Síndrome de apnea del sueño en población colombiana con epilepsia empleando la escala de apnea del sueño del cuestionario de trastornos del sueño / Sleep apnea syndrome in a Colombian population with epilepsy using the Sleep Apnea Scale of the Sleep Disorders Questionnaire

Introducción: La epilepsia es un desorden caracterizado por la predisposición a generar crisis epilépticas, mientras que el síndrome de apnea del sueño (SAOS) ha sido reconocido como un desorden crónico de colapso intermitente de la vía aérea que genera hipoxia recurrente. En este trabajo se aplicó la escala de trastornos del sueño (Sleep Apnea Scale of the Sleep Disorders Questionnaire SA-SDQ), previamente validada en inglés para pacientes con epilepsia, a fin de determinar su capacidad para detectar apnea de sueño en nuestra población. Materiales y métodos: En una primera etapa se realizó la adaptación transcultural de la escala SA-SDQ en castellano, provista por los autores, al español colombiano. Luego se recopiló la información de los pacientes en quienes se realizó polisomnografía entre mayo y agosto del 2022 y se determinó el valor de corte para diagnosticar SAOS con la escala SA-SDQ. Resultados: Cuarenta pacientes pudieron realizarse la polisomnografía, de los cuales 30 (75 %) tuvieron índices de apnea-hipopnea superiores a 5, lo que indica SAOS. El área bajo la curva fue 0,790 y la puntuación SA-SDQ de 21 proporcionó una sensibilidad del 73,3 % (IC 53,83-87,02 %) y una especificidad del 80 % (IC 44,2-96,5 %). La consistencia interna fue aceptable (α = 0,713). Conclusiones: La escala SA-SDQ es un instrumento útil para tamizar SAOS en la población colombiana que padece epilepsia. Nuestros resultados indican que los puntos de corte sugeridos anteriormente (2936 para hombres y 26-32 para mujeres) pueden ser demasiado altos para nuestra población. Sugerimos un punto de corte de 21 para ambos.

Introduction: Epilepsy is a disorder characterized by a predisposition to have epileptic seizures, while sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) has been recognized as a chronic disorder of intermittent collapse of the airway that generates recurrent hypoxia. In this work, the sleep disorders scale (SA-SDQ) previously validated in English for patients with epilepsy was applied to determine its ability to detect sleep apnea in our population. Materials and methods: In the first stage, the cross-cultural adaptation of the SA-SDQ scale in Spanish provided by the authors was carried out into Colombian Spanish. then the information of the patients in whom polysomnography was performed between May and August 2022 was collected and the cut-off value was determined to diagnose OSAS with the SA-SDQ scale. Results: 40 patients were able to undergo polysomnography, of which 30 (75 %) had apnea-hypopnea indices greater than five, indicating OSAS. The area under the curve was 0.790 and the SA-SDQ score of 21 provided a sensitivity of 73.3 % (CI 53.83-87.02 %) and a specificity of 80 % (CI 44.2-96, 5 %). The internal consistency was acceptable (α = 0.713). Conclusions: The SA-SDQ scale is a useful instrument for screening OSAS in the Colombian population suffering from epilepsy. Our results indicate that the previously suggested cut-off points (29-36 for men and 26-32 for women) may be too high in our population. We suggest a cutoff of 21 for both.

Comparing the vision quality using double-pass technique in eyes with corrected refractive errors and emmetropic eyes / Comparação da qualidade óptica usando a técnica de dupla passagem em olhos com erros de refração corrigidos e olhos emetrópicos

