Effects of a Hybrid Program of Active Breaks and Responsibility on the Behaviour of Primary Students: A Mixed Methods Study.

Schools are ideal environments to promote healthy lifestyles and teach values among students. In this sense, the present study aims to verify the result of an Active Break program (AB) within the Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility (TPSR) Model in the school environment. The sample consisted of two teachers/tutors from the sixth year of Primary Education and 51 pupils, aged between 11 and 13 years, who were divided into an experimental group (n = 26) and a control group (n = 25). The intervention program lasted 3 months, in which the hybridised methodology was applied during 100% of the weekly classes, computing a total of 156 sessions by the end of the study. It was a quasi-experimental study design that used a mixed methodology combining a systematic observational analysis with semi-structured interviews. The results showed an evolution in the behaviour of the teacher from the experimental group from a controlling style to one centred on the transfer of autonomy, while the teacher from the control group primarily used strategies based on the imposition of tasks and the establishment of organisation, which caused an increase in disruptive behaviours among students. We conclude that the program is adaptable to Primary Education and can be extended to any educational environment to improve the classroom climate and attract the attention of students and, finally, allows for the promotion of new teaching strategies.

LINCE PLUS software for systematic observational studies in sports and health.

This paper aims to offer a free software program, LINCE PLUS, suitable for systematic observational studies in sports and health, conducted in natural contexts such as training, education or psychology. Using one or several videos simultaneously, different parameters such as behaviors, decision-making or strategies can be analyzed. The software includes several functionalities for studies that researchers need to utilize throughout the observational study process. Collaborative work can be accomplished by using simultaneous videos and multiple observers. The results of all research conducted by LINCE PLUS are offered inside the application in real time, enabling common calculations or including specific analysis with R language without the need for any other external tool. Moreover, LINCE PLUS shows the results of each study with interactive charts or, if needed, it exports the data to specific data analysis software programs (e.g., SAS, Excel, Theme, GSEQ 5, Hoisan). We include examples of sports and health studies that have been conducted with LINCE PLUS to show the suitability of this software program.

T-Pattern Detection and Analysis of Football Players' Tactical and Technical Defensive Behaviour Interactions: Insights for Training and Coaching Team Coordination.

This article aims to study the coordination of the defenders' tactical and technical behaviour of successful teams to recover the ball according to contextual variables. A total of 15,369 (480.28 ± 112.37) events and 49 to 12,398 different patterns in 32 games of the 2014 FIFA World Cup's play-offs were detected and analysed. Results evidenced a T-pattern of the first defender pressuring the ball carrier and his teammates concentrating at the same zone to cover him or space, leading to ball recovery. Field zones, first defender tactical and technical behaviours, and ball carrier first touch constituted opportunities for defenders to coordinate themselves. Moreover, the third defender had a predominant role in his teammates' temporisation and covering zone behaviours. In the draw, first half, second-tier quality of opponent and play-offs excluding third place and final matches, the ball regularly shifted from upper to lower field zones in short periods, resulting in ball recovery or shot on goal conceded. Defenders performed behaviours farther from the ball carrier, and player-marking were most recurrent to an effective defence. This study's findings could help coaches give specific tips to players regarding interpersonal coordination in defence and set strategies to make tactical behaviour emerge globally.

Implementation of a Hybrid Educational Program between the Model of Personal and Social Responsibility (TPSR) and the Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) in Physical Education and Its Effects on Health: An Approach Based on Mixed Methods.

The present study investigates the effect of an educational program hybridized between the Model of Personal and Social Responsibility (TPSR) and the Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) in physical education classes on the health and psychosocial variables of students, as well as knowing the advantages and disadvantages of its implementation by teachers. The applied program lasted 11 weeks in two Secondary Education centers with a total of four teachers (two in the experimental group and two in the control group) and 99 students (55 from the control group and 44 from the experimental group). We use research methodology Mixed Methods with a quasi-experimental design, where students completed a questionnaire before and after the educational program and teachers were interviewed at the end of the intervention. The results of the questionnaires indicate significant improvements in the experimental group over time in terms of the intention to be physically active, as well as in autonomous motivation, the self-determination index, the index of psychological mediators, personal and social responsibility, and enjoyment. Moreover, the interviews show positive opinions regarding the organizational capacity of the session using this methodology and the interest of teachers in continuing to apply it in the future, as well as the need for initial and ongoing training for proper implementation. In conclusion, the hybridization between the TPSR and TGfU model is presented as an effective alternative to be applied in the educational context with the aim of improving young peoples' intention to be physically active and psychological variables, such as motivation, responsibility, and enjoyment, in physical education classes.

