratamiento de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Revisión Sistemática / Physical exercise and nutritional therapy in the treatment of eating disorders

Los Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria (TCA) son una enfermedad mental grave, causante de morbilidad física y psicosocial. Esta enfermedad tiene una mayor prevalencia entre mujeres jóvenes, y en población deportista. La terapia cognitiva conductual (TCC) es el tratamiento actual más adecuado para este tipo de trastornos, no obstante, cada vez son más los programas que incluyen pautas de ejercicio físico (EF) y Terapia Nutricional (TN) para el tratamiento de los TCA. Objetivo. Realizar una revisión sistemática exploratoria de la literatura que permita conocer el estado actual de los programas de intervención a través del EF y la TN para el tratamiento de los TCA. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda y recopilación de documentos científicos mediante un modelo de acumulación de datos y selección de estudios, en la que se utilizaron las bases de datos informatizadas SCOPUS, Web of Science, y PubMed. En todas las bases de datos consultadas, se empleó la misma frase de búsqueda. Para acotar los resultados, se introdujeron una serie de criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Resultados. La revisión contó con cinco documentos relacionados con la temática de estudio, que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. Conclusión. Las intervenciones con EF y TN para el tratamiento de los TCA suponen una reducción en la severidad de la sintomatología de los pacientes. Estos programas se muestran como una herramienta terapéutica alternativa o complementariaa la terapia convencional. Se requieren más estudios que combinen programas de intervención de EF y TN dirigidos a pacientes con TCA(AU)

Eating Disorders (ED) are a severe mental illness that causes physical and psychosocial problems. This illness has a higher prevalence among young women, and between athletes. cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is the current treatment for this type of disorder. However, more and more programs are including physical exercise (PE) and nutritional therapy (TN) for eating disorders treatment. Objective. To carry out an exploratory systematic review of the literature that allows us to know the current state of intervention programs through physical exercise and nutritional therapy for the treatment of eating disorders. Materials and methods. For the reference search thesame search phrase was used. The terms were entered in English in the following computerized databases: SCOPUS, Web of Science, and PubMed. To limit the search, four inclusion criteria were introduced. Results. The review included five scientific articles related to the study topic, which met the inclusion criteria. Conclusion. Intervention programs for the treatment of eating disorders that include physical exercise and nutritional therapy are shown as an alternative or complementary tool to conventional therapy. These programs involve a reduction in the severity of ED symptoms and an improvement in anthropometric parameters and physical condition. More studies that combine PE and TN programs for people with ED are required(AU)

Efectos terapéuticos de la hipoterapia para personas mayores: revisión de la literatura / Therapeutic effects of hippotherapy in elderly people: scoping review

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo realizar una revisión bibliográfica y estructurada basada en los resultados encontradosen torno a los términos Hipoterapia y Personas mayores. Para la búsqueda de referencias, se utilizó como descriptores lassiguientes palabras clave en inglés, Hippotherapy y Elderly, siendo estas palabras clave siempre introducidas en las bases dedatos del mismo idioma. Se utilizaron las bases de datos informatizadas SCOPUS, WOS, SPORTDiscus. PubMed y Cochrane. Paralimitar la búsqueda de documentos, se introdujeron cuatro criterios de inclusión: i) Mencionar al menos alguna de las carac-terísticas de la Hipoterapia para personas mayores (mínimo 20 palabras que mencionen la temática), ii) Seleccionar solamentedocumentos científicos (Artículos de revistas), pudiendo tener estos manuscritos un diseño experimental o ser estudio derevisión, iii) Ser accesible y estar disponible a texto completo o con acceso al resumen, y iiii) Estar escrito en el idioma español,inglés o portugués. Los resultados muestran que los documentos sobre Hipoterapia en personas mayores abordan tópicosde investigación diferentes, y muestran que las terapias ecuestres tienen efectos terapéuticos beneficiosos en la poblaciónde edad avanzada. Las intervenciones con Hipoterapia mejoran el equilibrio estático y el equilibrio dinámico, el equilibriopostural, la movilidad funcional, la flexibilidad, la fuerza muscular, el modo de andar y la cadencia de pasos. Disminuyen laespasticidad, provocando una disminución del riesgo de caída y una mejora de la calidad de vida de las personas de edadavanzada. Además, provocan beneficios a nivel psicológico, reduciendo los niveles de estrés y depresión, lo que produce unamejora en la calidad del sueño e influye positivamente en el estado de ánimo.(AU)