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the vision quality by measuring the objective light scatter index and objective optical quality parameters (Strehl Ratio and Modulation Transfer Function) in patients with emmetropia and ametropia. Methods: This prospective, cross-sectional study included 408 eyes. The ametropic group comprised of eyes with best-corrected visual acuity of 0.0 logMAR or better and present at least a refractive error of ≥0.25 D. Patients underwent slit lamp examination, visual acuity, refraction, and vision quality using the HD Analyzer. Results: The mean objective light scatter indices were 0.62 ± 0.63, 0.77 ± 0.70, 0.74 ± 0.30, 0.93 ± 0.55, and 0.85 ± 0.61, and mean Strehl Ratio and Modulation Transfer Function scores were 38.17 ± 10.4, 37.37 ± 10.06, 29.84 ± 9.71, 33.2 ± 12.11, and 33.13 ± 10.09 in emmetropes, myopia, hyperopia, spherical equivalent of ≥0, and spherical equivalent of <0, respectively. Differences in all variables were significant between emmetropic and corrected hyperopic and between spherical equivalent of ≥0, and spherical equivalent of <0 eyes (p<0.05). Conclusion: In spectacle-corrected conditions (with trial frames), emmetropic and simple myopic eyes had significantly better vision quality compared to hyperopic and astigmatic eyes. The clinical significance of these results should be investigated in further studies.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade óptica medindo o índice de dispersão objetiva de luz e os parâmetros de qualidade óptica objetiva (Razão de Strehl e Função de Transferência de Modulação) em indivíduos com emetropia e ametropia. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo, transversal, incluindo 408 olhos. O grupo ametrópico era de olhos com melhor acuidade visual corrigida de 0,0 logMAR ou melhor e apresentando, pelo menos, um erro refrativo de 0,25 D ou mais. Os pacientes foram submetidos a exame com lâmpada de fenda, acuidade visual, refração e qualidade óptica com o HD Analyzer. Resultados: O índice de dispersão objetiva de luz médio foi de 0,62 ± 0,63, 0,77 ± 0,70, 0,74 ± 0,30, 0,93 ± 0,55, 0,85 ± 0,61 e a média da Razão de Strehl e de Função de Transferência de Modulação foram 38,17 ± 10,4, 37,37 ± 10,06, 29,84 ± 9,71, 33,2 ± 12,11 e 33,13 ± 10,09 em olhos emetrópicos, míopes, hipermétropes, equivalente esférico ≥0 e equivalente esférico <0 respectivamente. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas em todas as variáveis entre olhos emetrópicos e com hipermetropia corrigida, equivalente esférico ≥ 0 e equivalente esférico <0 (p<0,05). Conclusão: Em condições com lentes corrigidas (com armações de prova), os olhos emetrópicos e com miopia simples apresentaram qualidade óptica significativamente melhor em comparação com os olhos hipermétropes e astigmáticos. O significado clínico destes resultados deve ser estudado posteriormente.

Comparing the vision quality using double-pass technique in eyes with corrected refractive errors and emmetropic eyes.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the vision quality by measuring the objective light scatter index and objective optical quality parameters (Strehl Ratio and Modulation Transfer Function) in patients with emmetropia and ametropia. METHODS: This prospective, cross-sectional study included 408 eyes. The ametropic group comprised of eyes with best-corrected visual acuity of 0.0 logMAR or better and present at least a refractive error of ≥0.25 D. Patients underwent slit lamp examination, visual acuity, refraction, and vision quality using the HD Analyzer. RESULTS: The mean objective light scatter indices were 0.62 ± 0.63, 0.77 ± 0.70, 0.74 ± 0.30, 0.93 ± 0.55, and 0.85 ± 0.61, and mean Strehl Ratio and Modulation Transfer Function scores were 38.17 ± 10.4, 37.37 ± 10.06, 29.84 ± 9.71, 33.2 ± 12.11, and 33.13 ± 10.09 in emmetropes, myopia, hyperopia, spherical equivalent of ≥0, and spherical equivalent of <0, respectively. Differences in all variables were significant between emmetropic and corrected hyperopic and between spherical equivalent of ≥0, and spherical equivalent of <0 eyes (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In spectacle-corrected conditions (with trial frames), emmetropic and simple myopic eyes had significantly better vision quality compared to hyperopic and astigmatic eyes. The clinical significance of these results should be investigated in further studies.

Combined Phacoemulsification and 360-Degree Endocyclophotocoagulation with and without a Kahook Dual Blade in Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma.