How do Elite Soccer Teams Perform to Ball Recovery? Effects of Tactical Modelling and Contextual Variables on the Defensive Patterns of Play.

Researchers in soccer match analysis have been using limited procedures to express the dynamics of the game and mainly focus on the attack. Therefore, the aims of this paper were to detect the successful teams' ball recovery defensive patterns of play and study the influence of tactical modelling, halves, match status, opponent quality and stage competition on those patterns. The sample consisted of 1323 situations of defensive ball possession of the semi-finalist teams from the 2014 FIFA World Cup play-offs, which was collected by a valid and reliable observational instrument (Soccer-Defence). The Kruskal-Wallis H, Mann-Whitney U, Chi-square, Z-, multinomial logistic regression tests and sequential analysis (p < .05; z > 1.96) were used accordingly to test the differences and associations among and within teams of tactical modelling, tactical-technical behaviours and contextual variables to ball recovery. We found that among teams ball recovery differed in duration; H(3) = 14.958, p = .002. Germany were more likely to perform ball recovery by the goalkeeper than Argentina (p = .04; OR = 0.47) or the Netherlands (p < .05; OR = 0.50). Nevertheless, Brazil was the least likely to concede a shot off goal. Teams facing lower-ranked opponents were 0.63 times less likely to perform ball recovery by interception (p <.001). Additionally, sequential analysis illustrated that teams varied between central and lateral high-pressure zones before ball recovery in lower zones of the field. Finally, coaches could use such findings to design training exercises, create their own style of play, and set strategies.

Enhancing Learner Motivation and Classroom Social Climate: A Mixed Methods Approach.

The aim of this study was to analyze how motivation and classroom social climate was enhanced in the teaching-learning context throughout a Pedagogical Model of Personal and Social Responsibility (TPSR) implementation using a mixed method approach. An educational program was applied during an academic year in a student sample of primary and secondary school. A total of 44 sessions with 54 participants, between 11 and 16 years old (M = 13.41 years, SD = 1.73) were video-recorded. A multilevel triangulation design of mixed method research was applied to merge: (a) the Observational System of Teaching Oriented Responsibility (OSTOR), which revealed how the students' behavior patterns shifted an alongside the interventions with (b) a set of five complementary questionnaires: Motivation toward Education Scale (EME), Responsibility Questionnaire (PSRQ), Basic Psychological Needs Questionnaire (PNSE), Questionnaire to assess social school climate (CECSCE) and Questionnaire of School Violence (CUVE). The mixed methods design confirmed that both the observational and the inferential analysis show an improvement of the TPSR implementation in the student's responsibility and satisfaction and the social climate of the classroom. The other variables, although they were also improved, did not do it significantly; all the motivation dimensions showed higher values, except for amotivation and violence.

Innovaciones didácticas en Educación Física, observación con el software LINCE PLUS / Innovations didactics in Physical education, observation with the software LINCE PLUS

Los recursos digitales y la incorporación de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación (TIC) facilitan el aprendizaje autónomo del alumnado en el aula y el aumento de su motivación provocando una mejora en el aprendizaje. Los profesionales de la docencia de la educación física no están al margen de la incorporación de las TIC en su práctica profesional para favorecer el aprendizaje cooperativo de los alumnos y la coevaluación incentivando el desarrollo de sus habilidades motrices. El objetivo de este estudio fue proponer la introducción de filmaciones realizadas por los alumnos y su posterior análisis mediante un recurso tecnológico y gratuito, el software LINCE PLUS. El docente propone por grupos la ejecución de una habilidad y la coevaluación de sus compañeros con el registro en vídeo, mediante móviles o tablets, y su posterior observación y análisis mejorando el proceso de aprendizaje autónomo y cooperativo sobre sus propias ejecuciones motrices. Con esta experiencia se produce un incremento de la motivación de los alumnos y la generación de un nuevo escenario en el que los alumnos pueden tener un feedback directo sobre su ejecución, favoreciendo el aprendizaje por descubrimiento y la acción coevaluadora en un proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje motivante

