Aspectos éticos e legais da estabilização protetora em odontologia ­ revisão integrativa / Ethical and legal aspects of protective stabilization in Dentistry ­ integrative review

A estabilização protetora tem sido utilizada em procedimentos na área da saúde por décadas para gestão do comportamento, em especial quando as técnicas comunicativas falham. O uso da estabilização tem como objetivo criar um ambiente seguro para a conduta terapêutica, promovendo agilidade nos procedimentos odontológicos, com manutenção da integridade física do paciente e da equipe. Embora apresente benefícios, a sua aplicação é um dilema especialmente em pacientes pediátricos e com necessidades especiais, devido à natureza da restrição física envolvida. O presente trabalho trata-se de uma revisão de literatura integrativa e teve como objetivo descrever os aspectos éticos e legais que envolvem o uso de estabilização protetora no atendimento odontológico. A busca abrangeu estudos desenvolvidos nos últimos 10 anos, pelos descritores "Ética", "Contenção Física", "Odontologia" de acordo com o DeCS e MeSH, além de legislações e normas brasileiras. Na tomada de decisão clínica, os princípios da autonomia, beneficência, não maleficência e justiça devem ser considerados. O consentimento informado, a ponderação dos riscos, benefícios e a informação aos responsáveis são requisitos fundamentais para evitar violações de direitos e preservar a integridade de pacientes e da equipe de cuidado à saúde

Protective stabilization has been used in healthcare procedures for decades to manage behavior, especially when communicative techniques fail. Protective stabilization aims to create a safe environment for therapeutic conduct, promoting efficiency in dental procedures while maintaining the physical integrity of the patient and the staff as well. Despite its benefits, its application poses a dilemma especially with pediatric and patients with special needs, due to the nature of physical restraint involved. The present study is an integrative literature review that aims to describe the ethical and legal aspects surrounding the use of protective stabilization in dental care. The search encompassed studies conducted in the last 10 years, using the descriptors "Ethics," "Physical Restraint," and "Dentistry" according to DeCS and MeSH, as well as Brazilian legislation and regulations. In clinical decision-making, the principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice should be considered. Informed consent, weighing risks and benefits, and providing information to guardians are fundamental requirements to prevent rights violations and preserve the integrity of patients and healthcare staff

Aspectos éticos e legais da separação entre o paciente odontológico e seu acompanhante ­ revisão de literatura / Ethical and legal aspects of the separation between dental patient and caregiver ­ a review

Técnicas de manejo comportamental são debatidas com frequência no âmbito odontológico. Dentre elas, a presença/ausência dos responsáveis legais na sala durante o atendimento do paciente é, ao mesmo tempo, simples e desafiadora de ser aplicada. O aumento do desejo dos pais em permanecer no consultório durante o atendimento traz consigo a importância de discutir os conflitos éticos e legais do uso dessa técnica. A revisão de literatura proposta teve como base os descritores "Pediatric Dentistry", "Child Behavior" e "Parents" e seus sinônimos, nas bases de dados Cochrane Library, LILACS, PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO e Scopus, nos últimos 5 anos. Os resultados apontam divergências no estabelecimento de uma regra a ser seguida. Alguns trabalhos relatam que a presença de acompanhantes durante consultas odontológicas representa um importante apoio emocional para pacientes, resultando em melhor manejo de comportamento. Em contrapartida, a técnica de separação pode apresentar benefícios por consolidar a relação profissional-paciente. Contrapondo vantagens e desvantagens observadas na permanência e na separação dos acompanhantes em seus aspectos éticos (Código de Ética Odontológico) e legais (Código Civil, Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente e Código de Proteção e Defesa do Consumidor), a literatura científica assinala que a maioria dos acompanhantes e crianças expressa o desejo de não serem separados durante o atendimento. Pacientes considerados incapazes não têm como exercer autonomia nas decisões relacionadas à assistência odontológica. Para os adolescentes, a conquista da autonomia ocorre conforme a maturidade do indivíduo. A incorporação dos responsáveis legais na tomada de decisão divide responsabilidades e traz legitimidade às condutas terapêuticas

