Neuromuscular and motor patterns in breaststroke technique / Padrões motores e musculares na técnica de bruços

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the inter-temporal neuromuscular and motor patterns in breaststroke technique. Five national level male swimmers performed 200 m breaststroke at maximal effort. Electromyography data onbiceps brachii, deltoid anterior, pectoralis major and triceps brachiiwere analysed. The relative duration of active and non-active phase and the average rectified value for the neuromuscular patterns were recorded. The swim bouts were videotaped in sagittal plane with a pair of cameras and the Theme software 5.0 was used toanalyse the detected patterns in each swimmer. The neuromuscular pattern revealed that by the average rectified value the biceps brachiiand triceps brachiiwere increased at the end of the test for swimmers 1 and 5, while biceps brachii. deltoid anteriorand pectoralis majorwere increased for swimmers 2 and 4. Different motor patterns between cycles, and between swimmers were observed.We found similarities between the swimmers, adjusting their style to the technical model. The absence of a neuromuscular pattern for all swimmers could be related to different technical models used by each swimmer, as presented in the motor patterns. These findings suggested that each swimmers adapted their own motor and neuromuscular pattern in a unique and distinct way.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo consistiu em analisar a relação entre os padrões neuromusculares e motores na técnica do nado de peito. Cinco nadadores masculinos de nível nacional realizaram 200 mnado peito na máxima intensidade.Foram registrados dados de Electromiografia do bicepsbrachii, deltoid anterior, pectoralis major etricepsbrachii. A duração relativa da fase ativa e não ativa e o valor médio retificado dos padrões neuromusculares foram analisados. Os percursos de nado foram gravados no plano sagital e analisados para detectar os padrões motores de cadanadador através do software THÉME software 5.0. Os padrões neuromusculares indicaram, por meio do valor médio retificado que a atividade dos músculos bíceps brachii e tríceps brachii aumentam no final do teste para o nadador 1 e 5, enquanto que o bíceps brachii. deltoid anterior. pectoralis major aumentam para o nadador 2 e 4. Diferentes padrões motores entre ciclos e entre nadadores foram observados, indicando que existem semelhanças entre eles, levando a um ajuste do estilo e modelo técnico de nado. A ausência de um padrão neuromuscular para todos os nadadores poderá estar relacionada com os diferentes modelos técnicos utilizados por cada nadador, como demonstrado nos padrões motores. Esses resultados sugerem que cada nadador adapta o seu padrão motor e muscular de uma forma única e distinta.

Stability of behaviour patterns in the 200m breaststroke / Estabilidade dos padrões comportamentais nos 200m do nado peito

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyse the stability of the breaststroke technique in five elite swimmers in a 200m event using a qualitative analysis. The codification of the behaviour of each swimmer during the execution of 20 cycles was achieved using an ad hoc observational instrument comprised of a system of categories and field formats to detect the behavioural patterns (T-patterns); software was used for identifying the technical behaviour of stable structures. The results showed that the stability behaviour varied depending on the swimmer, as the variations of codes in each round produced distinct configurations to determine the differences between cycles for the same swimmer. It was concluded that the instrument used in this study plays an important role through the existence of stable behaviour in the breaststroke technique. It was also concluded that there are distinct patterns and behaviours between swimmers during each lap of the race.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a estabilidade da técnica de bruços em cinco nadadores de elite numa prova de 200m usando uma análise qualitativa. A codificação do comportamento de cada nadador durante a execução de vinte ciclos de nado foi alcançado usando um instrumento de observação ad-hoc composto por um sistema de categorias e formatos de campo para detectar os padrões comportamentais (T-patterns); o software foi utilizado para identificar o comportamento técnico de estruturas estáveis. Os resultados indicaram que o comportamento da estabilidade dos nadadores variou de acordo com o nadador, como as variações de códigos em cada ronda produzido configurações distintas para determinar as diferenças entre os ciclos para o mesmo nadador. Concluiu-se que o instrumento utilizado neste estudo desempenha um papel importante, através da existência de um comportamento estável na técnica de nado de peito. Concluiu-se também que existem padrões distintos e comportamentos entre nadadores durante cada percurso de nado.