PURPOSE: The present study aimed to compare the outcomes of combined phacoemulsification and 360-degree endocyclophotocoagulation with and without goniotomy using a Kahook Dual Blade in patients with glaucoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We enrolled 37 patients, 21 of whom underwent combined phacoemulsification with 360-degree endocyclophotocoagulation and goniotomy using a Kahook Dual Blade (tri-modal therapy (T-MT) group). The remaining 16 patients underwent phacoemulsification with endocyclophotocoagulation (bi-modal therapy (B-MT) group). Visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and number of glaucoma medications were recorded before the study and postoperatively on the first day, at week 1, and at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Surgical success was defined as an IOP ≤12 mmHg and ≥6 mmHg or an at least 20% reduction in IOP from baseline with (qualified success) or without medications (complete success). RESULTS: Forty-nine eyes were included. Baseline mean IOP was 16.96±3.66 mmHg and 15.64±4.88 mmHg in the T-MT and B-MT groups (p=0.122), respectively. At the 12-month follow-up, mean IOP values were 11.44±2.15 mmHg and 12.45±1.90 mmHg (p=0.031) in the T-MT and B-MT groups, respectively. Complete success rates were 37% in the T-MT group and 31% in the B-MT group, while qualified success rates were 74% and 50%, respectively. Glaucoma medications decreased from 2.0±1.4 to 0.8±1.0 (p<0.001) in the T-MT group and from 1.5±1.3 to 1.0±1.5 in the B-MT group (p=0.032). Similar improvements in visual acuity were observed in both groups. Complications were mild and resolved without intervention. CONCLUSION: The tri-modal treatment is safe and may be more effective in reducing IOP and glaucoma medication requirements than bi-modal treatment.

Accelerated Epi-On Versus Standard Epi-Off Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking for Progressive Keratoconus in Pediatric Patients: Five Years of Follow-Up.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the 5-year efficacy and safety of accelerated transepithelial (A-epi-on) corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) with standard CXL (epi-off) in children with progressive keratoconus (KC). METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 78 eyes of patients aged 18 years old or younger with progressive KC who underwent CXL at the Oftalmosalud Institute of Eyes, Lima, Peru. A-epi-on CXL was performed in 32 eyes (30' of impregnation/5' of irradiation at 18 mW/cm2) and epi-off CXL was performed in 46 eyes (30'of impregnation/30' minutes of irradiation at 3 mW/cm2). Visual acuity, refraction, and the Scheimpflug imaging parameters were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively at 1 and 5 years. RESULTS: The best corrected visual acuity improved to 0.06 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (SD: 0.19, P = 0.03) and 0.09 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (SD: 0.13, P < 0.001) in the A-epi-on and epi-off groups, respectively. The mean flattening in the mean keratometry was 0.09 diopters (D) (SD: 0.68, P = 0.33) and 3.18 D (SD: 5.17, P < 0.001) in the A-epi-on CXL and Epi-off groups at the 5-year follow-up. Significant differences were found in the change at 1 and 5 years between the groups for cylinder reduction, flat and mean K, and pachymetry (all P < 0.05). The KC progression rate was 9.37% (3/32) in the A-epi-on CXL; no progression was found in the epi-off CXL group at the 5-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Both procedures halted the progression of KC at the 5-year follow-up; however, epi-off CXL was safer and more effective when compared with A-epi-on CXL.

Effectiveness and agreement of 3 optical biometers in measuring axial length in the eyes of patients with mature cataracts.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness and agreement of 3 optical biometers in measuring axial length (AL) and biometric parameters in the eyes of patients with mature cataracts. SETTING: Oftalmosalud Instituto de Ojos, Peru. DESIGN: Prospective, comparative study. METHODS: Eyes with mature cataracts were examined. Three consecutive scans were performed with each device: the IOLMaster 700, the Galilei G6, and the Pentacam AXL. The following parameters were recorded: AL, anterior flat keratometry (K1), steep K (K2), anterior astigmatism, mean K (Km), anterior chamber depth (ACD), central corneal thickness (CCT), and lens thickness. Agreement between devices was assessed using the coefficient of correlation of concordance (CCC). RESULTS: Forty-five eyes were included. After 3 attempts, the acquisition success rates in measuring mature cataracts were 84.4% (38/45), 42.2% (19/45), and 37.7% (17/45) for the IOLMaster, the Galilei, and the Pentacam, respectively. Significant differences were found between the Pentacam and the IOLMaster in terms of AL, K2, and CCT. Significant differences were found in terms of K1, K2, Km, ACD, and CCT between the Pentacam and the Galilei; and significant differences were found in AL, K1, Km, and ACD between the Galilei and the IOLMaster (P < .05 all). Good correlations were found between devices (>0.90) in terms of keratometries and AL. CONCLUSIONS: The IOLMaster 700 had the highest AL acquisition success rate when compared with the Pentacam AXL and Galilei G6. Good agreement between devices was found in terms of AL and K readings.

Differentiation of Candida albicans Species Complex by Tobacco Agar Obtained from Different Cigarette Brands Available in Colombia.

