Trombocitopenia inmune primaria: revisión de casuística en un hospital comarcal / Primary immune thrombocytopenia: A review of cases in a district hospital

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Primoinfección por el virus de Epstein-Barr en niños sanos / Epstein-Barr virus primary infection in healthy children

Introducción: El objetivo de este estudio es conocer las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y analíticas de la primoinfección por el virus de Epstein-Barr (VEB) en niños sin diagnóstico previo de ninguna enfermedad inmune y su relación con la forma de presentación clínica. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes entre 0 y 15 años con IgM sérica frente a la cápside viral del VEB positiva o indeterminada, durante un período de 22 meses. Se analizaron datos epidemiológicos, clínicos y de laboratorio y se compararon según tuvieran una clínica típica (síndrome mononucleósico) o no típica. Resultados: Se incluyeron 103 niños. La mediana de la edad fue de 7 años (3-12,5 años). El 63% de los pacientes presentaron clínica típica o síndrome mononucleósico y el 37% una clínica no típica. La edad fue significativamente menor en el grupo de clínica no típica (p = 0,03) y recibieron menos tratamiento antibiótico (p = 0,015). En los parámetros analíticos no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas excepto en la PCR, discretamente más elevada en el grupo de clínica típica (p = 0,04). El 33% de los pacientes tuvieron anticuerpos heterófilos positivos. El 20% tuvieron una IgM frente a la cápside viral indeterminada, la mayoría con clínica oligosintomática o atípica. El 21% tuvieron IgM positivas para otros virus y 3 de ellos fueron posibles falsos positivos para el VEB. Conclusiones: En nuestra población, la primoinfección por VEB es frecuente en niños de menor edad, y en ellos predominan las formas oligosintomáticas. El porcentaje de anticuerpos heterófilos positivos ha sido muy bajo en nuestra muestra. Los casos con IgM frente a la cápside viral indeterminada son más frecuentes en el grupo de clínica no típica. Es común detectar coinfección con otros virus

Introduction: The aim of this study is to assess epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics of primary infection by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in children without previous diagnosis of any immune disease and its relationship with clinical presentation. Patients and methods: A retrospective study was conducted on all children from 0 to 15 years with IgM against viral capsid of EBV positive or indeterminate during a 22 month period. Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data were analysed and compared between typical (mononucleosis syndrome) and non-typical clinical symptoms. Results: The study included a total of 103 children, with a median age of 7 years (3-12.5 years). Almost two-thirds (63%) of patients had typical clinical signs, with a mononucleosis syndrome, and 37% had a non-typical presentation. The non-typical clinical group had a lower age (P = .03) and took less antibiotic than the typical clinical group (P = .015). From laboratory studies, there were no differences between the groups, except in RCP, which was higher in typical clinical group (P = .04). Heterophile antibodies were positive in 33% of patients. An indeterminate IgM against viral capsid was present in 20% of the patients, and most of them had an oligosymptomatic or atypical presentation. An IgM positive for other viruses was found in 21%, and 3 of them were suspicious of false positive for EBV. Conclusions: In the studied population, a primary infection due to EBV is common in younger ages, and they have usually an oligosymptomatic clinical presentation. A very low percentage of positive heterophile antibodies were found. Cases with indeterminate IgM against viral capsid are more frequent in the non-typical clinical group. Co-infection with other viruses is common