The present work aims to carry out a structured and bibliographic review based on the results found regarding the termsHippotherapy and Elderly people. For the reference search, the following keywords in English, Hippotherapy and Elderly, wereused as descriptors, these keywords being always entered in databases of the same language. The computerized databasesSCOPUS, WOS, SPORTDiscus were used. PubMed and Cochrane. To limit the search for documents, four inclusion criteria wereintroduced: i) Mention at least some of the characteristics of Hippotherapy for the elderly (minimum 20 words that mentionthe subject), ii) Select only scientific documents (journal articles) These articles may have an experimental design or be reviewarticles, iii) Be accessible and be available in full text or with access to the abstract, and iiii) Be written in Spanish, English orPortuguese. The results show that the papers on Hippotherapy in the elderly address different research topics and show thatequestrian therapies have beneficial therapeutic effects in the elderly population. Hippotherapy interventions improve staticbalance and dynamic balance, postural balance, functional mobility, flexibility, muscular strength, gait and cadence of steps.They reduce spasticity, causing a decrease in the risk of falls and an improvement in the quality of life of the elderly. In addition,they cause benefits on a psychological level, reducing levels of stress and depression, which produces an improvement in thequality of sleep and positively influences mood.(AU)

Photolysis of clethodim herbicide and a formulation in aquatic environments: Fate and ecotoxicity assessment of photoproducts by QSAR models.

The photochemical fate of the herbicide clethodim in natural waters was investigated under simulated and natural sunlight radiation. This herbicide exhibited a rapid degradation rate in simulated aquatic environment with half-lives ranged from 27.9min to 4.6h. The commercial formulation of clethodim showed a faster degradation with half-lives from 19.3min to 1.4h. It has also been demonstrated that the photolytic behavior of clethodim was affected by the water composition and the radiation intensity. Nine major photoproducts were identified and their distribution was dependent on the experimental conditions. Photodegraded solutions of clethodim were shown to be more toxic to the bacteria Vibrio fischeri than the herbicide itself, reaching the maximum toxicity when the herbicide is completely degraded. QSAR analysis of the fate, ecotoxicological and physicochemical endpoints of the degradation products provided positive alerts for several identified by-products. Environmental fate and transport estimates showed that all photoproducts, unlike the active substance, are potential leachers. Moreover, predicted vapor pressures suggested that dermal contact and ingestion are the most probable exposure routes for workers and general population to both clethodim and its photoproducts. These results highlight the importance of the degradation products in attaining a complete knowledge of the fate and behavior of an herbicide in the environment. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report a detailed QSAR study on clethodim photoproducts under environmental conditions. These results provide a very valuable information that will guide further experimental studies leading to a better pesticide risk assessment.

Photodegradation behaviour of sethoxydim and its comercial formulation Poast® under environmentally-relevant conditions in aqueous media. Study of photoproducts and their toxicity.