Behavioral management techniques are frequently debated in the dental field. Among them, the presence/absence of legal guardians in the room during patient care is, at the same time, simple and challenging to apply. The increased desire of parents to remain in the office during care brings with it the importance of discussing the ethical and legal conflicts of using this technique. The proposed literature review was based on the descriptors "Pediatric Dentistry", "Child Behavior" and "Parents" and their synonyms, in the Cochrane Library, LILACS, PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO and Scopus databases, over the last 5 years. The results point to divergences in establishing a rule to be followed. Some studies report that the presence of companions during dental appointments represents important emotional support for patients, resulting in better behavioral management. On the other hand, the separation technique can present benefits by consolidating the professional-patient relationship. Contrasting advantages and disadvantages observed in the permanence and separation of companions in their ethical (Dental Code of Ethics) and legal aspects (Civil Code, Child and Adolescent Statute and Consumer Protection and Defense Code), the scientific literature points out that most companions and children express the desire not to be separated during care. Patients considered incapable cannot exercise autonomy in decisions related to dental care. For adolescents, achieving autonomy occurs according to the individual's maturity. The incorporation of legal guardians in decision-making divides responsibilities and brings legitimacy to therapeutic behaviors

Palliative oral care in terminal cancer patients: Integrated review.

BACKGROUND: Palliative care (PC) aims to improve quality of life in patients and its families against life threatening diseases, through suffering's prevention and relief. It is the duty of the dental surgeon to possess the knowledge needed to treat a patient with little life span, in order to establish an adequate treatment plan for each situation. AIM: To synthesize the published evidence on oral conditions, impact, management and challenges in managing oral conditions among palliative patients. METHODS: Articles were selected from PubMed and Scopus electronic platforms, using a research strategy with diverse descriptors related to "palliative care", "cancer" and "oral health". The article's selection was done in two phases. The first one was performed by the main researcher through the reading of the abstracts. In the second phase two researchers selected eligible articles after reading in full those previous selected. Data was tabulated and analyzed, obtaining information about what is found in literature related to this subject and what is necessary to be approached in future researches about PC. RESULTS: As results, the total of 15 articles were eligible, being one a qualitative analysis, 13 (92.8%) clinical trials and one observational study. Of the 15 articles, 8 (53.4%) involved questionnaires, while the rest involved: one systematic review about oral care in a hospital environment, 2 oral exams and oral sample collection, one investigation of terminal patient's (TP) oral assessment records, 2 collection of oral samples and their respective analysis and one treatment of the observed oral complications. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the oral manifestations in oncologic patients in terminal stage are, oral candidiasis, dry mouth, dysphagia, dysgeusia, oral mucositis and orofacial pain. Determining a protocol for the care of these and other complications of cancer - or cancer therapy - based on scientific evidence with the latest cutting-edge research results is of fundamental importance for the multidisciplinary team that works in the care of patients in PC. To prevent complications and its needed to initial the dentist as early as possible as a multidisciplinary member. It has been suggested palliative care protocol based on the up to date literature available for some frequent oral complications in TP with cancer. Other complications in terminal patients and their treatments still need to have further studying.

Influence of self-etching adhesive on the bond strength of irradiated teeth / Influência do adesivo autocondicionante na resistência de união em dentes submetidos à radiação

ABSTRACT This study aimed to conduct a literature review about the influence of self-etching adhesives on the bond strength of restorative procedures for irradiated teeth. The search for articles was carried out on six databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, LILACS, Cochrane). Gray literature (Google Scholar) and reference lists of included studies were evaluated. The keywords used were: "Radiotherapy" OR "Radiation Therapy" OR "Radiation Treatment" OR "Radiation Effects" OR "Radioterapia" OR "Terapia por radiação" OR "Tratamento por radiação" OR "Efeitos da Radiação" OR "Terapia por Radiación" OR "Tratamiento por Radiación" OR "Efectos de Radiación" AND "Dentin-Bonding agent" OR "Adesivos Dentinários" OR "Recubrimientos Dentinarios". The inclusion criteria were laboratory and clinical studies, dissertations, literary and systematic reviews, and no time and language restrictions. Three hundred and eighteen studies were identified in the databases, 30 in the gray literature, and 5 from the reference list of included articles. 40 were excluded for being duplicates. After reading the title and abstract, 28 articles remained for complete analysis. In the end, 21 articles were included in this study. Self-etching could be a good option for irradiated teeth restorations. However, further clinical studies are needed.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão integrativa da literatura sobre a influência de adesivos autocondicionantes na resistência de união de restaurações de dentes submetidos à radiação. A busca da literatura foi realizada em seis bases de dados (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, LILACS, Cochrane). A literatura cinza (Google Scholar) e as listas de referências dos estudos incluídos foram avaliadas. A pesquisa foi realizada com as palavras-chave: "Radiotherapy" OR "Radiation Therapy" OR "Radiation Treatment" OR "Radiation Effects" OR "Radioterapia" OR "Terapia por radiação" OR "Tratamento por radiação" OR "Efeitos da Radiação" OR "Terapia por Radiación" OR "Tratamiento por Radiación" OR "Efectos de Radiación" AND "Dentin-Bonding agent" OR "Adesivos Dentinários" OR "Recubrimientos Dentinarios". Os critérios de inclusão foram estudos in vitro e clínicos, dissertações, revisões sistemáticas e literárias, sem restrições de período e de idiomas. Foram identificados 318 estudos nas diferentes bases de dados, 30 na literatura cinzenta e 5 da lista de referências dos artigos incluídos, dos quais 40 foram excluídos por serem duplicatas. Após a leitura do título e do resumo, permaneceram 28 artigos para análise completa. Ao final, 21 artigos foram incluídos neste trabalho. Os adesivos autocondicionantes podem ser uma boa alternativa em restaurações de dentes submetidos à radiação. Todavia, ainda existem poucos trabalhos sobre o tema e ratifica-se a necessidade de mais estudos clínicos.

