Phase II trial of ribociclib and letrozole in patients with relapsed oestrogen receptor-positive ovarian or endometrial cancers.

OBJECTIVE: We describe a phase II clinical trial of the combination of ribociclib and letrozole for treatment of relapsed oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive ovarian cancer (OC) and endometrial cancer (EC). The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients alive, progression-free survival (PFS), and still on treatment at 12 weeks (PFS12), with 45% or greater considered positive. METHODS: Patients with measurable, relapsed ER-positive OC or EC (platinum-sensitive or resistant) were eligible and treated with 400 mg of oral ribociclib and 2.5 mg of oral letrozole daily. Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) were created from imaging-guided tumour biopsies. RESULTS: Forty patients (20 OC and 20 EC) were enrolled. A PFS12 of 55% was observed in the EC cohort and 50% in the OC cohort. A PFS greater or equal to 24 weeks (PFS24) was seen in 20% (4/20) of the OC cohort and 35% (7/20) of the EC cohort. The greatest benefit was seen in low-grade serous OC (LGSOC) (3/3, 100% PFS24) and grades 1 and 2 EC (5/11, 45% PFS24). All three LGSOC patients obtained at least a partial response lasting for over 2 years, with two of the three patients still on treatment. PDX tumour engraftment was feasible in 45% of patients. Positive survival effects of the combination of ribociclib and letrozole were observed in two of three EC PDX models. CONCLUSION: Ribociclib and letrozole have promising clinical activity in relapsed ER-positive OC and EC, particularly in LGSOC and relapsed ER-positive grade 1 and 2 EC. Generation of PDX models is feasible with positive survival effects observed in EC models. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.gov registry (NCT02657928).

Clinical outcomes of adults with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis treated with the HLH-04 protocol: a retrospective analysis.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare syndrome of pathologic immune activation in children that is increasingly being recognized in adults. Efficacy data for the HLH-04 protocol in adults is lacking. This study retrospectively analyzed 31 adult patients, median age 46 years, who received HLH-04 from 1/1/2004 to 5/1/2018. HLH etiology included malignancy (n = 9), autoimmune (n = 8), infection (n = 8), and idiopathic (n = 6). Eighteen patients were evaluable for response at week 4 with 7 having no response, 11 reaching partial response, and 0 reaching complete response (CR). Six patients eventually achieved CR at a median 195 days. The 1-year overall survival (OS) was 35% and median OS was 3.2 months. Univariate analysis showed shorter survival for hemoglobin <9 g/dL (HR 4.29, p = 0.003), platelets <100 × 109/L (HR 4.06, p = 0.027), ANC <1 × 109/L (HR 5.24, p = 0.001), and total bilirubin >1.2 mg/dL (HR 3.30, p = 0.022). Outcomes of adults treated with HLH-04 remain dismal and newer treatment modalities are needed.

The clinical spectrum of Castleman's disease.

Castleman's disease (CD) is a rare, poorly understood lymphoproliferative disease. The spectrum of symptoms and course of disease are broad, but there is no large study describing the natural history of this disease. Basic clinic and laboratory data from the records of 113 patients with CD evaluated at the Mayo Clinic and University of Nebraska were abstracted. The impact of these variables on overall survival (OS) from time of diagnosis was evaluated. Sixty patients had multicentric disease. Of the patients with multicentric CD, 32% had criteria sufficient for a diagnosis of POEMS syndrome. For all patients, 2, 5, and 10-year OS was 92%, 76%, 59%, respectively. Most of the factors identified as risk factors for death on univariate analysis cosegregated with diagnostic criteria for POEMS syndrome, which supported the concept of four categories of CD, which are (along with their 5-year OS): (1) unicentric CD (91%); (2) multicentric CD associated with the osteosclerotic variant of POEMS syndrome (90%); (3); multicentric CD without POEMS syndrome (65%); and (4) multicentric CD with POEMS syndrome without osteosclerotic lesions (27%). We have demonstrated that CD represents a spectrum of disease that can be differentiated by simple prognostic factors that provide a framework for further study.

