Obstetric violence criminalised in Mexico: a comparative analysis of hospital complaints filed with the Medical Arbitration Commission.

INTRODUCTION: Disrespect and abuse during childbirth have been reported by numerous countries around the world. One of their principal manifestations is the performance of invasive or surgical procedures without the informed consent of women. Non-dignified treatment is the second most common form of this conduct. Five Mexican states have classified obstetric violence as a crime: Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Guerrero, the State of Mexico and Veracruz. The others have not yet done so although it is provided for in their civil and administrative regulations. OBJECTIVE: To analyse whether criminalising obstetric violence has been conducive to the recognition and observance of the reproductive rights of women, based on the records of poor health care complaints filed by women with the Medical Arbitration Commissions (CAMs by their Spanish initials) in two Mexican states. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted an observational qualitative study using a phenomenological approach. Analysis included two states with similar partner demographic and maternal health indicators but different legal classifications of obstetric violence: the Chiapas has criminalized this form of violence while Oaxaca has not. We reviewed the records of obstetric care complaints filed with CAMs in both states from 2011 to 2015, all of them concluded and including full information. RESULTS: Differences were observed regarding the contents of complaints, specifically in the categories of abuse, discrimination and neglect during childbirth. The narratives in the other complaint categories were similar between states. CONCLUSION: After analysing the records of malpractice complaints in Chiapas and Oaxaca, we conclude that the differentiated legal status of obstetric violence has not influenced recognition or observance of the reproductive rights of women. Criminalising obstetric violence has not improved care provided by health personnel.

Histerectomía obstétrica en el Hospital General Dr. Aurelio Valdivieso, Oaxaca, México / Obstetric hysterectomy in a secondary hospital

Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia, principales indicaciones y complicaciones de la histerectomía obstétrica (HO) en un hospital de segundo nivel de atención a cuatro años de implementar el programa de prevención y manejo de la hemorragia obstétrica. Método: Estudio de tipo descriptivo de revisión de expedientes clínicos, de tipo transversal, analítico y retrospectivo. Resultados: Se hallaron 51 expedientes de pacientes a quiénes se realizó HO de enero de 2012 a noviembre de 2015. La prevalencia fue de 17,1/10.000 nacimientos, la incidencia por año fue de 1,7 (2012), 1,7 (2013), 1,4 (2014) y 1,9 (2015) por cada mil nacimientos respectivamente. La prevalencia de HO post-cesárea fue de 25,6/10.000 y en el post-parto de 10,6/10.000. Las variables que alcanzaron significancia entre cirugía programada y de emergencia fue pérdida sanguínea y necesidad de transfusiones sanguíneas. El procedimiento se asocia a anemia en el puerperio 7 veces más y las principales indicaciones para realizar el procedimiento fueron alteración de la adherencia placentaria e hipotonía. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico prenatal de anomalías en la adherencia placentaria, la mejor utilización de hemoderivados y la técnica quirúrgica ha eliminado la mortalidad materna por hemorragia obstétrica masiva en los últimos cuatro años en el Hospital General Dr. Aurelio Valdivieso.

Objective: To determine the incidence, main indications and complications of obstetric hysterectomy in a secondary hospital care to four years to implement the program of prevention and management of obstetric hemorrhage. Methods: Descriptive study of review of clinical records, transversal, analytical and retrospective. Results: 51 cases of patients who obstetric hysterectomy (OH) was held between January 2012 to November 2015. The prevalence was 17.1/10,000. The incidence per year was 1.7 (2012), 1.7 (2013), 1.4 (2014) and 1.9 (2015) per 1000 births, respectively. The prevalence of post-cesarean OH was 25.6/10,000 while postpartum OH was 10.6/10,000. The variables that reached significance between scheduled and emergency surgery was blood loss and need for blood transfusions. The procedure is associated with anemia in the postpartum period 7 times and the main indications for the procedure were alteration abnormal placental adhesion and uterine atony. Conclusions: The prenatal diagnosis of abnormal placental adhesion, better use of blood products and surgical technique has eliminated maternal mortality by massive obstetric hemorrhage in the last four years in the General Hospital Dr. Aurelio Valdivieso.