[Epstein-Barr virus primary infection in healthy children]. / Primoinfección por el virus de Epstein-Barr en niños sanos.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to assess epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics of primary infection by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in children without previous diagnosis of any immune disease and its relationship with clinical presentation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on all children from 0 to 15 years with IgM against viral capsid of EBV positive or indeterminate during a 22 month period. Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data were analysed and compared between typical (mononucleosis syndrome) and non-typical clinical symptoms. RESULTS: The study included a total of 103 children, with a median age of 7 years (3-12.5 years). Almost two-thirds (63%) of patients had typical clinical signs, with a mononucleosis syndrome, and 37% had a non-typical presentation. The non-typical clinical group had a lower age (P=.03) and took less antibiotic than the typical clinical group (P=.015). From laboratory studies, there were no differences between the groups, except in RCP, which was higher in typical clinical group (P=.04). Heterophile antibodies were positive in 33% of patients. An indeterminate IgM against viral capsid was present in 20% of the patients, and most of them had an oligosymptomatic or atypical presentation. An IgM positive for other viruses was found in 21%, and 3 of them were suspicious of false positive for EBV. CONCLUSIONS: In the studied population, a primary infection due to EBV is common in younger ages, and they have usually an oligosymptomatic clinical presentation. A very low percentage of positive heterophile antibodies were found. Cases with indeterminate IgM against viral capsid are more frequent in the non-typical clinical group. Co-infection with other viruses is common.

[Shared governance and reasonableness as ethical contributions to health policy]. / La gobernanza compartida y la razonabilidad como aportaciones éticas a la política sanitaria.

Health is one of the fundamental human rights. Recognizing it as a right means that the State has an obligation to ensure a minimum level of opportunities is maintained, and to restore it when lost. This minimum level may not be covered in periods of economic crisis, such as the one we are currently experiencing.Managed care, focused on economic questions, emerged after the crisis of 1973 in order to help make clinical decisions based on economic factors. In practice, the result of managed care was to turn economic cost control into an end in itself while forgetting about equity; something for which it has been challenged from an ethical perspective. Since then, many authors have attempted to reconcile efficiency and equity in health management, but the debate remains open.In this article, and basing our approach on the theories of P. Ruger and Norman Daniels, we argue that shared health governance and accountability for reasonableness can offer significant ethical contributions in the process of achieving an efficient and fair health system. In the model we propose, citizens, professionals and health institutions all play an active role in capacity building in the field of health. These capacities are related to healthy lifestyles, accessible and transparent information, the promotion of self-care, the acquisition of knowledge, skills and appropriate attitudes, leadership based on values and co-responsibility to achieve set goals in a reasonable way. If we develop these capacities, we will have used the current economic crisis as an opportunity for improving ethical practice in the field of health.

La gobernanza compartida y la razonabilidad como aportaciones éticas a la política sanitaria / Shared governance and reasonableness as ethical contributions to health policy

La salud es uno de los derechos humanos fundamentales. Reconocerla como tal conlleva la obligación estatal de garantizar un mínimo de oportunidades para mantenerla o recuperarla cuando se pierde. Ese mínimo puede quedar sin cubrir en épocas de crisis económica, como la que estamos viviendo. La medicina gestionada (managed care) centrada en lo económico surgió tras la crisis de 1973, con el objetivo de condicionar las decisiones clínicas por factores económicos. En la práctica, la medicina gestionada convirtió el control de los costes económicos en un fin en sí mismo olvidando la equidad, por lo que ha sido cuestionada éticamente. Desde entonces, muchos autores han afrontado la tarea de compatibilizar eficiencia y equidad en la gestión sanitaria, pero el debate sigue abierto. Partiendo de los pensamientos de Jennifer P. Ruger y Norman Daniels, defendemos que la gobernanza sanitaria compartida y la rendición de cuentas atendiendo a criterios de razonabilidad pueden ser dos importantes aportaciones éticas para lograr un sistema sanitario eficiente y justo. En el modelo que proponemos, tanto los ciudadanos como los profesionales y las instituciones sanitarias juegan su papel en cuanto al desarrollo de capacidades en el ámbito de la salud. Tales capacidades se refieren a estilos de vida saludables, información accesible y transparente, promoción de autocuidados, adquisición de conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes adecuadas, liderazgo basado en valores y co-responsabilidad para alcanzar los objetivos establecidos de modo razonable. Si desarrollamos estas capacidades habremos aprovechado la actual crisis económica como oportunidad de mejora ética en el ámbito sanitario (AU)