Photolysis is an important route for the abiotic degradation of many pesticides. However, the knowledge of the photolytic behaviour of these compounds and their commercial formulations under environmentally-relevant conditions are limited. The present study investigated the importance of photochemical processes on the persistence and fate of the herbicide sethoxydim and its commercial formulation Poast® in aqueous media. Moreover, the effect of important natural water substances (nitrate, calcium, and ferric ions) on the photolysis of the herbicide was also studied. The results showed that additives existing in the commercial formulation Poast® accelerated the rate of photolysis of sethoxydim by a factor of 3. On the contrary, the presence of nitrate and calcium ions had no effect on the photodegradation rate while ferric ions resulted in an important decrease in the half-life of sethoxydim possibly due to the formation of a complex. Different transformation products were identified in the course of sethoxydim irradiation and the effect of experimental conditions on their concentrations was investigated. Finally, Microtox® test revealed that aqueous solutions of sethoxydim photoproducts increased the toxicity to the bacteria Vibrio fischeri.

Risk factors associated with the development of ischemic colitis.

AIM: To ascertain the role of cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular diseases, standard treatments and other diseases in the development of ischemic colitis (IC). METHODS: A retrospective, case-control study was designed, using matched data and covering 161 incident cases of IC who required admission to our hospital from 1998 through 2003. IC was diagnosed on the basis of endoscopic findings and diagnostic or compatible histology. Controls were randomly chosen from a cohort of patients who were admitted in the same period and required a colonoscopy, excluding those with diagnosis of colitis. Cases were matched with controls (ratio 1:2), by age and sex. A conditional logistic regression was performed. RESULTS: A total of 483 patients (161 cases, 322 controls) were included; mean age 75.67 ± 10.03 years, 55.9% women. The principal indications for colonoscopy in the control group were lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage (35.4%), anemia (33.9%), abdominal pain (19.9%) and diarrhea (9.6%). The endoscopic findings in this group were hemorrhoids (25.5%), diverticular disease (30.4%), polyps (19.9%) and colorectal cancer (10.2%). The following variables were associated with IC in the univariate analysis: arterial hypertension (P = 0.033); dyslipidemia (P < 0.001); diabetes mellitus (P = 0.025); peripheral arterial disease (P = 0.004); heart failure (P = 0.026); treatment with hypotensive drugs (P = 0.023); angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; (P = 0.018); calcium channel antagonists (P = 0.028); and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) (P < 0.001). Finally, the following variables were independently associated with the development of IC: diabetes mellitus [odds ratio (OR) 1.76, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.001-3.077, P = 0.046]; dyslipidemia (OR 2.12, 95% CI: 1.26-3.57, P = 0.004); heart failure (OR 3.17, 95% CI: 1.31-7.68, P = 0.01); peripheral arterial disease (OR 4.1, 95% CI: 1.32-12.72, P = 0.015); treatment with digoxin (digitalis) (OR 0.27, 95% CI: 0.084-0.857, P = 0.026); and ASA (OR 1.97, 95% CI: 1.16-3.36, P = 0.012). CONCLUSION: The development of an episode of IC was independently associated with diabetes, dyslipidemia, presence of heart failure, peripheral arterial disease and treatment with digoxin or ASA.

Atorvastatin decreases stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene expression in THP-1 macrophages incubated with oxidized LDL.

Statins, inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase, reduce plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels decreasing the incidence of coronary events. However, the observed benefit of statins appears to extend beyond their lipid-lowering effects. Previous studies by our group have demonstrated that atorvastatin in oxidized LDL incubated macrophages modifies the gene expression profile of certain enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism, mainly stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD). SCD is a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids and its expression is mediated by sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1). The aim of this study was to determine whether atorvastatin might affect the fatty acid composition in macrophages and if their SCD gene expression profile could explain this effect. Therefore, THP-1 macrophages were treated with atorvastatin and native or oxidized LDL, their fatty acid composition was determined by gas-chromatography, and the SCD and SREBP-1 gene expression profile was analysed using quantitative RT-PCR. We found that atorvastatin reduces the percentage of palmitoleic and oleic acids in THP-1 cells incubated with oxLDL, which could be explained by the inhibition of SCD and SREBP-1 gene expression. The observed results were reversed when mevalonate was added to THP-1 macrophages. This would suggest that inhibition of SCD in THP-1 macrophages incubated with oxLDL and the change in fatty acid composition is an important effect of atorvastatin.