Gemcitabine and docetaxel for hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase II North Central Cancer Treatment Group clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: Few effective options are available for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Several phase I trials suggest promising activity of a combination of gemcitabine and docetaxel. METHODS: Patients with unresectable or metastatic HCC were treated with docetaxel 40 mg/m (later reduced to 30 mg/m) and gemcitabine 800 mg/m on days 1 and 8 every 3 weeks. Twenty-five patients were enrolled in 26 months. Median age was 64 (range, 27-078), 17 were male, 14 had liver-only disease, and 11 had extrahepatic disease. RESULTS: Of 25 patients evaluable for the primary end point (response), 2 (8%) have a confirmed partial response. The median time to progression is 2.76 months (95% confidence interval, 1.84-6.64 mo). Median survival was 12.8 months (95% confidence interval, 5.26-28.00). Two patients died on study owing to adverse events (1 hepatic and 1 renal failure), neither of which were attributed to the study medications. Twenty patients (81%) have experienced grade 3+ adverse events, including 11 with grade 4+ adverse events, primarily neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, diarrhea, and fatigue. CONCLUSIONS: Although this combination seems to have potential benefit, as measured by overall survival, its toxicity and the recent introduction of sorafenib has further limited the use of chemotherapy. Approaches other than chemotherapy are likely to be of the greatest potential benefit.

A phase II study of gemcitabine in combination with tanespimycin in advanced epithelial ovarian and primary peritoneal carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and biological effects of the gemcitabine/tanespimycin combination in patients with advanced ovarian and peritoneal cancer. To assess the effect of tanespimycin on tumor cells, levels of the chaperone proteins HSP90 and HSP70 were examined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and paired tumor biopsy lysates. METHODS: Two-cohort phase II clinical trial. Patients were grouped according to prior gemcitabine therapy. All participants received tanespimycin 154 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 9 of cycle 1 and days 2 and 9 of subsequent cycles. Patients also received gemcitabine 750 mg/m(2) on day 8 of the first treatment cycle and days 1 and 8 of subsequent cycles. RESULTS: The tanespimycin/gemcitabine combination induced a partial response in 1 gemcitabine naïve patient and no partial responses in gemcitabine resistant patients. Stable disease was seen in 6 patients (2 gemcitabine naïve and 4 gemcitabine resistant). The most common toxicities were hematologic (anemia and neutropenia) as well as nausea and vomiting. Immunoblotting demonstrated limited upregulation of HSP70 but little or no change in levels of most client proteins in PBMC and paired tumor samples. CONCLUSIONS: Although well tolerated, the tanespimycin/gemcitabine combination exhibited limited anticancer activity in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian and primary peritoneal carcinoma, perhaps because of failure to significantly downregulate the client proteins at clinically achievable exposures.

Common troublesome symptoms and their impact on quality of life in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS): results of a large internet-based survey.

Despite the clinical importance of health-related quality of life (QOL) in patients suffering from myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), few data exist on the prevalence of key MDS-associated symptoms, or the correlation of those symptoms with specific disease features such as hemoglobin level. In order to better understand the burden of disease-associated symptoms in patients with MDS, we designed a 120-question Internet-based survey of QOL appropriate for patients with MDS, incorporating validated QOL measurement instruments and questions about specific therapies. The 359 survey respondents were typical of MDS patients in terms of demographics, blood counts, and disease subtype. Patients reported high levels of excessive fatigue and poor scores on QOL assessments such as the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Anemia (FACT-An) and the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI). Patients' debilitating fatigue correlated poorly with hemoglobin level, and fatigue was associated with significant impairment of both health-related QOL and ability to work or participate in desired activities. Within the limitations of self-reported data, these results provide a benchmark for future interventions to improve QOL in patients with MDS.

Gemcitabine, cisplatin, and radiotherapy for patients with locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma: results of the North Central Cancer Treatment Group Phase II Study N9942.

PURPOSE: A phase II study was conducted to determine the efficacy and toxicity of radiotherapy with concomitant gemcitabine and cisplatin for patients with locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-eight patients with locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma received gemcitabine (30 mg/m2) and cisplatin (10 mg/m2) twice weekly during the first 3 weeks of radiotherapy. The radiation dose to the primary tumor and regional nodes was 45 Gy in 25 fractions, and the gross tumor volume received an additional 5.4 Gy in three fractions. Four weeks after radiotherapy, patients received gemcitabine (1,000 mg/m2) once weekly every 3 of 4 weeks for a 12-week period. The primary end point was survival at 12 months. Secondary end points were time to progression, toxicity, and quality of life. RESULTS: Survival at 1 year was 40% for 47 eligible patients. The median survival was 10.2 months. Confirmed responses were observed for 8.5% (two partial, two complete), and median time to progression was 7.3 months. Grade 4 or higher toxicity was observed for 31% and consisted primarily of hematologic and GI toxicity. There was a trend toward improved overall quality of life, measured by the Symptom Distress Scale (P = .06), with significant improvements in domains of insomnia, pain, and outlook. CONCLUSION: The combination of radiotherapy, gemcitabine, and cisplatin was well tolerated. Survival results were similar to those achieved with other treatment regimens for patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer but did not meet our predefined criteria for additional evaluation of this regimen.