Patterns of Play in the Fast attack of FC Barcelona, Manchester United and FC Internazionale Milano- A Mixed / Patrones de juego en el ataque rápido de FC Barcelona, Manchester United y FC Internazionale Milano -Un enfoque de Mixed / Approach Padrões de Jogo no ataque rápido das equipas do FC Barcelona, Manchester United e F. C. Internazionale de Milano - Uma abordagem centrada nos Mixed Methods

This study aimed to detect and analyse regular patterns of play in fast attack of football teams, through the combination of the sequential analysis technique and semi-structured interviews to experienced first League Portuguese coaches. The sample included 36 games (12 games of the respective national leagues per team) of the F.C. Barcelona, Inter Milan, and Manchester United teams that were coded with the observational instrument tool developed by Sarmento et al. (2010) and the data analysed through sequential analysis with the software SDIS-GSEQ 5.0. Based on the detected patterns, semistructured interviews were carried out to 8 expert high-performance football coaches and data were analysed through the content analysis technique using the software NVivo 10. The detected patterns of play revealed specific characteristics of the teams under study. The combination of the results of sequential analysis with the qualitative interviews to the professional coaches proved to be very fruitful in this game the analysis of scope, allowing reconcile scientific knowledge with practical interpretation of coaches who develop their tasks in the field (AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo detectar y analizar los patrones regulares de juego en ataque rápido de los equipos de fútbol, a través de la combinación de la técnica de análisis secuencial y entrevistas semi-estructuradas a entrenadores con experiencia en la primera Liga Portuguesa. La muestra incluyó 36 partidos (12 juegos de las respetivas Ligas de Fútbol para cada equipo) del FC Barcelona, Inter de Milán y Manchester United, que han sido codificados con el instrumento observacional validado por Sarmento et al. (2010). Posteriormente los datos se analizaron a través del análisis secuencial con el programa SDIS-GSEQ 5.0. Tomando como referencia los patrones de juego detectados, se llevaron a cabo entrevistas semi-estructuradas a 8 entrenadores de fútbol de alto rendimiento y los datos se analizaron mediante la técnica de análisis de contenido utilizando el programa Nvivo 10. Los patrones de juego detectados revelaron características específicas de los equipos de estudio. La combinación de los resultados del análisis secuencial con las entrevistas cualitativas a los entrenadores profesionales demostró ser muy fructífera en este ámbito de análisis del juego, lo que permite conciliar el conocimiento científico con la interpretación práctica de los entrenadores que desarrollan su actividad en el campo (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo centrou-se em detetar e analisar padrões regulares de jogo no ataque rápido de equipas de futebol, através da combinação da técnica de análise sequencial e entrevistas semi- -estruturadas a treinadores com experiência na primeira liga Portuguesa. A amostra incluiu 36 jogos (12 por equipa, das respetivas Ligas Nacionais) das equipas do FC Barcelona, Inter de Milão e Manchester United que foram analisados recorrendo aos instrumento de observação desenvolvido e validado por Sarmento et al. (2010). Posteriormente os dados foram analisados através da técnica de de análise sequencial com recurso ao programa SDIS_GSEQ 5.0. Com base nos padrões detectados, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas a 8 treinadores de futebol de alto desempenho tendo os dados sido analisados por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo usando o programa NVivo 10. Os padrões de jogo detectados revelaram características específicas das equipas em estudo. A combinação dos resultados da análise sequencial com as entrevistas qualitativas aos treinadores profissionais provou ser muito proveitosa neste campo de análise de jogo, permitindo conciliar o conhecimento científico com interpretação prática de treinadores que desenvolvem suas práticas no terreno (AU)

Quantifying the offensive sequences that result in goals in elite futsal matches.

