Polarization of beliefs as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic: The case of Spain.

Spain was, together with Italy, the first European country severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. After one month of strict lockdown and eight weeks of partial restrictions, Spanish residents are expected to have revised some of their beliefs. We conducted a survey one year before the pandemic, at its outbreak and during de-escalation (N = 1706). Despite the lockdown, most respondents tolerated being controlled by authorities, and acknowledged the importance of group necessities over individual rights. However, de-escalation resulted in a belief change towards the intrusiveness of authorities and the preeminence of individual rights. Besides, transcendental beliefs-God answering prayers and the existence of an afterlife-declined after the outbreak, but were strengthened in the de-escalation. Results were strongly influenced by political ideology: the proportion of left-sided voters who saw authorities as intrusive greatly decreased, and transcendental beliefs prevailed among right-sided voters. Our results point to a polarization of beliefs based on political ideology as a consequence of the pandemic.

The Neuroanatomical, Neurophysiological and Psychological Basis of Memory: Current Models and Their Origins.

This review aims to classify and clarify, from a neuroanatomical, neurophysiological, and psychological perspective, different memory models that are currently widespread in the literature as well as to describe their origins. We believe it is important to consider previous developments without which one cannot adequately understand the kinds of models that are now current in the scientific literature. This article intends to provide a comprehensive and rigorous overview for understanding and ordering the latest scientific advances related to this subject. The main forms of memory presented include sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Information from the world around us is first stored by sensory memory, thus enabling the storage and future use of such information. Short-term memory (or memory) refers to information processed in a short period of time. Long-term memory allows us to store information for long periods of time, including information that can be retrieved consciously (explicit memory) or unconsciously (implicit memory).

Colecistectomia aberta com preservação do músculo reto abdominal: pós-operatório menos doloroso? / Preservation of open cholecystectomy with abdominal rectus muscle: less postoperative pain

Objetivo: Observar se a técnica de colecistectomia aberta com preservação do músculo reto abdominal proporcionaaos pacientes um pós-operatório menos doloroso. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo, exploratório e documental de 50 pacientes com diagnóstico clínico e imaginológico compatíveis com colecistopatia crônica calculosa,submetidos à colecistectomia aberta com preservação do músculo reto abdominal, no Hospital São José,em Criciúma/SC, no período de janeiro a julho de 2007. Foram excluídos do estudo pacientes com idade inferiora 13 anos, pacientes com colecistopatia aguda, pacientes com complicações em árvore biliar e pacientes com quadro de peritonite generalizada. Métodos: Quanto ao perfil da amostra, a maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino (82%), sendo a média de idade do total de pacientes 50,22 anos. Dentre aequipe de médicos e cirurgiões residentes que participaram das cirurgias, 84% negaram dificuldades técnicas. O número de perfurações de vesícula biliar durante o trans-operatório ocorreu em 20 pacientes (40%). O tempo de internação foi de 2 dias para 49 pacientes e 3 dias para 01 paciente. Quanto à dor no pós-operatório, 68% dos pacientes afirmaram não estar sentindo dor no primeiro dia do pós-operatório, 22% relataram dor branda, 8% dor moderada e 2% dor severa. Conclusões: De acordo com este estudo a dor sentida no pós-operatório foi relatada como mínima ou ausente pela maioria dos pacientes.

Objective: To observe if open cholecystectomy with rectus abdominal muscle preservation propitiate for patients a less pain in postoperative.Methods: Prospective, exploratory and documental study of 50 patients with clinical and image diagnosis compatible with chronic calculi cholecystitis treated with open cholecystectomy with rectus muscle preservation, in São José Hospital, Criciúma/SC, from January until July of 2007. It was excluded patients under of 13 years old, patients with acute cholecystitis, patients with complications in bile duct and patients with generalized peritonitis. Results: About sample profile, most patients werefemale sex (82%) and the average age of total patients was 50,22 years. In the staff of surgeons doctors and resident surgeons doctors that participate of surgeries, 84% declared nonexistent technique difficulties. The number of gallbladder perforations during the surgery occurred in 20 patients (40%). The time of internment was 2 days for 49 patients and 3 for 01 patient. Aboutthe pain result in postoperative, 68% of patients said that they were not felling pain in first day of postoperative,22% report light pain, 8% moderate pain and 2% severe pain. Conclusions: According to this study the pain felton postoperative was minimum or absent for the most patients.