[Sensitivity and specificity of metabolic syndrome criteria for insulin resistance diagnosis in Spanish population]. / Sensibilidad y especificidad de los criterios del síndrome metabólico para el diagnóstico de insulinorresistencia en la población española.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is an abdominal obesity and insulin resistance (IR)-related syndrome associated with a high cardiovascular risk. Recently, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) has proposed a modification of the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) diagnostic criteria. However, the sensitivity of these new criteria has not been established. The aim of the present study was to define the sensitivity and specificity of the different criteria used for the diagnosis of the MS in our population. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: We studied in 177 healthy subjects, 68 men and 109 women, the body mass index, waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, glucose, insulin, lipids and apolipoproteins A1 and B. The HOMA index was used as an IR indicator. IR was considered with an HOMA index > or = 3.8. RESULTS: Subjects with IR showed higher age, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides and apo B, and lower HDL cholesterol. A WC > or = 102 cm in men and > or = 88 cm in women (ATP III criteria) had a low sensitivity for IR (29.4% and 44.7% respectively), with high specificity (81% and 90%). A WC > or = 94 cm in men and > or = 80 cm in women (IDF criteria) showed good sensitivity (73.5% and 73.7% respectively) but less specificity (57.1% and 53.3%). The IDF criteria showed better sensitivity than ATP III, without substantial change in the specificity for the different HOMA cut-off points. CONCLUSIONS: ATP III criteria had low sensitivity in our population. The new criteria (WC > or = 94 cm in men and > or = 80 cm in women, and blood glucose > or = 100 mg/dL) improve three-fold the diagnostic sensitivity and, therefore, seems to be more useful for detecting IR in our country.

Sensibilidad y especificidad de los criterios del síndrome metabólico para el diagnóstico de insulinorresistencia en la población española / Sensitivity and specificity of metabolic syndrome criteria for insulin resistance diagnosis in Spanish population

Fundamento y objetivo: El síndrome metabólico (SM) es un trastorno relacionado con obesidad abdominal e insulinorresistencia (IR) y con un elevado riesgo cardiovascular. Recientemente, la International Diabetes Federation (IDF) ha propuesto una modificación de los criterios diagnósticos tradicionales del SM del Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III). Sin embargo, la sensibilidad de estos nuevos criterios no se ha establecido. Los objetivos del estudio fueron definir sensibilidad y especificidad de los diferentes criterios del SM en nuestra población. Sujetos y método: Se estudió en 177 voluntarios adultos sanos (68 varones y 109 mujeres): el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el perímetro de cintura (PC), la presión arterial y los valores de glucosa, insulina, lípidos y apolipoproteínas (apo) A1 y B. Como indicador de IR se utilizó el índice HOMA, considerando IR un índice HOMA >= 3,8. Resultados: Los sujetos con IR tuvieron mayores edad, IMC, presión arterial sistólica, triglicéridos y apoB y menos colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de alta densidad (cHDL). Un PC >= 102 cm en varones y >= 88 cm en mujeres (criterio ATP III) mostró baja sensibilidad para IR (el 29,4 y el 44,7% respectivamente), con alta especificidad (el 81 y el 90%). Un PC >= 94 cm en varones y >= 80 cm en mujeres (criterio IDF) mostró buena sensibilidad (el 73,5 y el 73,7% respectivamente), pero menor especificidad (el 57,1 y el 53,3%). Los criterios IDF mostraron mejor sensibilidad que los ATP III, sin empeorar sustancialmente la especificidad, para el punto de corte de HOMA. Conclusiones: Los criterios del ATP III tienen baja sensibilidad en nuestra población. Los nuevos criterios, PC >= 94 cm en varones y >= 80 cm en mujeres y glucemia >= 100 mg/dl, mejoran 3 veces la sensibilidad diagnóstica de IR y, por tanto, parecen ser más útiles para detectar IR en nuestro medio

