Oriented clay nanopaper from biobased components--mechanisms for superior fire protection properties.

The toxicity of the most efficient fire retardant additives is a major problem for polymeric materials. Cellulose nanofiber (CNF)/clay nanocomposites, with unique brick-and-mortar structure and prepared by simple filtration, are characterized from the morphological point of view by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. These nanocomposites have superior fire protection properties to other clay nanocomposites and fiber composites. The corresponding mechanisms are evaluated in terms of flammability (reaction to a flame) and cone calorimetry (exposure to heat flux). These two tests provide a wide spectrum characterization of fire protection properties in CNF/montmorrilonite (MTM) materials. The morphology of the collected residues after flammability testing is investigated. In addition, thermal and thermo-oxidative stability are evaluated by thermogravimetric analyses performed in inert (nitrogen) and oxidative (air) atmospheres. Physical and chemical mechanisms are identified and related to the unique nanostructure and its low thermal conductivity, high gas barrier properties and CNF/MTM interactions for char formation.

Eliminación del trazo gustativo tras la administración de MK-801 / Disruption of taste trace by MK-801 administration

La administración sistémica de antagonistas de NMDA produce una interrupción de la Aversión Condicionada al Sabor cuando el fármaco se inyecta antes de la presentación de los estímulos. Sin embargo, existen en la literatura muy pocos experimentos que analicen la relación entre el aprendizaje de aversión al sabor y la actividad de los receptores NMDA cuando los compuestos farmacológicos se inyectan por vía sistémica entre el Estímulo Condicionado (EC) y el Estímulo Incondicionado (EI), siendo además en estos casos los resultados más contradictorios. En este trabajo presentamos dos experimentos destinados a analizar si la administración de MK-801 (dizolcipina maleate) entre el EC y el EI produce una interrupción de la Aversión Condicionada al Sabor (Experimento 1), y si la introducción de una demora temporal entre el EC y la administración del MK-801 anula el efecto disruptivo de la droga sobre la aversión al sabor (Experimento 2). Los resultados revelan que el MK-801 produce la interrupción de la ACS cuando se inyecta entre el EC y el EI y que el efecto desaparece cuando se introduce un intervalo temporal entre la administración del fármaco y el EI. Estos resultados apuntan al importante papel que los receptores NMDA desempeñan en la codificación y consolidación del trazo de memoria para el sabor(AU)

Sistemic administration of NMDA antagonists induces a disruption of Conditioned Taste Aversion when the drug is administered before stimuli presentation. However, there is scarce evidence, and such evidence is contradictory, on the role of NMDA receptors on Conditioned Taste Aversion when the drugs are injected in the interval between the Conditioned Stimulus (CS) and the Unconditioned Stimulus (US). In this paper we describe two experiments designed to analyze whether MK-801 (dizolcipine maleate) administration during the interval between the CS and the US disrupts Conditioned Taste Aversion (Experiment 1), and whether the introduction of a delay between MK-801 administration and US presentation prevents such disruption (Experiment 2). The results show the predicted Conditioned Taste Aversion disruption when the drug was injected inmediately before the US, and normal Conditioned Taste Aversion when a delay was introduced between the NMDA antagonist and the US. These results support a relevant role of NMDA receptors in encoding and consolidation of the taste memory trace(AU)

Ketamine blocks the formation of a gustatory memory trace in rats.

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors appear to play a central role in learning and memory processes, as the administration of antagonistic substances of these receptors hinders learning acquisition by using different behavioral paradigms (e.g., Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. Behavioural Brain Research, 2003;140 (1-2):1-47.). In the specific case of conditioned taste aversion, the administration of ketamine seems to affect the acquisition of conditioning when the drugs are administered before the experimental treatment. In this paper we present three experiments designed to analyze the effect of different ketamine doses (25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg), administered between exposure to a taste (the conditioned stimulus) and the administration of the unconditioned stimulus, on the acquisition of a taste aversion association. The results reveal that higher ketamine doses (75 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg) have a disruptive effect on conditioned taste aversion by impeding the formation of the gustatory trace.

Unacceptable biodegradation of polyethylene in vivo.

The chemical characterization of 19 retrieved ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene tibial plateaux, six new ones and one raw bar was performed by means of infrared spectroscopy. The surface and bulk oxidation and biodegradation indexes were calculated. The raw bar has a measurable oxidation, which increases on the bulk and on the surfaces of the new plateaux. In the retrieved plateaux, the average oxidation index increases further both on the bulk and on the surfaces; the worse values were present on the worn area. Similar results were found for the biodegradation index. The data show that the biotic in vivo degradation is promoted by the oxidation present on the new plateaux and that it occurs through a different mechanism, abiotic thermal-, photo-, gamma-radiation oxidation, evaluated by the oxidation index.