Efficacy of the Video Modeling Technique as a Facilitator of Non-invasive Dental Care in Autistic Children: Randomized Clinical Trial.

This study aims to evaluate the video modeling technique during the dental appointment. A blinded randomized clinical trial was composed of 2 groups, consisting of 20 autistic children (4 to 12 years) in each group: control (did not watch the video before the consultation) and intervention (watched the video before the consultation). The primary outcome was the mean number of visits to perform a dental appointment. The number of consultations was analyzed by T-test or Mann-Whitney test. The results showed that the mean number of consultations in the intervention group was 1.5 (± 1.53) and in the control group 2 (± 1.77) (p ≤ 0.05). The video modeling technique can be effective in minimizing the number of dental consultations in autistic children.

Oral lichen planus and HCV infection.

Chronic infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV) can lead not only to the development of hepatic cirrhosis, but also to the emergence of extra-hepatic manifestations (EHMs), such as oral lichen planus (OLP). Here, we describe a clinical presentation of massive, erosive OLP in an HCV-positive patient whose clinical management was difficult. Full remission was achieved after sustained virological response by using direct-acting anti-retrovirals. This case report demonstrates not only the importance of diagnosing EHMs for identification of HCV infection, but also the importance of controlling it for management of OLP and EHMs.

Oral lichen planus and HCV infection

Chronic infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV) can lead not only to the development of hepatic cirrhosis, but also to the emergence of extra-hepatic manifestations (EHMs), such as oral lichen planus (OLP). Here, we describe a clinical presentation of massive, erosive OLP in an HCV-positive patient whose clinical management was difficult. Full remission was achieved after sustained virological response by using direct-acting anti-retrovirals. This case report demonstrates not only the importance of diagnosing EHMs for identification of HCV infection, but also the importance of controlling it for management of OLP and EHMs.

Panorama das denúncias e processos éticos odontológicos no estado de Santa Catarina / Overview of dental complaints and ethical proceedings in the State of Santa Catarina

O Código de Ética Odontológica pode ser entendido como um conjunto de normas de comportamento que se estabelecem no desenvolvimento do exercício profissional e regem a sua prática. Com isto, almeja-se evidenciar a natureza ética do trabalho e garantir valores importantes para a sociedade no contexto da prática profissional. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as denúncias e processos éticos no Conselho Regional de Odontologia de Santa Catarina (CRO-SC), relacionando-os às suas causas. A pesquisa, após a aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da UFSC, apurou as denúncias e os processos éticos instaurados junto ao CRO-SC no período de janeiro de 2013 a dezembro de 2017, verificando sua evolução, identificando suas motivações e averiguando as respectivas situações processuais. Os resultados obtidos mostraram um aumento de 7,1% para 60,7% nas denúncias e de 6,2% para 58,4% nos processos éticos. A maior causa de denúncias foi devido à publicidade irregular (65%), originando 68% dos processos éticos com base nesta irregularidade; 39,2% das denúncias resultaram na abertura de processos éticos; 17% foram arquivadas; 21,3% dos processos éticos instaurados foram encerrados, por julgamento ou arquivamento, e 74,7% estão em tramitação. Cerca de 20,3% das denúncias foram classificadas como outras infrações; 4,8% como exercício ilegal da profissão, 2,4% como exercício irregular da profissão e 7,4% como provável erro técnico. Os resultados indicam a importância de uma mudança na visão do cirurgião-dentista em relação aos valores éticos e sociais na Odontologia a fim de conduzir seu trabalho sob uma perspectiva mais humanizada.