Digital resources and the incorporation of information and communication technologies (ICT) facilitate the autonomous learning of students in the classroom and increase their motivation causing an improvement in learning. Physical education teaching professionals are not excluded from the incorporation of ICTs in their professional practice to favour the cooperative learning of students and co-evaluation, encouraging the development of their motor skills. The objective of this work is to propose the introduction of films made by students and their subsequent analysis through a technological resource and free tool, the LINCE PLUS software. The teacher proposes in groups the execution of a skill and the coevaluation of their peers with the video recording, through mobile phones or tablets, and their subsequent observation and analysis with the tool, improving the process of autonomous and cooperative learning about their own motor executions. Through this immersive experience there is an increase in the motivation of the students and the generation of a new scenario where the students get a direct feedback on their execution, favouring the learning process by discovery and the coevaluation action in a motivating process for teaching-learning

Has the use of body image in advertising changed in the first two decades of the new century?

The human body is a powerful advertising tool that portrays changing messages according to social trends and expectations. Sport advertisements in particular offer many opportunities to study these changes. The aim of this study was to analyze changes in body image portrayal in printed sports magazine advertisements over the last two decades. We used a purpose-designed observation instrument (OSBI) to analyze 221 body images in sports magazine advertisements from 2008 to 2018. We then performed T-pattern analysis (TPA) to compare the 2 periods as TPA is a suitable technique for analyzing the motor activities. Our results showed that advertisements from both periods featured mostly young, muscular, athletic men wearing sports attire. Women appeared more frequently in 2018 and showed a more dynamic body attitude. Other changes detected for 2018 were a greater presence of sports idols, facial mood expressions, and technological devices. We consider that this research demonstrates a unique, new application of TPA since we did not focus on behaviors from a single time dimension, but on a continuous chain of body images portrayed in sports magazine advertisements. The OSBI observation instrument used to record details of body image sequences provided objective evidence to help answer our research question.

Impulsivity and physical activity: A T-Pattern detection of motor behavior profiles.

The relation between impulsivity and physical activity has been scantly investigated. Actually, during physical activity, several goals are achieved on the basis of a certain dose of impulsiveness. This study detects motor and interactive behavior profiles from athletes with traits of impulsiveness, moderate impulsiveness and non-impulsiveness, performing open motor tasks concerning material, space and interaction behaviors. A specific test was administered to assess the impulsivity profiles of athletes; then the Observational System of Motor Skills, Space, Time and Interaction (OSMOSTI), was used to observe and detect movement sequences patterns throughout T-Pattern detection and analysis (TPA). Recent researches have shown that TPA is a suitable approach to study physical activity in different contexts related, for instance, to sport, dance or exergames. Results of TPA revealed that open motor situations enhance motor behavior profiles especially by comparing participants with different impulsiveness. T-Patterns of non-impulsiveness and moderate impulsiveness traits emphasized much more the executive functions of response inhibition, working memory and mental shifting. In this study we pointed out on how impulsiveness, as a candent trait, traditionally considered that leads to a precipitation, unplanned and risky actions could enhance adequate responses to goal achievements if we consider it far to be a disorder on sport and similar subjects. The tool OSMOSTI and TPA used to observe diverse degrees of impulsivity have evidenced objectively the aim of the study.

Optimizing Education: A Mixed Methods Approach Oriented to Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility (TPSR).