Health is one of the fundamental human rights. Recognizing it as a right means that the State has an obligation to ensure a minimum level of opportunities is maintained, and to restore it when lost. This minimum level may not be covered in periods of economic crisis, such as the one we are currently experiencing.Managed care, focused on economic questions, emerged after the crisis of 1973 in order to help make clinical decisions based on economic factors. In practice, the result of managed care was to turn economic cost control into an end in itself while forgetting about equity; something for which it has been challenged from an ethical perspective. Since then, many authors have attempted to reconcile efficiency and equity in health management, but the debate remains open.In this article, and basing our approach on the theories of P. Ruger and Norman Daniels, we argue that shared health governance and accountability for reasonableness can offer significant ethical contributions in the process of achieving an efficient and fair health system. In the model we propose, citizens, professionals and health institutions all play an active role in capacity building in the field of health. These capacities are related to healthy lifestyles, accessible and transparent information, the promotion of self-care, the acquisition of knowledge, skills and appropriate attitudes, leadership based on values and co-responsibility to achieve set goals in a reasonable way. If we develop these capacities, we will have used the current economic crisis as an opportunity for improving ethical practice in the field of health (AU)

Sin reconocimiento recíproco no hay calidad asistencial / Without reciprocal recognition there is not quality of care

Aspectos básicos de la relación clásica médico-enfermo han entrado en crisis en la medicina actual. Dificultades de comunicación, infravaloración de la empatía, o interposición de criterios economicistas están dando lugar a estilos asistenciales que facilitan la cosificación de los pacientes, el menosprecio de los sanitarios y la indiferencia –de unos y otroshacia las medidas colectivas de la salud. Principios básicos de esa relación tales como calidad, justicia, autonomía del paciente y beneficencia podrían aparecer débiles de contenido. En este trabajo se propone aplicar el concepto de “reconocimiento recíproco” procedente de la filosofía, para “recargar” de contenido diferentes aspectos de la relación clínica. En un aspecto “interno”, abordando la identidad de los protagonistas: el reconocimiento recíproco buscaría potenciar tanto la del paciente como la del profesional. En un aspecto “externo”, buscaría incidir en la calidad de la asistencia, objetivo fundamental de la relación clínica. Con el reconocimiento recíproco aplicado a la salud pública se refuerza el principio de justicia facilitando la construcción de una identidad como ciudadanos de derechos(AU)

Understanding the classic doctor-patient relationship has entered a crisis in medicine today. Communication difficulties, underestimation of empathy, or bringing economic criteria are leading to care styles that facilitate the objectification of patients, contempt for doctors, and indifference of both to collective measures of health. Basic principles of this relationship such as quality, justice, patient autonomy and beneficence may appear weak content. We intend to apply the concept of "reciprocal recognition" from philosophy to "recharge" content different aspects of the clinical relationship: a look "inside", dealing with the identity of the protagonists seek to promote it by using reciprocal recognition of both patient and the professional. In one aspect "external", focusing on the quality of care, a key objective of the clinical relationship.With reciprocal recognition, issues of justice and equity are reinforced through public health, building an identity of citizens with rights(AU)

[Without reciprocal recognition there is not quality of care]. / Sin reconocimiento recíproco no hay calidad asistencial.

Understanding the classic doctor-patient relationship has entered a crisis in medicine today. Communication difficulties, underestimation of empathy, or bringing economic criteria are leading to care styles that facilitate the objectification of patients, contempt for doctors, and indifference of both to collective measures of health. Basic principles of this relationship such as quality, justice, patient autonomy and beneficence may appear weak content. We intend to apply the concept of "reciprocal recognition" from philosophy to "recharge" content different aspects of the clinical relationship: a look "inside", dealing with the identity of the protagonists seek to promote it by using reciprocal recognition of both patient and the professional. In one aspect "external", focusing on the quality of care, a key objective of the clinical relationship. With reciprocal recognition, issues of justice and equity are reinforced through public health, building an identity of citizens with rights.

[Iodine deficiency and pregnancy. Current situation]. / Embarazo y déficit de yodo. Situación actual.