Análisis de 7 años de la queja en gineco-obstetricia por la Comisión Estatal de Arbitraje Médico en Oaxaca, México / 7-year analysis of the complaint in gynecology-obstetrics by the State Commission of Medical Arbitration in Oaxaca, Mexico

ANTECEDENTES: Se realizó la revisión de 7 años del Sistema de Quejas Médicas en la Comisión Estatal de Arbitraje Médico del Estado de Oaxaca, México, entidad autónoma y calificada para dirimir el proceso de inconformidad durante el fenómeno de la atención médica. Se analizaron todas las quejas, formas de resolución y en especial se identifico la queja en gineco-obstetricia. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar la inconformidad en la queja del usuario en la especialidad de gineco-obstetricia. MÉTODO: Investigación documental, descriptiva, transversal, retrospectiva y sin implicaciones éticas, efectuada mediante el análisis de bases de datos del SAQMEDO de enero de 2008 a abril de 2015. Se seleccionaron todos los expedientes de quejas médicas de la especialidad, entre todas las presentadas. RESULTADOS: El Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social fue la entidad más frecuente en quejas médicas seguida por la medicina privada. Por octavo año consecutivo la ginecología y obstetricia prevalece como líder en quejas de los usuarios, sumando en el actual análisis 100 de 438 quejas. El origen de las quejas resulta de la deficiencia en la otorgación del servicio institucional y privado que contabilizó el 69% de los casos. CONCLUSIONES: La falta en el proceso de la evaluación del desempeño ha sido fundamental en la repetición de la queja en gineco-obstetricia. A lo largo de 8 años se ha repetido el modelo vicioso, sin que las instituciones hagan algo a cambio. De continuar ignorando el problema de manera local conseguiremos que éste ciclo se perpetúe.

BACKGROUND: It has been made a complete analysis of 7 years in the State Commission of Medical Arbitration in Oaxaca, one of the southern states in México. This Commission is the legal entity to judge the process of malpractice. The study was aim to identify the obstetrics and gynecology complains. OBJECTIVE: Characterize the medical complain in the obstetrics and gynecology specialty. METHOD: It was conducted a documentary research, descriptive, transversal, retrospective and without ethical implications, through analysis of databases of the State Commission of Medical Arbitration of Oaxaca, corresponding to 2008 -2015 activity report; we selected records were medical complaints in the specialty of gynecology-obstetrics. RESULTS: The Mexican Institute of Social Security Services became the most demanded medical provider closely followed by the private practice. Obstetrics and gynecology was the most demanded medical specialty for 8th uninterrupted years. From 438 claims 100 accounted to this specialty. The failure to give or perform the service was the origin of the complains. CONCLUSION: Absence of risk assessment and supervision of competence in the performance of the medical process were the most forthcoming issues when malpractice were continue to identified. Eight in a row years of failure to amended these vicious process speaks for itself. Lots of hard work are to be consider as a reliability strategy.

Resultados del programa de intervención para disminuir la mortalidad materna en un hospital de segundo nivel / Obstetric outcomes of a medical training program to reduce maternal mortality

La mortalidad materna es un indicador de desarrollo humano. Se han realizado programas para disminuirla, enfocados en la tercera demora para disminuir las muertes maternas previsibles. Material y método: Estudio de tipo transversal con exposición natural de pacientes al manejo de los médicos del primer y segundo nivel de atención luego de llevar a cabo una intervención educativa. La intervención fue evaluada desde la perspectiva de conocimientos médicos adquiridos y del impacto en los resultados obstétricos, teniendo variables de proceso y de resultados. La comparación fue por medio de chi al cuadrado y se consideró significativa cuando el valor de p fue menor de 0.05. Objetivo: Evaluar el programa de intervención educativa para disminuir la mortalidad materna. Resultados: Se realizó la revisión del proceso de evaluación y se consideró que fue óptimo el aprendizaje al aprobar la capacitación más del 80% de los médicos. Luego, se revisaron 7985 expedientes, que concluyeron con recién nacidos vivos durante la fase de evaluación, que fueron comparados con controles de dos años. Se encontraron como principales causas de morbilidad materna extrema la preeclampsia, la hemorragia obstétrica masiva (HOM) y la sepsis. Las variables de procesos que fueron tasas de letalidad general y específica disminuyeron en el año de intervención con respecto a los controles y alcanzaron significación estadística sólo para HOM. Las razones de mortalidad materna también disminuyeron durante el año de intervención sin alcanzar significación estadística. Conclusión: Los programas de intervención educativa generan disminución en los indicadores de procesos y resultados obstétricos...

[Comparison of obstetric and perinatal results of childbirth vertical position vs. childbirth supine position]. / Comparación de resultados obstétricos y perinatales del parto en postura vertical versus supina.

BACKGROUND: Vertical position is an option to delivery to which several advantages have been attributed. This research exposes its related findings. OBJECTIVE: To compare obstetric and perinatal outcomes between supine and vertical position at delivery. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We performed a randomized double-blind study including healthy women assigned to the supine or upright posture (vertical) during labor with complications following the delivery in the puerperium stage. The variables evaluated were: blood loss, pain in the second period of labor and immediate postpartum, duration of the second period of labor, perineal and vaginal tears, need to forceps implement, accommodation in position and perinatal outcome. RESULTS: 164 patients were randomized into two groups, the vertical position (I) and the supine position (II). The losses were 5.4%, and the Caesarean rate was of 4.6%. Difference was found only for vaginal tears in the vertical posture, with a relative risk of 1.4 (CI 1.1-3.2), and shortening of the second period with a significant difference of 10 minutes on average (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The upright posture during childbirth provides no improvement in perinatal outcomes and fewer obstetric conditions. It shortens the second period of labor, but it is a risk factor for vaginal tears. The best position for birth is which offers more comfort to the patient.