Clearance of the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) V617F mutation after allogeneic stem cell transplantation in a patient with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia.

A patient with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia displaying the V617F mutation of the JAK2 gene was given an allogeneic stem cell transplantation using a reduced-intensity conditioning regimen. The patient engrafted, and as he became a chimera, the expression of the V617F mutation of the JAK2 gene decreased progressively until its disappearance. Accordingly, the concept of "molecular remission" of the myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia could be entertained and added to the categories of response to treatment which have been recently described.

Use of KW-2189, a DNA minor groove-binding agent, in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a north central cancer treatment group (NCCTG) phase II clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cancer in certain portions of the world. Currently no effective therapies exist for patients with advanced or metastatic HCC. KW-2189, a DNA minor groove-binding agent, has shown promising activity against HCC in preclinical evaluations. METHODS: A phase II study was conducted to evaluate the activity of KW-2189 in patients with histologic or cytologic confirmed advanced or metastatic HCC who had no prior systemic therapy. Patients received KW-2189 at a dose of 0.5 mg/m2 administered on day 1 of a 6-week cycle. The primary endpoint of the trial was objective regression. Other endpoints included toxicity, disease-free survival, and overall survival. RESULTS: Due to hematologic toxicity the dose of KW-2189 was reduced to 0.375 mg/m2 after 11 patients had been enrolled into the trial. Due to continued significant hematologic toxicity in the next five patients enrolled at the lower dose the trial was closed to accrual. Two responses were seen in patients enrolled at the higher dose, including one sustained CR. CONCLUSION: KW-2189 showed evidence of anti-tumor activity in HCC. However, because of significant and prolonged hematologic toxicity, when given as a single dose every 6 weeks, further development of this drug in HCC is not possible. Further exploration of DNA minor groove-binding agents in the treatment of HCC appears warranted.

International Working Group (IWG) consensus criteria for treatment response in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia, for the IWG for Myelofibrosis Research and Treatment (IWG-MRT).

Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM) is a clinicopathologic entity characterized by stem cell-derived clonal myeloproliferation, ineffective erythropoiesis, extramedullary hematopoiesis, and bone marrow fibrosis and osteosclerosis. Patients with MMM have shortened survival and their quality of life is compromised by progressive anemia, marked hepatosplenomegaly, and severe constitutional symptoms including cachexia. After decades of frustration with ineffective therapy, patients are now being served by promising treatment approaches that include allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and immunomodulatory drugs. Recent information regarding disease pathogenesis, including a contribution to the myeloproliferative disorder phenotype by a gain-of-function JAK2 mutation (JAK2(V617F)), has revived the prospect of targeted therapeutics as well as molecular monitoring of treatment response. Such progress calls for standardization of response criteria to accurately assess the value of new treatment modalities, to allow accurate comparison between studies, and to ensure that the definition of response reflects meaningful health outcome. Accordingly, an international panel of experts recently convened and delineated 3 response categories: complete remission (CR), partial remission (PR), and clinical improvement (CI). Bone marrow histologic and hematologic remissions characterize CR and CR/PR, respectively. The panel agreed that the CI response category is applicable only to patients with moderate to severe cytopenia or splenomegaly.

Fulvestrant in women with advanced breast cancer after progression on prior aromatase inhibitor therapy: North Central Cancer Treatment Group Trial N0032.

PURPOSE: Fulvestrant is an antiestrogen that leads to estrogen receptor degradation and has demonstrated efficacy in breast cancer patients who have had disease recurrence or progression after tamoxifen. This study was designed to examine the efficacy and toxicity of fulvestrant in patients with disease progression on a third-generation aromatase inhibitor (AI). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A one-stage phase II trial was conducted in postmenopausal women with measurable disease by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria who experienced disease progression after treatment with a third-generation AI and, at most, one additional hormonal agent. Tumors must have been estrogen receptor and/or progesterone receptor positive. The primary end point was objective response rate, and secondary end points were time to disease progression, survival, duration of response, and toxicity. RESULTS: Eighty patients were enrolled, and three were ineligible. Characteristics of the 77 eligible patients included median age of 68 years, performance score of 0 or 1 in 91% of patients, visceral dominant disease in 88% of patients, two prior hormonal treatments in 73% of patients, and prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease in 32% of patients. Eleven patients (14.3%) achieved a partial response, and 16 patients (20.8%) had stable disease for at least 6 months, for a clinical benefit rate of 35%. Antitumor activity seemed to be higher in women with prior treatment with AI alone compared with women whose prior treatment also included tamoxifen. Median time to progression was 3 months, and median survival time was 20.2 months. Fulvestrant was well tolerated. CONCLUSION: Fulvestrant is a well-tolerated treatment and has efficacy against breast cancers that have progressed after therapy with a third-generation AI.

A phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of CS-682 administered orally in advanced malignant solid tumors.

CS-682 (1-(2-C-cyano-2-deoxy-beta-D-arabino-pentofuranosyl)-N4-palmitoylcytosine) is a novel orally administered 2'-deoxycytidine-type antimetabolite, which has a wide spectrum of antitumor activity in human tumor xenograft models. We conducted a phase I study to define the toxicity, pharmacokinetics and antitumor activity of CS-682 in patients with advanced solid tumors. Forty patients were enrolled to receive escalating doses of CS-682. CS-682 was given orally, once daily three times a week (Monday, Wednesday and Friday), for four weeks consecutively, followed by a two-week rest period. Twenty-two men and 18 women, median age 63.5 (range 31 to 82) were treated. The most common tumor type was colorectal cancer with 15 patients. Others tumors occurring in 3 or more patients included prostate, breast and lung carcinomas. Sixty percent of the patients had received greater than 2 prior chemotherapy programs. Patients have been treated at each of the following dose levels (mg/m2/day): 1.5, 12, 20, 25, 30, 50, 67, 90, 120, 160 and 220. Non hematologic toxicities grade 3 [NCI Common Toxicity Criteria (version 2.0)] related to treatment included nausea in 2, vomiting in 1, anorexia and asthenia in 2, and dehydration in 1. Severe hematologic toxicities (grade 3-4) were seen more frequently with 10 patients experiencing grade 3-4 neutropenia, 2 with grade 4 thrombocytopenia and 2 with grade 3 anemia. Neutropenia requiring hospitalization occurred in 3 patients. Dose-limiting neutropenia was observed at 220 mg/m2/day. The maximum tolerated dose was determined to be 160 mg/m2/day. No tumor responses were observed in this study. Six patients experienced stable disease, including one who has stable disease after having received 34 courses of CS-682. After oral administration, CS-682 is rapidly absorbed and metabolized to CNDAC, which is further metabolized by cytidine deaminase to the inactive product CNDAU. Peak plasma concentrations of CNDAC were achieved 2.2 +/- 0.9 h after drug administration and the terminal elimination half-life was 1.7 +/- 1.5 h. Measurable concentrations of CNDAU were first seen 0.60 +/- 0.31 h, peak plasma concentrations were achieved 3.1 +/- 0.9 h after the CS-682 dose, and the terminal elimination half-life was 2.3 +/- 1.7 h. The recommended phase 2 starting dose for the 3 days/week regimen of CS-682 is 160 mg/m2/day for 4 weeks repeated after a 2-week rest period.

The Office of Advanced Technology: providing focus on the piloting and implementation of new technology.

Rarely does an organization have the luxury of employing full-time staff whose sole purpose is to seek out, select, pilot, and recommend new technology. If such an effort is not a dedicated activity, an organization will have a hard time keeping abreast of technological development with an eye towards successful deployment to the benefit of the business. This paper summarizes the role and activities of the Office of Advanced Technology (OAT) at the Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, AZ. The OAT has been in existence since 2001 and is staffed on a part-time basis by three individuals: a member of the physician consulting staff, a nurse informaticist, and a member of the allied health Information Technology staff. The office has successfully conducted pilot projects in several new technology areas, advocating the adoption of some technologies and deferring on others. Moreover, they have been instrumental serving as a spokesperson and single point of contact for all new technology initiatives of this multi-specialty practice.

Phase 2 trial of imatinib mesylate in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia.

In a phase 2 study, 23 patients with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia were treated with imatinib mesylate at a constant dose of 400 mg/d. Treatment was held in 16 patients (70%), after 1 to 12 weeks, because of side effects (neutropenia, 6 patients; musculoskeletal pain, 5 patients; thrombocytosis, 4 patients; edema, 3 patients; diarrhea and hyperbilirubinemia, 1 patient). Including patients in whom retreatment at a reduced dose was possible, 11 patients (48%) were able to continue treatment beyond 3 months. None of the patients experienced a response in anemia, and only 2 had partial responses in splenomegaly. A greater than 50% increase in platelet count was documented in 11 (48%) patients, but not in those with baseline platelet counts of less than 100 x 10(9)/L. In vitro, imatinib mesylate caused variable degrees of growth suppression of myeloid and erythroid progenitors that unfortunately did not translate into clinical benefit.