This methodological article provides a Mixed Method approach to analyze how the Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility (TPSR) Model is feasible to enhance student's autonomy. The objective is to detect how teachers' behavior-oriented patterns shift in response to continuing professional development to reinforce TPSR strategies. We compared the application of TPSR by three teachers who had previously attended a training course for this model, with that of an expert in the model. A total of 44 sessions of primary and secondary school semesters in various subjects, taught by all four teachers and comprising 120 students. A mixed-method approach followed in the study involved: (a) the Observational System of Teaching Oriented Responsibility (OSTOR), which revealed how the teachers' behavior patterns shifted over their interventions, and (b) the Tool for Assessing Responsibility-Based Education (TARE 2.0.), which focused on perceived behaviors by teachers and student behaviors. Data analysis was conducted for (a) the T-pattern detection technique, (b) polar coordinate analysis to obtain detailed sequences of instruction, and (c) descriptive and correlational analysis from the TARE. The mixed-method analysis of data confirms how the TPSR improved the teaching behaviors of the three teachers in training compared with the expert teacher.

Episode of Situated Learning to Enhance Student Engagement and Promote Deep Learning: Preliminary Results in a High School Classroom.

Teaching is now experiencing a new centrality due to the fast socio-cultural transformations, the vertical growth of digital media and, therefore, the new ways children and young people learn. New paradigms and teaching methodologies are emerging to meet the new educational needs; among them, the "Episodes of Situated Learning" approach (EAS in Italian) was chosen for this study. This approach broadly refers to the "Flipped Class" model, in which the lesson structure reverses the traditional teaching/learning cycle with a positive outcome on engagement and learning. The present study aims to explore whether the EAS teaching methodology, according to literature about the Flipped Class model, has a positive outcome on student engagement, focusing on its emotional, cognitive and behavioral components. In particular, we hypothesize that the EAS teaching methodology changes teachers' behavior in classroom, increasing their movements and body expression during the lesson. Moreover, we expect higher levels of self-efficacy and positive emotions and lower levels of perceived anxiety in teachers, thus improving students' level of engagement. The research was conducted in a secondary school, in Milan, and includes a classroom of sixteen students and three teachers. We chose a quasi-experimental nested design, a mixed-method approach that combines the qualitative and quantitative collection and analysis of data, in order to reach, as far as possible, a holistic, effective and exhaustive representation of the studied phenomenon. Pre-post measures, including video-recording, systematic observation and questionnaires, of both students and teachers were collected during the 8 months of experimentation. This research project could foster positive outcomes for participants as well as the broader society, in which school dropout is increasing. Many authors positively associate low levels of students' engagement to high rates of school dropout; for this reason, working on improving teaching methodologies and students' engagement measurement, could be an effective way to enhance learning and opposing school dropout.

A Mixed Methods Design to Detect Adolescent and Young Adults' Impulsiveness on Decision-Making and Motor Performance.

Impulsiveness in adolescents and young adults is an important aspect of psychological research. However, there still is lack of research that relates impulsiveness and motor performance in those. Thus, we aim to detect the levels of impulsiveness related to motor skills, motor laterality, spatial orientation, and individual interaction on the decision-making of adolescents and young adults across three staggered workouts. The study had 71 participants (53 males and 18 females), ranging in age from 17 to 24 years old (Mage = 18.5 years; SD = 1.72) and classified as non-impulsiveness (n = 47), impulsiveness (n = 17), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (n = 7). A Mixed Methods research was conducted throughout four research tools (a) The Observational System of Motor Skills (OSMOS) was used to observe and detect the movement sequences patterns; (b) The Spanish version of Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-P) was administered to obtain the impulsiveness profiles; (c) The Precision and Agility Tapping over Hoops (PATHoops) was carried out to observe the decision-making and temporal-spatial over movement effectiveness; (d) Motor Laterality Inventory (MOTORLAT) was applied to obtain the laterality profiles related to motor skills performance. This Mixed Methods approach has obtained useful results for impulsiveness in motor situations as the results from the different tools converge to established three clear profiles of impulsiveness. Participants with ADHD showed lack of interpersonal interaction, non-resolute decision-making, and lesser richness of motor skills patterns than non-impulsiveness and impulsiveness subjects. Additionally, impulsiveness participants also showed rich motor patterns, dyadic interactions, good decision making in spatial orientation tasks, and more versatile laterality in the lower limbs.

Profiles of Motor Laterality in Young Athletes' Performance of Complex Movements: Merging the MOTORLAT and PATHoops Tools.