The aim of this study was to quantify the type of offensive sequences that result in goals in elite futsal. Thirty competitive games in the Spanish Primera Division de Sala were analysed using computerised notation analysis for patterns of play that resulted in goals. More goals were scored in positional attack (42%) and from set pieces (27%) compared to other activities. The number of defence to offense "transitions" (n = 45) and the start of offensive plays due to the rules of the game (n = 45) were the most common type of sequences that resulted in goals compared to other patterns of play. The central offensive zonal areas were the most common for shots on goal, with 73% of all goals scored from these areas of the pitch compared to defensive and wide zones. The foot was the main part of the body involved in scoring (n = 114). T-pattern analysis of offensive sequences revealed regular patterns of play, which are common in goal scoring opportunities in futsal and are typical movement patterns in this sport. The data demonstrate common offensive sequences and movement patterns related to goals in elite futsal and this could provide important information for the development of physical and technical training drills that replicate important game situations.

Construcción de un instrumento para la observación y el análisis de las interacciones en el waterpolo / Constructing and instrument to observe and analyse interaction in waterpolo / Desenvolvimento de um instrumento para observação e análise do jogo de polo aquatico

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo el desarrollo y validación de un instrumento ad hoc para la observación del juego de waterpolo. Mediante un estudio exploratorio se identificaron los criterios vertebradores, así como los comportamientos asociados a cada criterio, tomando como referencia: (I) la revisión de la literatura; (II) las reuniones con expertos del waterpolo; (III) la observación exploratoria de varios partidos oficiales de esta modalidad deportiva. Posteriormente, se ha preguntado a un grupo de expertos sobre la relevancia de las variables que hemos identificado, teniendo en cuenta su representación en relación con los aspectos fundamentales del juego. Con este fin, hemos desarrollado una escala tipo Likert (1-5 puntos). Las categorías se consideraron representativas cuando en un porcentaje mayor del 60% los entrenadores clasificaron las respuestas en los niveles 4 ó 5 de la escala. Los expertos han elegido como más representativas las siguientes variables: i) zona del campo donde se produce la acción; ii) la actividad del portero; (III) el jugador sin balón; (IV) el jugador del equipo contrario sin balón; (V) el jugador del equipo contrario, en comparación con el jugador con balón; (VI) el jugador sin balón del equipo en posesión del balón. El instrumento construido, que combina el formato de campo y los sistemas de categorías, puede ayudar a los entrenadores, jugadores e investigadores a interpretar mejor la realidad dinámica que caracteriza el desempeño individual y colectivo del waterpolo

This study describes the development and validation process of an ad hoc observational instrument for waterpolo games. During the exploratory phase of the study, we identified central criteria and observed respective behaviours for each of these criterion based on: i) a literature review; ii) meetings with experts on this sport; iii) unsystematic observation of several games. Subsequently, we asked a panel of waterpolo experts to give their opinion on the relevance of these variables, considering their representativeness in relation to fundamental aspects of the game. For this purpose, a five-point rating scale was constructed (Likert scale). Categories were considered to be representative when over 60% of the coaches awarded a rating of four or five. The experts chose the following as the most representative variables: (I) the area of the field where the game action happens; (II) goalkeeper activity; (III) players without the ball; (IV) opponent team-players without the ball; (V) opponent players in comparison with the player in possession of the ball; (VI) players without the ball from the team in possession of the ball. The resulting instrument, characterized by a combination of field formats and systems of categories, can help coaches, players and researchers to improve their interpretation of the reality and dynamics of individual and collective performance

O presente estudo teve como objectivo o desenvolvimento e validação de um instrumento ad hoc para observação do jogo de polo aquático. Desta forma, através de uma fase exploratória do estudo, foram identificados os critérios vertebrados e respectivos comportamentos associados a cada critério, tendo por base: (i) a revisão da literatura; (ii) reuniões com experts da modalidade; (iii) observação exploratória de diversos jogos oficiais de polo aquático. Posteriormente, questionámos um painel de experts acerca da relevância das variáveis por nós identificadas, considerando a sua representatividade em relação aos aspectos fundamentais do jogo. Para tal, foi desenvolvida uma escala tipo likert (de 1 a 5 pontos). As categorias foram consideradas representativas quando mais de 60% dos treinadores classificaram as suas respostas nos níveis 4 ou 5 da escala. Os experts elegeram como mais representativas, as seguintes variáveis: i) zona do campo onde a acção ocorre; ii) a actividade do guarda-redes; (iii) o jogador sem bola; (iv) o jogador da equipa oponente sem bola; (v) a equipa oponente, como oposição ao jogador em posse de bola; (vi) o jogador sem bola da equipa com posse de bola. O instrumento resultante, constituído por formatos de campo e sistemas de categorias, poderá ajudar os treinadores, jogadores e investigadores a interpretarem de uma melhor forma a realidade dinâmica que caracteriza a performance individual e colectiva deste jogo

Match analysis in football: a systematic review.