The Code of Dental Ethics can be understood as a set of behavioral norms that are established in the development of professional practice and govern its practice. With this, it aims to highlight the ethical nature of work and ensure important values for society in the context of professional practice. The purpose of this study was to verify the complaints and ethical processes in the Regional Dentistry of Santa Catarina (CRO-SC), relating them to their causes. The research, after approval by UFSC's Research Ethics Committee, found the complaints and the ethical processes established with the CRO-SC from January 2013 to December 2017, verifying their growing, identifying their motivations and ascertaining the respective procedural situations. The results obtained showed an increase from 7.1% to 60.7% in complaints and from 6.2% to 58.4% in ethical processes. The main cause of complaints was due to irregular advertising (65%), resulting in 68% ethical processes based on this irregularity; 39.2% of the complaints resulted in the opening of ethical processes; 17% were archived; 21.3% of the ethical proceedings initiated were closed by judgment or filing, and 74.7% are in progress. About 20.3% of the complaints were classified as other infringements; 4.8% as illegal exercise of profession, 2.4% as exercise irregular profession and 7.4% as a probable technical error. The results indicate the importance of a dentist's view of the ethical and social values in dentistry in order to conduct their work from a more humanized perspective.

Subset of CD8+ and FOXP3 + T cells in lichen planus associated with chronic hepatitis C infection.

OBJECTIVE: To verify whether there are differences between populations of CD8 + and FoxP3 + T cells in lesions of oral lichen planus associated with hepatitis C virus chronic infection (OLP-HCV) and lesions of idiopathic oral lichen planus (OLP-I). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A case-control study was performed using a convenience sample of 11 paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of OLP-HCV and 19 of OLP-I. Histological sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin were used to classify the intensity of inflammatory infiltrate. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify CD8 + and FoxP3 + T cells. The count of positive cells was compared between the two groups and correlated to clinical and demographic data (p < 0.05). RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in the distribution of CD8 + and FoxP3 + T cells regarding the inflammatory infiltrate in lesions of OLP-HCV and OLP-I. Atrophic/erosive lesions showed a higher relationship between counts of CD8/FoxP3 T cells per mm2 (p = 0.018) and counts of CD8 + T cells per mm2 (p = 0.034) in OLP-HCV group compared to OLP-I group. CONCLUSION: Overall, no difference was found between cell populations in the lesions of OLP-HCV and OLP-I. However, atrophic/erosive lesions of OLP-HCV had a higher amount of CD8 + T cells and lower FoxP3 expression.

Oral health assessment for users of marijuana and cocaine/crack substances.

The objective of this study was to assess the oral health status of users of illicit drugs such as marijuana and cocaine/crack and compare it with individuals not using these chemical substances. Questionnaires were applied to 35 illicit drugs users to gather information on demographic status, general health, and use of drugs. Then, a clinical assessment of the oral health condition was performed to collect data on decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index, salivary flow rate (SFR), and mucosal lesions. The control group was composed of 35 non-illicit drug users. In the experimental group, 91.43% were males, 80% were smokers, and 42.85% were alcoholics. Cocaine was the most common drug used (77.15%), followed by marijuana (68.6%), and crack (51.4%). The average DMFT index was 9.8 and the SFR was reduced in 60% of subjects. Mucosal alterations were detected, but no potentially malignant disorders or oral cancer were diagnosed. Compared to control group, significantly higher values for gender (40%, p = 0.0001), smoking (22.86%) and heavy drinking (5.7%) habits (p = 0.0001), SFR (31.4%; p = 0.0308), and oral lesions (p = 0.0488) were found for the experimental group, although significantly higher values were found in the control group for DMFT index (p = 0.0148). It can be concluded that the use of illicit drugs contributed to an increased prevalence of oral mucosa lesions. In addition, a decline on SFR and a reduced DMFT index was observed for illicit drug users.