Laterality is a key aspect of the analysis of basic and specific motor skills. It is relevant to sports because it involves motor laterality profiles beyond left-right preference and spatial orientation of the body. The aim of this study was to obtain the laterality profiles of young athletes, taking into account the synergies between the support and precision functions of limbs and body parts in the performance of complex motor skills. We applied two instruments: (a) MOTORLAT, a motor laterality inventory comprising 30 items of basic, specific, and combined motor skills, and (b) the Precision and Agility Tapping over Hoops (PATHoops) task, in which participants had to perform a path by stepping in each of 14 hoops arranged on the floor, allowing the observation of their feet, left-right preference and spatial orientation. A total of 96 young athletes performed the PATHoops task and the 30 MOTORLAT items, allowing us to obtain data about limb dominance and spatial orientation of the body in the performance of complex motor skills. Laterality profiles were obtained by means of a cluster analysis and a correlational analysis and a contingency analysis were applied between the motor skills and spatial orientation actions performed. The results obtained using MOTORLAT show that the combined motor skills criterion (for example, turning while jumping) differentiates athletes' uses of laterality, showing a clear tendency toward mixed laterality profiles in the performance of complex movements. In the PATHoops task, the best spatial orientation strategy was "same way" (same foot and spatial wing) followed by "opposite way" (opposite foot and spatial wing), in keeping with the research assumption that actions unfolding in a horizontal direction in front of an observer's eyes are common in a variety of sports.

What are the Most Widely used and Effective Attack Coverage Systems in Men's Volleyball?

In volleyball, attack coverage is one of the play actions most neglected in coaching and research. The purpose of this study was to find out which attack coverage systems are used by high-level men's teams in different game situations and the characteristics of the most effective systems. We analysed 15 matches from the 2010 Men's Pan-American Volleyball Cup, with a total of 1,415 coverage actions. Chi-square tests for independence, adjusted residuals analysis and calculations of standardised mean difference were performed. The results show that high-level men's volleyball uses many coverage systems other than the traditional 3-2-0 and 2-3-0. At this level of play, the most frequent systems were 1-3-1 and 1-2-2, which occurred significantly often at the culmination of a third-tempo attack at the wing. The most effective systems consisted of three coverage lines, with fewer than five players covering the spiker and at least one player in the first coverage line, in both the attack and counterattack phases. Given the large number of coverage systems identified in different game situations, we recommend flexible, loosely structured training in these systems, based on a set of guiding principles that all players on a team must internalise for the specific position they are playing. Regarding the systems' efficacy, the main watchword is that on each coverage line there should always be at least one player, but the first line should not be exposed.

How to merge observational and physiological data? A case study of motor skills patterns and heart rate in exercise programs for adult women / ¿Cómo combinar datos observacionales y fisiológicos? Un estudio de caso de patrones de habilidades motoras y frecuencia cardíaca en programas de ejercicio para mujeres adultas

The present study analyzes individual and group heart rate responses in exercising adult women. The specific aim was to compare responses during routine workout sessions within a community exercise program with responses during a purpose-designed workout session targeting diverse motor skills. Sixty-seven adult women with a mean ± SD age of 65.1 ± 11.7 years participated in the study. Two representative sessions were analyzed: a standard workout session the women took at the local community center and an ad hoc session designed to build on a variety of motor skills and capabilities. Observational methodology was used to collect categorical data on motor skill performance during each session using the OSMOS-in context observation instrument. Continuous heart rate data were recorded for all participants during each session. A combined analysis of categorical and continuous data was undertaken using Hidden Markov Models. The results show that the session targeting a greater diversity of motor skills not only met the cardiovascular fitness recommendations of the American College of Sports Medicine, but resulted in greater individual variability and greater synchrony between participants than the routine session (AU)

