ABSTRACT
The determination of the mechanical properties of materials is predominantly undertaken using destructive approaches. Such approaches are based on well-established mathematical formulations where a physical property of the material is measured as a function of an input under controlled conditions provided by some machine, such as load-displacement curves in indentation tests and stress-strain plots in tensile testing. The main disadvantage of these methods is that they involve destruction of samples as they are usually tested to failure to determine the properties of interest. This means that large sample sizes are required to obtain statistical certainty, a condition that, depending on the material, may mean the process is both time consuming and expensive. In addition, for rapid prototyping and small-batch manufacturing of polymers, these techniques may be inappropriate either due to excessive cost or high polymer composition variability between batches. In this paper we discuss how the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory can be exploited for experimental, non-destructive assessment of the mechanical properties of three different 3D-printed materials: a plastic, an elastomer, and a hydrogel. We demonstrate applicability of the approach for materials, which vary by several orders of magnitude of Young's moduli, by measuring the resonance frequencies of appended rectangular cantilevers using laser Doppler vibrometry. The results indicate that experimental determination of the resonance frequency can be used to accurately determine the exact elastic modulus of any given 3D-printed component. We compare the obtained results with those obtained by tensile testing for comparison and validation.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: La infección no complicada del tracto urinario bajo y la bacteriuria asintomática son causas frecuentes de consulta médica ambulatoria y en el servicio de urgencias en Colombia y el mundo. La falta de pautas y consenso para el manejo, así como la emergencia de resistencia a las múltiples opciones terapéuticas disponibles en los uropatógenos provenientes de la comunidad, hacen necesario elaborar unas recomendaciones que orienten al clínico sobre el abordaje óptimo de estas entidades. Objetivo: Definir un consenso sobre el manejo empírico de la bacteriuria asintomática y la infección del tracto urinario (ITU) bajo en adultos y mujeres embarazadas en Colombia. Metodología: Se lleva a cabo una metodología de consenso con expertos en urología, infectología, medicina interna, ginecología y microbiología basada en la revisión de las referencias bibliográficas disponibles en los términos de búsqueda relacionados, haciendo énfasis en estudios locales. Resultados: Se elaboró un algoritmo de manejo para el tratamiento empírico de la ITU baja no complicada en adultos con antisépticos urinarios como nitrofurantoína y fosfomicina trometamol como primera línea, con recomendaciones terapéuticas específicas para el tratamiento de la bacteriuria asintomática en mujeres embarazadas. Adicionalmente, se formuló un algoritmo de decisión para el procesamiento de cultivos de orina. La recurrencia o recaída frecuente justifica remisión a urología e infectología. Conclusiones: Se generan recomendaciones prácticas de fácil implementación en el diagnóstico y manejo de la ITU bajo en adultos y embarazadas, y de los casos donde es necesario tratar la bacteriuria asintomática, con opciones terapéuticas efectivas y de espectro reducido.