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of different brands of cigarettes in the preparation of tobacco agar, for the differentiation of these related yeasts. Methodology. Tobacco agar was prepared using six brands and four varieties of cigarettes, and 125 clinical isolates previously identified by PCR and Maldi-Tof were used. To determine whether the results of the microbiological tests were associated with similarities in the chemical components of cigarettes, thin-layer chromatography was performed. RESULTS: Candida dubliniensis colonies presented hue differences according to the incubation temperature and the brand or variety of cigarette used, except in the tobacco agar produced with Marlboro Xpress cigarette, where its differentiation was not possible. The chromatograms showed few differences among apolar and medium polarity extract components. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco agar is a low-cost tool used for the differentiation of Candida dubliniensis; however, incubation temperature and cigarette brand affect the performance of the media. No relationship was found between the microbiological results and the chemical similarity of the extracts of the cigarettes by chromatography.

Prevalencia de diabetes gestacional en el Hospital Gestionar Bienestar, Zapatoca, Santander 2013 - 2017 / Prevalence of gestational diabetes in the Gestionar Bienestar Hospital, Zapatoca, Santander 2013-2017

Resumen Introducción: La diabetes gestacional se define como la hiperglucemia con inicio o primer reconocimiento durante el embarazo. Es una de las complicaciones más comunes del embarazo, con una prevalencia de hasta el 10% en los países desarrollados y con limitada información en población colombiana. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de diabetes gestacional y la frecuencia de los factores de riesgo en pacientes que acudieron al Hospital Gestionar Bienestar de Zapatoca, Santander, entre 2013 y 2017. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo de corte transversal, se trabajó con una muestra de historias clínicas de pacientes que acudieron a controles prenatales al Hospital de Zapatoca, y que culminaron sus gestaciones entre junio 2013 y abril 2017. Resultados: De 297 gestantes registradas, 269 fueron incluidas para determinar la prevalencia de diabetes. En promedio, las participantes empezaron sus controles con 12 ± 0,74 semanas de gestación y edad de 25 ± 0,7 años. La prevalencia de diabetes gestacional fue de 4,46%. El 41,32% de las gestantes empezó controles prenatales con sobrepeso u obesidad según clasificación del estado nutricional de Atalah, encontrándose mayor frecuencia de diabetes en las gestantes con elevado índice de masa corporal y edad materna avanzada. Conclusiones: La prevalencia obtenida en el presente estudio es inferior a la descrita en otros estudios en Latinoamérica. Los resultados sugieren que la edad materna avanzada y el índice de masa corporal alto al inicio de la gestación fueron factores de riesgo para desarrollar diabetes gestacional en esta población. MÉD.UIS. 2018;31(2):17-23.

Abstract Background: Gestational diabetes is defined as hyperglycemia with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. It is one of the most common pregnancy complications, with a prevalence of up to 10% in developed countries and with limited information in colombian population. Objective: To determine the prevalence of gestational diabetes and the frequency of risk factors in patients who attended the Gestionar Bienestar Hospital of Zapatoca, Santander, between 2013 and 2017. Materials and Methods: A descriptive retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out. A clinical sample of patients who came to perform their prenatal checkups at the Gestionar Bienestar hospital of Zapatoca, who completed their pregnancies between june 2013 and april 2017. Results: Of 297 registered pregnant women, 269 were included to determine the prevalence of diabetes. On average, the participants started their controls with 12 ± 0.74 weeks of gestation and age of 25 ± 0.7 years. The prevalence of gestational diabetes was 4.46%. 41.32% of the pregnant women started prenatal controls with overweight or obesity according to Atalah nutritional status classification, with higher frequency of diabetes in pregnant women with high body mass index and advanced maternal age Conclusions: The prevalence obtained in the present study was lower than that described in other studies in Latin America. The results suggest that advanced maternal age and high body mass index at the beginning of gestation were risk factors for developing gestational diabetes in this population. MÉD.UIS. 2018;31(2):17-23.