OBJECTIVE: Several studies performed in Spain have reported iodine deficiency in pregnant women but data from Valencia are lacking. The aim of the present study was to determine the degree of implantation of iodine supplementation in pregnant women in our health area. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A total of 232 pregnant women were studied in the first trimester of pregnancy. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine, and antiperoxidase antibodies were measured. A survey was performed on intake of iodized salt and pharmacological iodine supplements. Neonatal TSH concentrations were measured, based on screening of metabolopathies, in the newborns of participating women. RESULTS: Then mean age was 30.5+/-4.4 years. A total of 60.8% of the women consumed iodized salt, 51.3% took iodine polyvitamins and only 14.2% consumed potassium iodide. The median urinary iodine concentration was 100 microg/l; 66% had urinary iodine concentrations below the recommended level (150 microg/l). A positive association was found between pharmacological iodine intake and urinary iodine (p=0.016). Ten percent of the women had mild hypothyroxinemia, while 5.7% of the newborns had elevated TSH levels. CONCLUSIONS: Iodine intake in pregnant women in our health area is low, despite current recommendations. Our data support the need to promote the use of iodized salt in every home and to systematically administer potassium iodide supplements in all pregnant women.

[Interobserver agreement in detecting goitre in a school population between 6 and 14 years old]. / Concordancia entre observadores en la detección por palpación de bocio en población escolar de 6 a 14 años.

BACKGROUND: To estimate the agreement between observers on the detection of goitre by palpation in the school population because it is considered a variability test. METHODS: For five months, during 2001/2002, the presence of goitre was studied in across-section sample of 845 school children (for 6 to 14 years old) from 18 school centres in a Health Area in Valentian Community. The exploration was always carried out by the same two observers. The thyroid size was established in 6 degrees. It was considered goitre since 0B inclusive. The agreement was assessed in relation to age, sex, IBM, and the exploration date. The Kappa Index was used as a measure of agreement. RESULTS: The global prevalence of goitre was 40,4% according to the first observer and 36,8% to the second one. The agreement between observers was high, with a Kappa Index of 0.83 and it was similar in relation to sex, IBM, and the exploration date. It was smaller in the youngest children (six and seven years old) than in the oldest ones (from 12 to 14). CONCLUSIONS: An excellent interobserver agreement in clinic assessment of goitre by palpation in a school children population was achieved. The least concordance was seen in youngest group. It would be advisable to include the study of agreement in the protocol of endemic goitre study.

Concordancia entre observadores en la detección por palpación de bocio en población escolar de 6 a 14 años / Interobserver agreement in detecting goitre in a school population between 6 and 14 years old

Fundamento: Estimar la concordancia entre observadores en la detección de bocio por palpación manual en la población escolar. Métodos. Durante un periodo de 5 meses durante el curso escolar 2001/2002 se estudió la presencia de bocio en una muestra representativa de 845 escolares de 6 a 14 años de 18 colegios de una Área de Salud de la Comunidad Valenciana. La exploración fue realizada de forma enmascarada por dos observadores (siempre los mismos). El tamaño tiroideo se estableció en seis grados (OA, OB, I, II, III y IV). Se consideró bocio a partir del grado OB inclusive. La concordancia se valoró en relación a variables como edad, sexo, masa corporal, y día de exploración. Se utilizó el índice kappa ponderado como medida de concordancia. Resultados. La prevalencia global de bocio fue del 40,4% según el observador 1o y de 36,8% para el 2o. La concordancia entre observadores tuvo un índice kappa de 0,83 (IC95% 0,78 - 0,88) y fue similar en relación al sexo, la masa corporal y el día de exploración. Según la edad de los niños: de 6 a 7 años (kappa 0,80; IC95% 0,69-0,91) de 12 a 14 años (kappa 0,85; IC95% 0,72 - 0,97). Conclusiones. Los observadores consiguieron una concordancia muy alta en la detección de bocio por palpación manual. La edad del niño influyó en el grado de concordancia con mayor dificultad en los más pequeños (AU)