Background: Uncomplicated infection of the lower urinary tract and asymptomatic bacteriuria are frequent causes of visits to outpatient clinics and emergency departments in Colombia and worldwide. The lack of guidelines and a consensus for their management, and the emergence of resistance of community-based uropathogens to the available therapeutic options, make it necessary to develop recommendations to guide clinicians on the optimal approach to these entities. Objective: Define a consensus for the empiric management of asymptomatic bacteriuria and Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in adults and pregnant women in Colombia. Methods: We carried out a consensus methodology with experts in urology, infectious diseases, internal medicine, gynecology and clinical microbiology; based on reviewing the available literature on the related terms, and emphasizing local studies. Results: We developed a management algorithm for the empirical treatment of uncomplicated lower UTI in adults with urinary antiseptics such as nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin trometamol as first line, with specific therapeutic recommendations for the treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women. Additionally, we created a decision algorithm for processing urine cultures. Frequent recurrence or relapse justifies referral to urology and infectious disease professionals. Conclusions: We generated straightforward and easy-to-implement recommendations for the diagnosis and management of UTI in adults and pregnant women, and in cases where it is necessary to treat asymptomatic bacteriuria, with effective therapeutic and narrow spectrum options.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Urinary Tract Infections , Cystitis , Reproductive Tract Infections , Bacteriuria , Urinary Tract Infections/drug therapy , Urologic Diseases/virology , Emergency Service, HospitalABSTRACT
Enfermería Intensiva incorpora un sistema anual de autoevaluación y acreditación dentro de un Programa de Formación Continuada sobre la revisión de conocimientos para la atención de enfermería al paciente adulto en estado crítico. Uno de los objetivos de Enfermería Intensiva es que sirva como instrumento educativo y formativo en esta área y estimule el estudio continuado. Las personas interesadas en acceder a la obtención de los créditos de Formación Continuada, que a través de la SEEIUC otorga la Comisión Nacional de Formación Continuada, deberán remitir cumplimentada la hoja de respuestas adjunta (no se admiten fotocopias), dentro de los 2 meses siguientes a la aparición de cada número, a la Secretaría de la SEEIUC. Vicente Caballero, 17. 28007 Madrid (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Critical Care/methods , Primary Nursing/trends , Muscular Disorders, Atrophic/nursing , Oral Hygiene/nursing , Respiration, Artificial/nursingABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: In our clinical practice we find the need to care for patients with irreversible conditions, due to advanced age or underlying chronic disease, and a change in the types of disease currently facing the health workforce.The objective of this research was to study the ethical assessment of health professionals in our Hospital on extraordinary life support measures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective descriptive study conducted at the Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real during the months of April to August 2010. The convenience sample consisted of 189 professionals from different categories working in our hospital during the study period.It included a questionnaire adapted for use in hospitals, comprising 18 items with dichotomous responses.Informed consent was requested and the confidentiality of information ensured. RESULTS: A sample of 189 professionals, of whom 21.7% were male and 78.3% were female. The mean age was 40.39 years SD + 10, with a mode of 31 years.The professionals involved were doctors, nurses and nursing assistants, with an average experience of 15.8% ± 10.4 SD years.A total of 79.9% were in favour of euthanasia, 93.6% against dysthanasia, 92.6% for antidysthanasia, and 99.5% for orthotonasia. The medical group was the one most against the use of euthanasia P=.0001. Differences were found between religious practice and the ethical situations at the end of life. CONCLUSIONS: Most participants took into account the patient's decision to limit extraordinary measures in terminal disease situations.The study reveals that the effectiveness and usefulness of our clinical practice should include an ethical evaluation by professionals with the patient. It became clear that the majority of the sample of professionals is against over-aggressive treatment, and for a dignified death.
Subject(s)
Attitude of Health Personnel , Life Support Care/ethics , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Young AdultABSTRACT
ResumenIncorpora un sistema anual de autoevaluación y acreditación dentro de un Programa de Formación Continuada sobre la revisión de conocimientos para la atención de enfermería al paciente adulto en estado crítico. Uno de los objetivos de ENFERMERÍA INTENSIVA es que sirva como instrumento educativo y formativo en esta área y estimule el estudio continuado.Las personas interesadas en acceder a la obtención de los créditos de Formación Continuada, que a través de la SEEIUC otorga la Comisión Nacional de Formación Continuada, deberán remitir cumplimentada la hoja de respuestas adjunta (no se admiten fotocopias), dentro de los 2 meses siguientes a la aparición de cada número, a la Secretaría de la SEEIUC(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Clinical Nursing Research/methods , Education, Nursing, Continuing/trends , Self-Assessment , Research Design , Research Report , AccreditationABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Respiratory Tract Diseases/nursing , Nursing Care/methods , Critical Care/methods , Intubation, Intratracheal/nursing , Drainage, Postural/nursingABSTRACT
No disponible