Alteraciones leucocitarias por exposición a perclorato de amonio en ratones de la cepa ICR / Leucocitary changes by ammonium perchlorate in ICR mice strain / Alterações leucocitárias por exposição a perclorato de amônio em camundongos da linhagem ICR

El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo identificar alteraciones en el recuento de leucocitos en sangre periférica, generadas por la exposición a perclorato de amonio, en ratones de la cepa ICR, evaluando diferentes concentraciones de exposición y diferenciando dichas alteraciones en machos y hembras. Se realizó mediante un trabajo de diseño analítico tipo experimental. Se utilizaron 60 ratones de la cepa ICR, 30 machos y 30 hembras de los cuales 50 fueron expuestos a perclorato de amonio. La manipulación se llevó a cabo de acuerdo con lo establecido en la resolución 008430 de 1993, artículo 87 del Ministerio de Salud de la República de Colombia. Un 70% de los ratones hembra y un 83% de los ratones macho expuestos a perclorato de amonio presentaron alteraciones en el recuento celular de la línea blanca. Los machos presentaron mayor alteración leucocitaria, en especial linfocitopenia. Por otro lado, el peso en los ratones expuestos disminuyó considerablemente hacia la tercera semana de administración de perclorato de amonio, lo cual podría indicar que esta sustancia tóxica genera un estado de inmunosupresión. Se evidenció leucopenia, específicamente neutropenia, neutrofilia y linfocitopenia como principales alteraciones en el recuento de leucocitos en ratones de la cepa ICR, expuestos a perclorato de amonio.

The objective of this work was to identify the changes in the leukocyte counts in peripheral blood by ammonium perchlorate in ICR strain mice, evaluating the different exposure concentrations and differentiating the changes between males and females. Through an analytic experimental investigation, 60 ICR strain mice, 30 males and 30 females were used, 50 of which were exposed to ammonium perchlorate. This study was carried out by Resolution 008430/93, article 87 of Ministry of Health of Colombia. A total of 70% females and 83% males had changes in the leukocyte counts, especially lymphocytopenia in males, further, weight decreased the third week of treatment, and probably that toxic substance induces a state of immunosuppression. The main changes in the leukocyte counts in peripheral blood by ammonium perchlorate in ICR strain was leukopenia.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as alterações na contagem de leucócitos em sangue periférico, geradas pela exposição a perclorato de amônio em camundongos da linhagem ICR, avaliando diferentes concentrações de exposição e diferenciando estas alterações entre machos e fêmeas. Isto foi realizado através de um trabalho de desenho analítico tipo experimental. Foram utilizados 60 camundongos da linhagem ICR, sendo 30 machos e 30 fêmeas, dos quais 50 foram expostos ao perclorato de amônio. O manuseio foi realizado conforme a resolução 008430 de 1993, artigo 87 do Ministério da Saúde da Colômbia. 70% dos camundongos fêmea e 83% dos machos apresentaram alterações na contagem celular dos leucócitos, especialmente a linfocitopenia em machos. Além disso, o peso nos camundongos expostos diminuiu en forma considerável para a terceira semana de tratamento com perclorato de amônio, o qual poderia indicar que esta substância tóxica gera um estado de imunossupressão. Houve evidência de leucopenia, especificamente neutropenia, neutrofilia e linfocitopenia como principais alterações na contagem de leucócitos em camundongos da linhagem ICR, expostos a perclorato de amônio.

Topics and methods in economics, finance, and business journals: A content analysis enquiry.

This study analyzes the abstracts and titles of 33,454 business finance, economics, management, and business articles published in ISI (frequently cited) journals during 2013-14. The sample represents 46.4 percent of all papers published in ISI journals in those years, and 52.7 percent of the articles published in the selected categories. The journals were ranked in four Q categories according to their impact factors. The analysis revealed that some topics persisted in all Q groups, but others gained frequency by Q, which suggests that Q1 journals (those with higher impact factors) create trends that are followed by other publications. All Q groups have a methodological approach that is predominantly empirical rather than theoretical. In addition, while the business and management categories privileged case studies, economics studies emphasized panel data analyses. Finally, our study confirms the relevance of the English language in academia.

Ideological Consumerism in Colombian Elections, 2015: Links Between Political Ideology, Twitter Activity, and Electoral Results.

Propagation of political ideologies in social networks has shown a substantial impact on voting behavior. Both the contents of the messages (the ideology) and the politicians' influence on their online audiences (their followers) have been associated with such an impact. In this study we evaluate which of these factors exerted a major role in deciding electoral results of the 2015 Colombian regional elections by evaluating the linguistic similarity of political ideologies and their influence on the Twitter sphere. The electoral results proved to be strongly associated with tweets and retweets and not with the linguistic content of their ideologies or politicians' followers in Twitter. Finally, suggestions for new ways to analyze electoral processes are discussed.

Optimizing a culture medium for biomass and phenolic compounds production using Ganoderma lucidum.