El presente estudio analiza las respuestas individuales y de grupo de la frecuencia cardiaca de mujeres adultas mientras realizan actividad física. El interés de este estudio recae en comparar como estas respuestas varían entre sesiones de ejercicio rutinario y sesiones que incluyen variedad de habilidades motrices. Participaron 67 mujeres adultas (edad 65.1 ± 11.7) usuarias de programas de actividad física municipales. Analizamos dos sesiones representativas: una estándar de los propios programas de actividad física que realizan y otra diseñada ad hoc con variedad de diversos tipos de habilidades y capacidades motrices. Utilizamos la metodología observacional para obtener datos categóricos de las habilidades motrices realizadas en cada sesión a partir del instrumento de observación OSMOS-in context. Los datos continuos obtenidos de la frecuencia cardíaca individual de cada participante se midieron mediante monitorización en cada sesión. El análisis conjunto de ambos tipos de datos, categóricos y continuos, se realizó mediante la aplicación de Cadenas Ocultas de Markov (HMM). Los resultados obtenidos consideramos que son bastante relevantes puesto que indican que la sesión que aporta mayor riqueza motriz no solo muestra una mayor adecuación cardíaca a la intensidad del ejercicio (según las recomendaciones del American College of Sports Medicine) sino una mayor variabilidad individual, incluso una mayor sincronización entre todas las participantes con respecto a la sesión estándar propia de los programas de actividad física que realizan asiduamente (AU)

Mastery in Goal Scoring, T-Pattern Detection, and Polar Coordinate Analysis of Motor Skills Used by Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo.

Research in soccer has traditionally given more weight to players' technical and tactical skills, but few studies have analyzed the motor skills that underpin specific motor actions. The objective of this study was to investigate the style of play of the world's top soccer players, Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi, and how they use their motor skills in attacking actions that result in a goal. We used and improved the easy-to-use observation instrument (OSMOS-soccer player) with 9 criteria, each one expanded to build 50 categories. Associations between these categories were investigated by T-pattern detection and polar coordinate analysis. T-pattern analysis detects temporal structures of complex behavioral sequences composed of simpler or directly distinguishable events within specified observation periods (time point series). Polar coordinate analysis involves the application of a complex procedure to provide a vector map of interrelated behaviors obtained from prospective and retrospective sequential analysis. The T-patterns showed that for both players the combined criteria were mainly between the different aspects of motor skills, namely the use of lower limbs, contact with the ball using the outside of the foot, locomotion, body orientation with respect to the opponent goal line, and the criteria of technical actions and the right midfield. Polar coordinate analysis detected significant associations between the same criteria included in the T-patterns as well as the criteria of turning the body, numerical equality with no pressure, and relative numerical superiority.

The Specificity of Observational Studies in Physical Activity and Sports Sciences: Moving Forward in Mixed Methods Research and Proposals for Achieving Quantitative and Qualitative Symmetry.

Mixed methods studies are been increasingly applied to a diversity of fields. In this paper, we discuss the growing use-and enormous potential-of mixed methods research in the field of sport and physical activity. A second aim is to contribute to strengthening the characteristics of mixed methods research by showing how systematic observation offers rigor within a flexible framework that can be applied to a wide range of situations. Observational methodology is characterized by high scientific rigor and flexibility throughout its different stages and allows the objective study of spontaneous behavior in natural settings, with no external influence. Mixed methods researchers need to take bold yet thoughtful decisions regarding both substantive and procedural issues. We present three fundamental and complementary ideas to guide researchers in this respect: we show why studies of sport and physical activity that use a mixed methods research approach should be included in the field of mixed methods research, we highlight the numerous possibilities offered by observational methodology in this field through the transformation of descriptive data into quantifiable code matrices, and we discuss possible solutions for achieving true integration of qualitative and quantitative findings.

Goal Scoring in Soccer: A Polar Coordinate Analysis of Motor Skills Used by Lionel Messi.

Soccer research has traditionally focused on technical and tactical aspects of team play, but few studies have analyzed motor skills in individual actions, such as goal scoring. The objective of this study was to investigate how Lionel Messi, one of the world's top soccer players, uses his motor skills and laterality in individual attacking actions resulting in a goal. We analyzed 103 goals scored by Messi between over a decade in three competitions: La Liga (n = 74), Copa del Rey (n = 8), and the UEFA Champions League (n = 21). We used an ad-hoc observation instrument (OSMOS-soccer player) comprising 10 criteria and 50 categories; polar coordinate analysis, a powerful data reduction technique, revealed significant associations for body part and orientation, foot contact zone, turn direction, and locomotion. No significant associations were observed for pitch area or interaction with opponents. Our analysis confirms significant associations between different aspects of motor skill use by Messi immediately before scoring, namely use of lower limbs, foot contact zones, turn direction, use of wings, and orientation of body to move toward the goal. Studies of motor skills in soccer could shed light on the qualities that make certain players unique.