Background and objective: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is an abdominal obesity and insulin resistance (IR)-related syndrome associated with a high cardiovascular risk. Recently, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) has proposed a modification of the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) diagnostic criteria. However, the sensitivity of these new criteria has not been established. The aim of the present study was to define the sensitivity and specificity of the different criteria used for the diagnosis of the MS in our population. Subjects and method: We studied in 177 healthy subjects, 68 men and 109 women, the body mass index, waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, glucose, insulin, lipids and apolipoproteins A1 and B. The HOMA index was used as an IR indicator. IR was considered with an HOMA index >= 3.8. Results: Subjects with IR showed higher age, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides and apo B, and lower HDL cholesterol. A WC >= 102 cm in men and >= 88 cm in women (ATP III criteria) had a low sensitivity for IR (29.4% and 44.7% respectively), with high specificity (81% and 90%). A WC >= 94 cm in men and >= 80 cm in women (IDF criteria) showed good sensitivity (73.5% and 73.7% respectively) but less specificity (57.1% and 53.3%). The IDF criteria showed better sensitivity than ATP III, without substantial change in the specificity for the different HOMA cut-off points. Conclusions: ATP III criteria had low sensitivity in our population. The new criteria (WC >= 94 cm in men and >= 80 cm in women, and blood glucose >= 100 mg/dL) improve three-fold the diagnostic sensitivity and, therefore, seems to be more useful for detecting IR in our country

Ultrasonography for the evaluation of visceral fat and the metabolic syndrome.

Association between abdominal obesity and cardiovascular disease has been related with visceral adiposity, through the predisposition of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome (MS). Sonography is a simple and reliable method to measure both subcutaneous and visceral fat. To analyze the relationship of anthropometric measurements with abdominal adiposity measured by sonography and to analyze the utility of sonography in the prediction of insulin resistance (IR) and the other components of MS. Visceral fat measurements by sonography correlated better with components of MS than did subcutaneous fat measurements. Preperitoneal circumference (PC) was strongly correlated with all components of MS and with IR expressed as a homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index for IR. PC was better than waist circumference (WC) in predicting triglyceride levels, apolipoprotein B levels, and HOMA index, but WC was better than PC in predicting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.699 for PC and 0.684 for WC, in subjects with body mass index 25 kg/m2 or greater (P=.024 and .015, respectively). PC and WC showed good correlation with HOMA index (Spearman correlation coefficient=0.306, P<.001 and .206, P<.001, respectively). Abdominal visceral fat is better correlated with MS than subcutaneous fat; sonography is a useful method to evaluate the abdominal fat; PC is the best sonography parameter correlated with components of MS, and in overweight and obese subjects, PC is better than WC at predicting components of the MS.

Modificación de conocimientos sobre sexualidad en estudiantes en la S/B Espino Fernández: Santiago de Cuba / Modifications to knowlegde on sexuality in students from Espino Fernández High school: Santiago de Cuba

Considerando la problemática actual de la adolescencia y basándonos enestudios previos donde se hace notoria la falta de conocimientos sobresexualidad en los adolescentes, decidimos realizar estudio de intervención educativa comunitaria, donde se aplicaron técnicas participativas. El universo estuvo constituido por la matrícula real del 9no grado en el curso 2002-2003, dela Secundaria Básica Espino Fernández, integrada por 200 alumnos de la cualse solucionó un muestreó de 50, con 25 hembras y 25 varones. Se tuvieron encuenta sus necesidades reales y sentidas y un ambiente informal y deconfianza. Se establecieron coordinaciones con el consejo de dirección y profesores guías esta intervención educativa resultó efectiva al alcanzar modificaciones significativas sobre sus conocimientos acerca de la sexualidad, lo cual además influyó sobre sus condiscípulos(AU)

Enfermedad celíaca y nefropatía IgA: ¿dos caras de la misma moneda?

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