ABSTRACT
Coffee is a crop of significant importance for Brazilian agrobusiness. There is evidence that both the geographic distribution of coffee production, and the varieties of coffee produced, have changed throughout Brazil over the course of time. Furthermore, it appears that these developments are associated with structural changes resulting from reductions in government intervention and its effects on prices in the coffee market, which has established a new dynamic of coffee production in the country. In this context, this study's objective is to analyze the dynamics of coffee production in Brazil, to identify the Brazilian micro-regions specializing in coffee activities, and to track how the spatial distribution of these micro-regions has varied over time. In so doing, the study aims to identify defining economic characteristics of primary coffee-producing regions. Drawing primarily on data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, the study proceeds by applying Pearson correlation, Granger causality test, location quotient, principal components, and clustering analyses to explore how, during the 1984-2015 period, significant changes occurred in the distribution of regions specializing in coffee production. States such as Paraná and São Paulo, historically important coffee producers, declined in importance, leaving only a few micro-regions in these states specialized in coffee production. During the 2014/15 biennium, 80% of the coffee-specialized micro-regions were concentrated in the states of Minas Gerais, Bahia, Rondônia, and Espírito Santo. Minas Gerais and Bahia primarily produced arabica coffee, while Rondônia specialized in conilon (robusta) coffee. Overall, coffee produced in Brazil improved in quality and value-added over this period.
Subject(s)
Coffee/growth & development , Algorithms , Brazil , Geography , Principal Component AnalysisABSTRACT
This article measured the dynamics of public health spending, from 2000 to 2015, in the Brazilian States and also in the Federal District. More specifically, it evaluated the effects of the Pact for Health on public health expenditures in all Brazilian States and in the Federal District, from the State of São Paulo. For this, was used the econometric methodology called Differences in Differences with Polygonal Adjustment. The results showed that the evolution of the public health expenditures in the State of São Paulo, in general, was lower than in the other States and the Federal District, after the entry into force of the Health Pact, in 2006. Still, in general, the combined performance between the State of São Paulo and the other Brazilian States and also the Federal District regressed their investments in public health, from 2006 to 2015. However, a behavioral pattern of public health expenditure after the Pact for Health was not achieved.
Este artigo mediu a dinâmica dos gastos com saúde pública, no período de 2000 a 2015, dos estados brasileiros e também do Distrito Federal. Mais especificamente, avaliou os efeitos do Pacto pela Saúde nas despesas com saúde pública em todos os estados brasileiros e no Distrito Federal, a partir do estado de São Paulo. Para isto, utilizou-se da metodologia econométrica denominada de diferenças em diferenças com ajuste de poligonais. Os resultados demonstraram que a evolução dos gastos com saúde pública do estado de São Paulo, de forma geral, foi inferior aos demais estados e do Distrito Federal, após a entrada em vigência do Pacto pela Saúde, em 2006. Ainda, de forma geral, o desempenho conjugado entre o estado de São Paulo e os demais estados brasileiros e também o Distrito Federal regrediu os seus respectivos investimentos em saúde pública, no período de 2006 a 2015. Porém, não foi alcançado um padrão comportamental da dinâmica dos gastos com saúde pública após o Pacto pela Saúde.
En este artículo se mide la dinámica de los gastos de salud pública, de 2000 a 2015, los estados brasileños y en el Distrito Federal. Más específicamente evaluado los efectos del Pacto por la Salud de los gastos para la salud pública en todos los estados brasileños y en el Distrito Federal, del Estado de São Paulo. Para ello, se utilizó la metodología econométrica denominada Diferencias en Diferencias con Ajuste Poligonal. Los resultados mostraron que la evolución del gasto en salud pública en el estado de São paulo, en general, era más bajo que los otros estados y en el Distrito Federal, después de la entrada en vigor del Pacto para la Salud en 2006. Sin embargo, en general, el rendimiento de par entre el Estado de São Paulo y otros estados brasileños y en el Distrito Federal regresión sus respectivas inversiones en la salud pública, de 2006 a 2015. Sin embargo, no ha llegado a un patrón de comportamiento de la dinámica del gasto en salud pública después de lo Pacto por la Salud.