The present work was aimed at optimizing a culture medium for biomass production and phenolic compounds by using Ganoderma lucidum. The culture was optimized in two stages; a Plackett-Burman design was used in the first one for identifying key components in the medium and a central composite design was used in the second one for optimizing their concentration. Both responses (biomass and phenolic compounds) were simultaneously optimized by the latter methodology regarding desirability, and the optimal concentrations obtained were 50.00 g/L sucrose, 13.29 g/L yeast extract and 2.99 g/L olive oil. Maximum biomass production identified in these optimal conditions was 9.5 g/L and that for phenolic compounds was 0.0452 g/L, this being 100% better than that obtained in the media usually used in the laboratory. Similar patterns regarding chemical characterization and biological activity towards Aspergillus sp., from both fruiting body and mycelium-derived secondary metabolites and extracts obtained in the proposed medium were observed. It was shown that such statistical methodologies are useful for optimizing fermentation and, in the specific case of G. lucidum, optimizing processes for its production and its metabolites in submerged culture as an alternative to traditional culture.

Optimizing a culture medium for biomass and phenolic compounds production using Ganoderma lucidum

The present work was aimed at optimizing a culture medium for biomass production and phenolic compounds by using Ganoderma lucidum. The culture was optimized in two stages; a Plackett-Burman design was used in the first one for identifying key components in the medium and a central composite design was used in the second one for optimizing their concentration. Both responses (biomass and phenolic compounds) were simultaneously optimized by the latter methodology regarding desirability, and the optimal concentrations obtained were 50.00 g/L sucrose, 13.29 g/L yeast extract and 2.99 g/L olive oil. Maximum biomass production identified in these optimal conditions was 9.5 g/L and that for phenolic compounds was 0.0452 g/L, this being 100% better than that obtained in the media usually used in the laboratory. Similar patterns regarding chemical characterization and biological activity towards Aspergillus sp., from both fruiting body and mycelium-derived secondary metabolites and extracts obtained in the proposed medium were observed. It was shown that such statistical methodologies are useful for optimizing fermentation and, in the specific case of G. lucidum, optimizing processes for its production and its metabolites in submerged culture as an alternative to traditional culture.

Monitoring of illicit pill distribution networks using an image collection exploration framework.

This paper proposes a novel approach for the analysis of illicit tablets based on their visual characteristics. In particular, the paper concentrates on the problem of ecstasy pill seizure profiling and monitoring. The presented method extracts the visual information from pill images and builds a representation of it, i.e. it builds a pill profile based on the pill visual appearance. Different visual features are used to build different image similarity measures, which are the basis for a pill monitoring strategy based on both discriminative and clustering models. The discriminative model permits to infer whether two pills come from the same seizure, while the clustering models groups of pills that share similar visual characteristics. The resulting clustering structure allows to perform a visual identification of the relationships between different seizures. The proposed approach was evaluated using a data set of 621 Ecstasy pill pictures. The results demonstrate that this is a feasible and cost effective method for performing pill profiling and monitoring.

Síntesis y evaluación in vitro de la actividad antifúngica de oximas, éteres de oxima e isoxazoles / Síntese e avaliação in vitro da atividade antifúngica de oximas, éteres de oxima e isoxazóis / Synthesis and in vitro assessment of antifungal activity of oximes, oxime ethers and isoxazoles

Objetivo. Sintetizar y realizar la evaluación preliminar de la actividad antifúngica in vitro de oximas, éteres de oxima e isoxazoles. Materiales y métodos. Las oximas se sintetizaron a partir de aldehídos o cetonas con NH2OH.HCl y K2CO3. Los éteres de oxima se obtuvieron mediante alquilación de oximas con bromuro de propargilo o bromuro de 2-bromobencilo, empleando como base NaOH y acetona como solvente. Los isoxazoles se obtuvieron mediante cicloadiciones 1,3-dipolares empleando nitrato cérico amónico (NAC), cloramina-T (CAT) y NaOCl. Los productos fueron identificados y/o caracterizados por resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) y espectrometría de masas (EM). Se realizaron pruebas de inhibición de crecimiento radial sobre Aspergillus niger y Fusarium roseum. Resultados. Se obtuvieron cinco oximas, siete éteres de oxima, cuatro de ellos nuevos y cuatro nuevos isoxazoles. Las sustancias evaluadas presentaron actividad antifúngica a cantidades de 1,5 mg y 3,0 mg. Conclusiones. Aunque las cicloadiciones 1,3-dipolares permitieron obtener los isoxazoles esperados, se observó que ésta metodología generó una amplia variedad de subproductos lo que disminuyó los rendimientos e hizo difícil la purificación del producto de interés. Cuatro de las sustancias evaluadas presentaron porcentajes de inhibición superiores al 80%...