[Placenta accreta: a surgical alternative that can save lives]. / Acretismo placentario: una alternativa quirúrgica que puede salvar vidas.

The placenta accreta is the second leading cause of obstetric hemorrhage, which often require the implementation of emergency obstetric hysterectomy increased morbidity and mortality. We present a surgical alternative to hysterectomy obstetric allowed us to reduce to zero until our rate of maternal deaths from obstetric hemorrhage. Improving surgical times, associated morbidity, without altering perinatal outcomes.

[Failure in the conservative treatment of a cervical ectopic pregnancy case using methotrexate]. / Falla del tratamiento conservador con metotrexato en un embarazo ectópico cervical.

Cervical ectopic pregnancy is a rare condition that occurs in 1 in 2500 to 18,000 pregnancies, is associated with high morbidity and mortality can be reduced by early diagnosis through ultrasound and in this time series of reported cases indicate that the best method of treatment is the drug conservatively with methotrexate. This case is presented to show a failure of conservative treatment and decision making removal of the gravid uterus with subsequent pathology report confirming diagnosis.

[A surgical alternative for placenta accreta]. / Una alternativa quirúrgica para acretismo placentario.

The placenta accreta is the second leading cause of obstetric hemorrhage in the world. In many occasions it is necessary to make an obstetric hysterectomy, a circumstance that increases morbidity, and maternal mortality. Communicates a surgical alternative to hysterectomy obstetric that has enabled us to reduce until the time to zero our rate of maternal deaths by obstetric hemorrhage, in addition to reducing the surgical time and the associated morbidity, without changing the perinatal outcome.

[Influenza H1N1 in obstetric population of a general hospital in Oaxaca]. / Influenza AH1N1 en población obstétrica de un hospital general de Oaxaca.

BACKGROUND: In April 2009 are reported the first cases of H1N1 influenza in Mexico, presenting the first death from this cause in the city of Oaxaca in the same month. Different epidemiological reports of pandemics brought to the pregnant and high risk population for complications secondary to infection with influenza H1N1 due to immune status. OBJECTIVE: describe the obstetric population infected with H1N1 influenza in the Hospital General Dr. Aurelio Valdivieso of Oaxaca. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective and observational study conducted in pregnant women with suspected infection by the virus of the influenza A/H1N1 served in the General Hospital Aurelio Valdivieso of Oaxaca, Oax in 13 patients with influenza H1N1 confirmed by RT-PCR during the pandemic occurred from May 2009 to April 2010. RESULTS: We reported 27 suspected cases of H1N1 influenza in pregnant women of which 13 were positive by RT-PCR, the cumulative incidence was 1.6 per 1000 pregnant women during the period. The fatality rate was 7.6 per hundred pregnant women affected, one case of maternal death indirectly by fluid and electrolyte imbalance occurred and the attack rate was 0.16 per 100 pregnant women, the main complication of atypical pneumonia occurred in four cases followed by three cases of preeclampsia, infants showed no defects and perinatal outcomes were good to present two cases of admission to the NICU for iatrogenic prematurity without deaths. CONCLUSIONS: H1N1 influenza infection has a high fatality rate in late pregnancy. Perinatal outcomes did not worsen the condition or management.

[Extreme maternal morbidity in the Hospital General Dr. Aurelio Valdivieso, Oaxaca Health Services]. / Morbilidad materna extrema en el Hospital General Dr. Aurelio Valdivieso, Servicios de Salud de Oaxaca.

BACKGROUND: Obstetric Morbidity Extreme (OME) is a promising addition to the investigation of maternal deaths and is used for the evaluation and improvement of maternal health services is defined as a severe obstetric complication that threatens the life of the pregnant woman and requires urgent medical intervention to prevent death of the mother. OBJECTIVE: To identify association between diseases and obstetric morbidity Extreme. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Transversal review analytical records. We searched for codes related to conditions that could cause extreme obstetric morbidity and the indirect causes that might cause it. RESULTS: The prevalence of OME 21 per 1000 newborns, diseases with greater association were eclampsia, liver failure and preeclampsia yielded the highest OR and statistical significance, the association of OME derived from surgery despite having a high prevalence in the analysis showed no association, in the same way if other variables showed association but had no significance and confidence intervals are below the unit that is the case of renal failure, metabolic failure and blood transfusion. CONCLUSIONS: The OME is caused by group entities specific disease (FLASOG) in most cases such as preeclampsia, eclampsia and obstetric hemorrhage.