Background: To estimate the agreement between observers on the detection of goitre by palpation in the school population because it is considered a variability test. Methods: For five months, during 2001/2002, the presence of goitre was studied in across-section sample of 845 school children (for 6 to 14 years old) from 18 school centres in a Health Area in Valentian Community. The exploration was always carried out by the same two observers. The thyroid size was established in 6 degrees. It was considered goitre since 0B inclusive. The agreement was assessed in relation to age, sex, IBM, and the exploration date. The Kappa Index was used as a measure of agreement. Results: The global prevalence of goitre was 40,4% according to the first observer and 36,8% to the second one. The agreement between observers was high, with a Kappa Index of 0.83 and it was similar in relation to sex, IBM, and the exploration date. It was smaller in the youngest children (six and seven years old) than in the oldest ones (from 12 to 14). Conclusions: An excellent interobserver agreement in clinic assessment of goitre by palpation in a school children population was achieved. The least concordance was seen in youngest group. It would be advisable to include the study of agreement in the protocol of endemic goitre study (AU)

Embarazo y déficit de yodo. Situación actual / Iodine deficiency and pregnancy. Current situation

Objetivo: diversos estudios realizados en España demuestran una ingesta deficiente de yodo en gestantes, pero no hay datos de la Comunidad Valenciana. Se busca conocer el grado de implantación de la toma de suplementos de yodo en gestantes de nuestra área sanitaria. Pacientes y método: Se ha estudiado a 232 mujeres en el primer trimestre de embarazo. Se midió tirotropina (TSH), tiroxina libre (T4l), anticuerpos antiperoxidasa y yoduria, y se encuestó sobre consumo de sal yodada y suplementos farmacológicos de yodo. Se recogió el valor de la TSH neonatal del cribado de metabolopatías en los recién nacidos de las mujeres participantes. Resultados: la media de edad fue 30,5 ± 4,4 años. el 60,8% consumía sal yodada, el 51,3% tomaba polivitamínico con yodo, y sólo el 14,2% tomaba yoduro potásico. la mediana de las yodurias fue de 100 µg/l. el 66% tenía yodurias por debajo de la recomendada (150 µg/l). la relación entre ingesta farmacológica de yodo y yoduria fue positiva y significativa (p = 0,016). Presentaron una hipotiroxinemia leve el 10% de las mujeres. el 5,7% de los recién nacidos tenían una TSH elevada. Conclusiones: la ingesta de yodo de nuestras gestantes es baja, a pesar de las recomendaciones vigentes. los datos respaldan la necesidad de potenciar el uso de sal yodada en todos los hogares y administrar sistemáticamente un suplemento con yoduro potásico a toda mujer embarazada (AU)

Objective: Several studies performed in Spain have reported iodine deficiency in pregnant women but data from Valencia are lacking. The aim of the present study was to determine the degree of implantation of iodine supplementation in pregnant women in our health area. Patients and method: A total of 232 pregnant women were studied in the first trimester of pregnancy. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine, and antiperoxidase antibodies were measured. A survey was performed on intake of iodized salt and pharmacological iodine supplements. Neonatal TSH concentrations were measured, based on screening of metabolopathies, in the newborns of participating women. Results: Then mean age was 30.5 ± 4.4 years. A total of 60.8% of the women consumed iodized salt, 51.3% took iodine polyvitamins and only 14.2% consumed potassium iodide. The median urinary iodine concentration was 100 µg/l; 66% had urinary iodine concentrations below the recommended level (150 µg/l). A positive association was found between pharmacological iodine intake and urinary iodine (p = 0.016). Ten percent of the women had mild hypothyroxinemia, while 5.7% of the newborns had elevated TSH levels. Conclusions: Iodine intake in pregnant women in our health area is low, despite current recommendations. Our data support the need to promote the use of iodized salt in every home and to systematically administer potassium iodide supplements in all pregnant women (AU)