ABSTRACT
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Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Infant , Thyroid Gland , Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight/adverse effects , Hyperthyroidism/chemically induced , Thyroid Hormones , Thyroid Function TestsABSTRACT
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Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child, Preschool , Mullerian Ducts/pathology , Mullerian Ducts/surgery , Mutation/genetics , Anti-Mullerian Hormone/analysis , Anti-Mullerian Hormone/genetics , Sex Differentiation/genetics , Weight by Height/physiology , Sex DifferentiationABSTRACT
Caloric-protein malnutrition can slow growth and cause pubertal delay. This chapter focuses on endocrine abnormalities and pubertal alterations in patients with eating disorders, childhood obesity, the female athlete triad and children cancer survivors. Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) exhibit multiple endocrine abnormalities, including isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The delay in pubertal development and reduction in growth seen in AN patients may be a direct result of malnutrition. Appropriate psychiatric, nutritional and hormonal therapy is necessary. It is suggested that obesity during childhood can accelerate pubertal onset and these children usually exhibit accelerated linear growth during puberty. In girls the relationship between childhood obesity and early pubertal onset could be related to their insulin resistance and/or hyperinsulinemia. The female athlete triad is often observed in physically active girls and women in whom low energy availability with or without disordered eating, menstrual dysfunction and low bone mineral density can be present. In prepubertal girls excess exercise can cause delayed menarche with no effects on adult height, while in postpubertal females it results in menstrual cycle irregularities. The consequences of childhood cancer depend on the type of cancer, its location, the age at which the disease was diagnosed, the dose of radiotherapy, and the type and dose of chemotherapy.
Subject(s)
Child Nutrition Disorders/complications , Puberty, Delayed/etiology , Puberty, Precocious/etiology , Adolescent , Anorexia Nervosa/complications , Bone Density , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Pediatric Obesity/complications , PubertyABSTRACT
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) manifests facial dysmorphic features, growth and cognitive impairment, and limb malformations. Mutations in three genes (NIPBL, SMC1A, and SMC3) of the cohesin complex and its regulators have been found in affected patients. Here, we present clinical and molecular characterization of 30 unrelated patients with CdLS. Eleven patients had mutations in NIPBL (37%) and three patients had mutations in SMC1A (10%), giving an overall rate of mutations of 47%. Several patients shared the same mutation in NIPBL (p.R827GfsX2) but had variable phenotypes, indicating the influence of modifiers in CdLS. Patients with NIPBL mutations had a more severe phenotype than those with mutations in SMC1A or those without identified mutations. However, a high incidence of palate defects was noted in patients with SMC1A mutations. In addition, we observed a similar phenotype in both male and female patients with SMC1A mutations. Finally, we report the first patient with an SMC1A mutation and the Sandifer complex.
Subject(s)
Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics , Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans/genetics , Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/genetics , De Lange Syndrome/genetics , Mutation/genetics , Proteins/genetics , Alleles , Cohort Studies , Female , Genotype , Humans , Male , PhenotypeABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: High plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), low dietary intake of folate and other B vitamins, and genetic polymorphisms related to the metabolism of homocysteine may interactively contribute to the risk of cerebral vascular disease (CVD). We explored interrelations between total homocysteine levels and mutations in genes for the two key enzymes in methionine-homocysteine metabolism. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We analyzed two polymorphisms, C677T in the MTHFR gene and 844ins68 in the CBS gene. We assessed their association with fasting homocysteine in 64 patients with CVD, and in 159 controls. RESULTS: No differences in CBS and MTHFR genotype frequencies between cases and controls were found (C677T p = 0.87 and 844ins68 p = 0.63), nor was a particular CBS and MTHFR genotype associated with an elevated risk of CVD. None of the genotypes defined by the CBS and MTHFR variants studied showed an association with elevated fasting homocysteine concentrations (C677T p = 0.07 and 844ins68 p = 0.47). CONCLUSIONS: We did not find any indication that genetic variation in the CBS and MTHFR genes are associated with homocysteine-related risk of CVD, hence needing further investigation. The contributions to total plasma homocysteine levels of the common mutations of genes coding for the enzymes controlling homocysteine metabolism are modest.
Subject(s)
Cerebrovascular Disorders/genetics , Cystathionine beta-Synthase/genetics , Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)/genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic , Cerebrovascular Disorders/blood , Female , Homocysteine/blood , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
FUNDAMENTO Y OBJETIVO: La interacción entre altas concentraciones de homocisteína plasmática, baja ingesta de folato y otras vitaminas B, y la presencia de polimorfismos en genes relacionados con el metabolismo de la homocisteína, puede aumentar el riesgo de padecer una enfermedad cerebrovascular (ECV). Se ha estudiado la interrelación entre la concentración de homocisteína y la presencia de mutaciones en dos genes relacionados con el metabolismo metionina homocisteína. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Se han analizado dos polimorfismos, C677T en el gen MTHFR y 844ins68 en el gen CBS, en 64 pacientes con ECV y 159 controles sanos, estableciendo su posible asociación con la homocisteína total. RESULTADOS: No se han encontrado diferencias en las frecuencias enotipificadas de los genes CBS y MTHFR entre casos y controles (C677T, p = 0,87, y 844ins68, p = 0,63). Ningún genotipo estuvo asociado con un mayor riesgo de ECV. Tampoco se pudo establecer su asociación con un aumento de la concentración de homocisteína total (C677T, p = 0,07, y 844ins68, p = 0,47). CONCLUSIONES: No se ha observado ningún indicio de asociación entre las variables genotipificadas en los genes CBS y MTHFR y la concentración de homocisteína que supongan un aumento del riesgo de ECV. La contribución de estas mutaciones al incremento de la concentración de homocisteína es modesto
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: High plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), low dietary intake of folate and other B vitamins, and genetic polymorphisms related to the metabolism of homocysteine may interactively contribute to the risk of cerebral vascular disease (CVD). We explored interrelations between total homocysteine levels and mutations in genes for the two key enzymes in methionine-homocysteine metabolism. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We analyzed two polymorphisms, C677T in the MTHFR gene and 844ins68 in the CBS gene. We assessed their association with fasting homocysteine in 64 patients with CVD, and in 159 controls. RESULTS: No differences in CBS and MTHFR genotype frequencies between cases and controls were found (C677T p = 0.87 and 844ins68 p = 0.63), nor was a particular CBS and MTHFR genotype associated with an elevated risk of CVD. None of the genotypes defined by the CBS and MTHFR variants studied showed an association with elevated fasting homocysteine concentrations (C677T p = 0.07 and 844ins68 p = 0.47).CONCLUSIONS: We did not find any indication that genetic variation in the CBS and MTHFR genes are associated with homocysteine related risk of CVD, hence needing further investigation. The contributions to total plasma homocysteine levels of the common mutations of genes coding for the enzymes controlling homocysteine metabolism are modest
Subject(s)
Male , Female , Middle Aged , Humans , Stroke/genetics , Homocysteine/metabolism , Polymorphism, Genetic , Case-Control Studies , Cystathionine beta-Synthase/genetics , Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2)/geneticsABSTRACT
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