População de células T CD8+ e Foxp3+ no líquen plano oral associado à infecção crônica de hepatite C / Subset of CD8(+) and Foxp3(+) T Cells in Oral Lichen Planus Associated with Chronic Hepatitis C virus Infection

A experiência adquirida na realização de estudos epidemiológicos sobre o líquen plano oral associado à infecção crônica de hepatite C nos faz acreditar que as lesões atróficas/erosivas associadas ao vírus C tendem a apresentar características clínicas atípicas, por vezes exacerbadas e com resposta piorada à terapêutica proposta. Acreditando que existiria uma contrapartida histopatológica que justificasse o comportamento clinico evidenciado, o presente estudo propôs-se a estudar as populações de células T CD8+ e Foxp3+ no líquen plano oral associado à infecção crônica de hepatite C e compará-las com as populações do líquen plano oral idiopático. Foram selecionados 11 blocos de líquen plano oral associado à infecção crônica de hepatite C (Grupo 1) e 19 blocos parafinados de líquen plano oral idiopático (Grupo 2) dos arquivos do Laboratório de Patologia Cirúrgica da Disciplina de Patologia Bucal da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo e do Laboratório de Patologia Bucal, do Departamento de Patologia, da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Para ambos os grupos foram realizados ensaios imunohistoquímicos com marcação dos anticorpos anti-CD8 e anti-Foxp3. As células marcadas foram contabilizadas e os resultados tratados estatisticamente. No Grupo 1, 64% dos pacientes eram do sexo feminino; 82% leucodermas e a média de idade era de 59 anos (variação 46 aos 75 anos). No Grupo 2, 63% dos pacientes eram do sexo feminino; 71% leucodermas e a média de idade era de 50,2 anos (variação 32 aos 66 anos).

Quando os dados entre os Grupos 1 e 2 foram comparados, não houve correlação estatisticamente significante entre as contagens de células T CD8+, contagens de células T Foxp3+ ou na relação CD8+/Foxp3+ por mm2. As lesões atróficas/erosivas do Grupo 1 apresentaram densidade aumentada de células T CD8+ (p=0,034) e aumento na relação CD8+/Foxp3+ por mm2 (p=0,018), em relação ao Grupo 2. O estudo realizado não encontrou diferenças nas densidades de células T CD8+ e Foxp3+ no infiltrado do líquen plano oral associado ao vírus C em relação ao líquen plano idiopático. Por outro lado, as diferenças encontradas na quantidade de células T CD8+ e na relação CD8/Foxp3, em lesões atróficas/erosivas, parecem justificar as características clínicas evidenciadas em estudos prévios.

Our previous studies with oral lichen planus associated with chronic hepatitis C virus infection leads us to believe that atrophic/erosive forms of oral lesions tend to present unusual clinical features, sometimes exacerbated with a worsened response to treatment. Considering that this exacerbated aspect could indicate a similar exacerbate histopathological feature, the aim of this study was evaluated the populations of CD8(+) and Foxp3(+) T cells in oral lichen planus associated with chronic hepatitis C virus infection and correlated the findings with idiopathic forms of these lesions. The sample consisted of 11 cases of oral lichen planus associated with chronic hepatitis C virus infection (Group 1) and 19 cases of idiopathic oral lichen planus (Group 2) obtained from the Laboratories of Oral Pathology of the University of São Paulo and the Federal University of Santa Catarina. In both groups immunohistochemistry staining were performed using anti-CD8 and anti-Foxp3 antibodies. Positive cells were counted per area and the results were subjected to statistical analysis. In Group 1, 64% of the patients were female, 82% caucasian with mean age of 59 years (range from 46 to 75 years). In Group 2, 63% of the patients were female, 71% caucasian with mean age 50.2 years (range from 32 to 66 years). When Groups 1 and 2 were compared, no significant correlation between the frequencies of CD8(+), Foxp3(+) T cells and the ratio of CD8(+)/Foxp3(+) counts per mm2 was found.

The atrophic/erosive lesions in Group 1 showed an increased frequency of CD8(+) T cells (p = 0.034) and an increased ratio of CD8(+)/Foxp3(+) counts per mm2 (p = 0.018) compared to Group 2. In conclusion, our data indicated no differences in the frequencies of CD8(+) and Foxp3(+) T cells in the inflammatory infiltrate of oral lichen planus associated with chronic hepatitis C virus infection compared to idiopathic lesions. However, the differences in the counts of CD8(+) T cells and the ratio of CD8(+)/Foxp3(+) in atrophic/erosive lesions seemed justify the clinical features in previous studies.