Synthesis and in vitro assessment of antifungal activity of oximes, oxime ethers and isoxazoles. Objective. To synthesize and carry out a preliminary evaluation of the in vitro antifungal activity of oximes, oxime ethers and isoxazoles. Materials and methods. Oximes were synthesized from aldehydes or ketones with NH2OH.HCl and K2CO3. Oxime ethers were prepared by alkylation of oximes with propargyl bromide or 2-bromobenzyl bromide, using NaOH as base and acetone as solvent. The isoxazoles were obtained by 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN), chloramine T (CAT) and NaOCl. Products were identified or characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS). Radial growth inhibition assays against Aspergillus niger and Fusarium roseum were carried out. Results. Five oximes, seven oxime ethers, four of them new, and four new isoxazoles were obtained. The assessed substances exhibited antifungal activity in amounts of 1,5 mg and 3,0 mg. Conclusions. Although 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions allowed to obtain the desired isoxazoles, this methodology produced a wide variety of side products that reduced yields and made difficult the purification of the target products. Four of the tested compounds showed inhibition percentages greater than 80%...

Síntese e avaliação “in vitro” da atividade antifúngica de oximas, éteres de oxima e isoxazóis. Objetivo. Sintetizar e realizar a avaliação preliminar da atividade antifúngica in vitro de oximas, éteres de oxima e isoxazóis. Materiais e métodos. As oximas foram sintetizadas a partir de aldeídos ou cetonas com NH2OH.HCl e K2CO3. Os éteres de oxima foram obtidos pela alquilação de oximas com brometo de propargilo ou brometo de 2-bromobenzilo, utilizando NaOH como base e acetona como solvente. Os isoxazóis foram obtidos por cicloadição 1,3-dipolar usando nitrato cérico de amônio (NCA), cloramina-T (CAT) e NaOCl. Os produtos foram identificados e / ou caracterizados por ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) e espectrometria de massas (EM). Foram realizados testes de inibição sobre o crescimento radial de Aspergillus niger e Fusarium roseum. Resultados. Foram obtidas cinco oximas, sete éteres de oxima, quatro deles novos e quatro novos isoxazóis. As substâncias testadas apresentaram atividade antifúngica em quantidades de 1,5 mg e 3,0 mg. Conclusões. Embora as cicloadições 1,3-dipolares permitiram obter os isoxazóis esperados, observou-se que esta metodologia resultou numa grande variedade de subprodutos que reduziram os rendimentos e tornaram difícil a purificação do produto de interesse. Quatro das substâncias testadas apresentaram porcentagens de inibição acima de 80%...

Efectos citotoxicos in vitro de extractos y fracciones de Bursera tomentosa (Jacq.) Triana & Planch., Burseraceae, frente a lineas celulares tumorales humanos / In vitro cytotoxicity of extracts and fractions of Bursera tomentosa (Jacq.) Triana & Planch., Burseraceae, against human tumor cell / Efeitos citotóxicos in vitro de extratos e frações de Bursera tomentosa (Jacq.) Triana & Planch., Burseraceae, frente a linhagens celulares tumorais humanos

A los extractos, fracciones y subfracciones obtenidos de hojas, flores y corteza de Bursera tomentosa (Jacq.) Triana & Planch., Burseraceae, se les evalúo su actividad citotóxica preliminar frente a las líneas celulares CSC-1595 y Colo 205, siguiendo el método de fraccionamiento guiado por bioensayo de citotoxicidad MTT. Los resultados obtenidos de esta prueba muestran a la subfracción en diclorometano-metanol (9.5:0.5) obtenida de la fracción acetato de etilo del extracto en éter de petróleo de hojas, como la que presentó las sustancias bioactivas con una marcada actividad citotóxica, con porcentajes de viabilidad del 3 por ciento y 15.3 por ciento a la concentración 30 µg/mL en las líneas tumorales humanas Colo 205 y CSC-1595 respectivamente.