La percepción de beneficios y de mejora del equilibrio motriz en programas de actividad física en la tercera edad / A perceção dos benefícios e da melhoria do equilíbrio motor de participantes de terceira idade num programa de atividade física / Perceived improvements in motor balance in relation to physical activity in programs for the elderly

Nuestro objetivo es estudiar la percepción de los beneficios y de la mejora del equilibrio motriz que tienen los participantes de la tercera edad en un programa de actividad física. Realizamos un enfoque mixed methods de tipo embedded design de los datos obtenidos de la observación sistematizada de los patrones motrices que generan programas dirigidos a este colectivo; la administración de un test estandarizado de equilibrio en geriatría y un cuestionario validado. Se analizaron 19 sesiones de actividad física para obtener los patrones motrices que se desarrollan en dichos programas. Aplicamos el sistema de observación OSMOS_in context, codificado mediante LINCE v.1 y la subsiguiente detección de T-Patterns mediante THEME v.6, La puntuación del equilibrio motriz, administrando la escala de Tinetti, se obtuvo de los 90 participantes de los programas. Los datos de la percepción de beneficios se han obtenido a partir del cuestionario realizando un análisis de contenido, mediante el software Atlas-ti v. 6.2. Los T-patterns que hemos obtenido muestran el trabajo específico de estabilidad motriz de manera conjunta a otras capacidades y habilidades motrices específicas, aspectos que se corroboran en la puntuación de la escala de Tinetti y que los participantes corroboran y relacionan con una mejoría en la percepción de beneficios tanto físicos como sociale (AU)

O objetivo do presente trabalho é estudar a perceção dos benefícios e da melhoria do equilíbrio motor de participantes de terceira idade num programa de atividade física. Realizou-se um enfoque mixed methods de tipo embedded design dos dados obtidos a partir de uma observação sistemática dos padrões motores gerados pelos programas dirigidos a este grupo; a administração de um teste estandardizado de equilíbrio e um questionário validado. Analisaram-se 19 sessões de atividade física, a partir das quais se obtiveram os padrões motores nos programas referidos. Aplicouse o sistema de observação OSMOS in contexto, codificado mediante a utilização do software LINCE v.1, e a subsequente deteção de t-patterns mediante a utilização do softare THEME v.6. A pontuação do equilíbrio motor foi obtida a partir dos 90 participantes, administrando-se para isso a escala Tinetti. Os dados de perceção dos benefícios foram obtidos a partir do questionário, realizando-se para isso uma análise do conteúdo através do software Atlas-ti v.6.2. Os T-patterns encontrados evidenciam que o trabalho específico de estabilidade motora, simultaneamente a outras capacidades e habilidades motoras específicas, convergem na pontuação da escala de Tinetti, sendo que os participantes corroboram e relacionam com uma melhoria na perceção dos benefícios físicos e sociais (AU)

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between perceived benefits and motor patterns observed in an exercise program for the elderly. We performed an embedded mixed methods design in which we analyzed data from 90 elderly adults who participated in 19 physical activity sessions. The data were obtained by systematically observing motor patterns during exercise, assessing balance control, and analyzing the results of a validated questionnaire on perceived benefits completed by the participants. The 19 sessions were analyzed using the observation tool OSMOS_in context and coded in LINCE v.1. T-pattern analysis was performed in Theme v.6. Balance scores were calculated for all 90 participants using the Tinetti Balance Assessment Tool. The results of the perceived benefits questionnaire were examined using the content analysis feature in Atlas-ti v. 6.2. T-pattern analysis showed the presence of specific patterns related to balance control and other motor and psychomotor skills; the patterns detected reflect improvements that were corroborated by the Tinetti Tool scores and the results of the questionnaires showing that the participants perceived both physical and social benefit (AU)

Análisis del comportamiento táctico ofensivo en momentos críticos de juego en el alto rendimiento en balonmano: Un estúdio / Análise do comportamento tático ofensivo em momentos críticos de alto desempenho no jogo de Handebol: um estudo misto Methods / Mixed Methods Analysis of the offensive tactical behavior in critical moments of game in the high performance in handball: A study Mixed Methods

El objetivo del artículo es analizar las variables que influyen en las fases ofensivas críticas del balonmano de alto rendimiento desde una perspectiva dinámica ecológica y con un planteamiento Mixed Methods. Evaluamos los diferentes sistemas tácticos ofensivos en ataque posicional y en contraataque de las últimas diez posesiones del balón y acciones ofensivas de partidos de balonmano de élite mediante un análisis observacional en dos etapas. Una primera etapa CUALI, materializada en forma de registro descriptivo, que permitieron la construcción de un sistema de observación (SOCTO); y una segunda etapa CUANTI con la que obtuvimos un registro sistematizado posterior mediante las siguientes dimensiones: el marcador, el tipo de defensa, la simetría numérica, la zona de finalización y el tipo de finalización. Utilizando el software de registro LINCE, se observaron 19 partidos de las fases finales masculinas del Campeonato del Mundo 2011, Campeonato de Europa 2012 y Juegos Olímpicos 2012. El análisis descriptivo inicial realizada por entrenadores expertos se ha complementado con un análisis de T-patterns. Los resultados reafirman que en los momentos críticos y de desigualdad del final de los partidos los equipos perdedores utilizan en la fase ofensiva las zonas de finalización más alejadas de la portería contraria (zona de 9 metros) y los equipos ganadores utilizan en la fase ofensiva las zonas de finalización intermedias (entre 6 y 9 metros) aumentando así su eficacia (AU)

O objetivo do presente artigo foi analisar as variáveis que influenciam as fases ofensivas críticas de andebol de alto rendimento desde uma perspetiva dinâmica ecológica e através de um desenho Mixed Methods. Avaliaram-se os diferentes sistemas táticos ofensivos em ataque posicional e em contra-ataque nos períodos críticos das últimas dez a posse da bola e ações ofensivas de jogos de andebol de élite mediante uma análise observacional em duas etapas. Uma primeira etapa - qualitativa, materializada em forma de registo descritivo, que permitiu a construção de um sistema de observação (SOCTO); e uma segunda etapa - quantitativa, através da qual obtiveram-se um registo sistematizado posterior com as seguintes dimensões: resultado, tipo de defesa, simetria numérica, zona de finalização e tipo de finalização. Utilizando-se o software de registo LINCE, observaram- -se 19 jogos das fases finais masculinas das seguintes competições: Campeonato do Mundo 2011, Campeonato da Europa 2012 e Jogos Olímpicos 2012. A análise descritiva inicial, realizada por treinadores especialistas, foi complementada com uma análise de T-patterns. Os resultados revelaram que nos momentos críticos dos jogos, durante a fase ofensiva, as equipas perdedoras, para finalizar, tendem a utilizar zonas mais afastadas da baliza adversária (zona de 9 metros), enquanto que as equipas vencedoras utilizam preferencialmente zonas intermédias (entre 6 e 9 metros), aumentando assim a sua eficácia ofensiva (AU)

The aim of this study was to analyse factors that influence attacking play during critical moments of elite handball matches from a dynamic, ecological perspective within a Mixed Methods research design. We evaluated tactical systems employed during positional attacks and counterattacks by analyzing the last ten-possession ball and actions in offensive sequences during 19 matches from the men’s final stages of the 2011 World Championship, the 2012 European Championship, and the 2012 Olympic Games. We employed a two-stage observation model. In the first, qualitative, stage, we built an observation instrument (SOCTO) based on a descriptive data set and in the second, quantitative, stage, we systematically produced a structured data set comprising the following dimensions: score, type of defence, numerical symmetry, zone in which the offensive sequence ended, and outcome. The 19 matches were observed and coded by trained, expert handball coaches using LINCE recording software. This initial descriptive analysis was complemented by a T-pattern analysis. Our findings confirm that at critical moments at the end of elite handball matches, more effective teams (i.e. winning teams) make greater use of the middle zones of the pitch (between the 6- and 9-meter lines) to complete their attack, while losing teams use the zone further away from the goal (9-meter zone) (AU)