To the extracts, fractions and subfractions obtained from leaves, flowers and bark of Bursera tomentosa (Jacq.) Triana & Planch., Burseraceae, its preliminary cytotoxic activity against to the cellular lines CSC-1595 and Colo 205 were evaluated, following the MTT method. The results showed that dichloromethane-methanol (9.5:0.5) subfraction obtained of ethyl acetate part from petroleum extract of leaves, like to display the bioactives substances with a strong cytotoxic activity, showing viability percentage of 3 percent and 15,3 percent to the concentration 30 µg/mL in human tumor cellular lines Colo 205 and CSC-1595 respectively.

A atividade citotóxica de extratos frações e subfrações obtidas das folhas e cascas de Bursera tomentosa (Jacq.) Triana & Planch., Burseraceae, foram preliminarmente avaliados pelo método MTT frente a linhagens celulares tumorais CSC-1595 e Colo 205. Os resultados mostraram que a subfração diclorometano-metanol (9.5:0.5), obtidos a partir da fração acetato de etila do extrato em éter de petróleo das folhas, como sendo a que apresenta substâncias bioativas com forte atividade citotóxica, taxa de viabilidade de 3 por cento e de 15,3 por cento na concentração de 30 µg/mL em linhagens de células tumorais humanas Colo 205 e CSC-1595, respectivamente.

Actividad in vitro de la mezcla de alcaloides de Ervatamia coronaria (Jacq) Staff. Apocynaceae sobre amastigotes de Leishmania braziliensis / Atividade in vitro da mistura de alcalóides de Ervatamia coronaria (Jacq) Staff. Apocynaceae sobre amastigotas de Leishmania braziliensis / In vitro activity of the alkaloids mixture of Ervatamia coronaria (Jacq) Staff. Apocynaceae on Leishmania braziliensis amastigotes

A leishmaniose é considerada uma importante causa de morbidade e mortalidade a nível mundial, principalmente nos países tropicais. As formas cutânea e mucocutânea são causadas, entre outras espécies, por Leishmania braziliensis. Na procura de compostos leishmanicidas de origem natural, foi estudada a atividade da mistura de alcalóides de Ervatamia coronaria (Apocynaceae) contra amastigotas de L. braziliensis em 6 concentrações diferentes (1, 10, 20, 25, 50 e 100 µg/mL). Foram tratados macrófagos de ratos da linha J774, infectados com promastigotas de L. braziliensis, com a mistura de alcalóides 1 hora após-infecção e diariamente por 3 dias sem mudança de meio. As experiências de citotoxicidade foram efetuadas sobre os macrófagos com azul tripam. Todos os cultivos foram feitos de forma triplicada e os grupos de controle não foram submetidos à mistura de alcalóides. Foi obtido que o composto adicionado exerce atividade doses/dependente sobre a parasita. No entanto, as concentrações mais altas (50 e 100 µg/mL), adicionado durante 3 dias, mostraram os maiores índices de infecção, provavelmente devido a diminuição no número de macrófagos, sobre os quais não foi observado efeito tóxico do tratamento durante 24 horas DL50/24h = 233,52 µg/mL. Os resultados dessa pesquisa revelaram uma nova atividade farmacológica de alcalóides da espécie Ervatamia coronaria sobre a forma amastigota de Leishmania braziliensis, com IC50 = 2,6 e 12,4 µg/mL sem mostrar toxicidade sobre a célula hospedeira.

Leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania sp., is one of the mean reason of considerable mortality and morbidity throughout the world, especially in the tropics. Cutaneous and mucocutaneous manifestations are caused by Leishmania braziliensis, and the cutaneous form is the most common one in Colombia. In the search for antileishmanial compounds from natural sources, we studied the alkaloids mixture from Ervatamia coronaria against L. braziliensis at six different concentrations (1.0, 10, 20, 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL). Macrophages J774 infected with L. braziliensis were treated with alkaloids one hour, and once a day for three days, after parasitic infection and preserving the same culture medium. Cytotoxicity with trypan blue was undertaken in macrophages J774 by using the same concentrations. Three different cultures samples were carried out. As a control we used medium alone. The alkaloids mix showed a dose/dependent activity on amastigote, but by increasing concentrations from 50 to 100 µg/mL for three days, we saw a high index of infection, probably caused by cellular death. We did not see any toxic effect on macrophages J774 at 100 µg/mL, LD50/24h= 233.52 µg/mL. These results revealed a novel pharmacological activity of alkaloids from E. coronaria against amastigotes of L. braziliensis IC50 = 2.6 and 12.4 µg/mL without toxicity on host cells.