Abstract The main focus of this paper was to review the available literature on match analysis in adult male football. The most common research topics were identified, their methodologies described and the evolutionary tendencies of this research area systematised. A systematic review of Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Web of Knowledge database was performed according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-analyses) guidelines. The following keywords were used: football and soccer, each one associated with the terms: match analysis, performance analysis, notational analysis, game analysis, tactical analysis and patterns of play. Of 2732 studies initially identified, only 53 were fully reviewed, and their outcome measures abstracted and analysed. Studies that fit all inclusion criteria were organised according to their research design as descriptive, comparative or predictive. Results showed that 10 studies focused predominantly on a description of technical, tactical and physical performance variables. From all comparative studies, the dependent variables more frequently used were "playing position" and "competitive level". Even though the literature stresses the importance of developing predictive models of sports performance, only few studies (n = 8) have focused on modelling football performance. Situational variables like game location, quality of opposing teams, match status and match half have been progressively included as object of research, since they seem to work as effective covariables of football performance. Taking into account the limitations of the reviewed studies, future research should provide comprehensive operational definitions for the studied variables, use standardised categories and description of activities and participants, and consider integrating the situational and interactional contexts into the analysis of football performance.

Development and validation of a notational system to study the offensive process in football.

The most striking change within football development is the application of science to its problems and in particular the use of increasingly sophisticated technology that, supported by scientific data, allows us to establish a "code of reading" the reality of the game. Therefore, this study describes the process of the development and validation of an ad hoc system of categorization, which allows the different methods of offensive game in football and the interaction to be analyzed. Therefore, through an exploratory phase of the study, we identified 10 vertebrate criteria and the respective behaviors observed for each of these criteria. We heard a panel of five experts with the purpose of a content validation. The resulting instrument is characterized by a combination of field formats and systems of categories. The reliability of the instrument was calculated by the intraobserver agreement, and values above 0.95 for all criteria were achieved. Two FC Barcelona games were coded and analyzed, which allowed the detection of various T-patterns. The results show that the instrument serves the purpose for which it was developed and can provide important information for the understanding of game interaction in football.

Stability of patterns of behavior in the butterfly technique of the elite swimmers.

The purpose of this study was to find patterns in the butterfly swimming technique, with an adaptation of the Behavioral Observation System Tech. This, as an instrument for ad-hoc qualitative analysis, enables the study of the stability of the technical implementation. When used in the training of swimmers, analysis can reduce the variability of behavioral tuning swimming technique. Through the analysis of temporal patterns (T-pattern) and a sequence of five cycles running at hand maximum speed, the behavior of four technical Portuguese elite swimmers, with a record of 259 alphanumeric codes and a total of 160 configurations, were studied. The structure of the original instrument, based on a mixed system of categories and formats Field, can record technical features, observed during the execution of hand cycles. The validity was ensured through the index of intra-observer reliability (95%) and inter-observer accuracy (96%). To detect patterns in each swimmer, the Theme 5.0 software was used, which allowed to identify the stable structures of technical performance within a critical interval of time (p <0.05) - t-patterns. The patterns were different, adjusting to the characteristics of technical implementation of the swimmers. It was found that the swimmer can create settings with different levels of structure complexity, depending on the implementation of changes within the hand cycle. Variations of codes in each configuration obtained using the SOCTM, allowed determining the differences between swimmers. However, the records showed a clear behavioral similarity when comparing the result with a general pattern of the butterfly technique. The potential quality of this instrument seems to be important due to the patterns obtained from a temporal sequence. Key pointsThe patterns were different, adjusting to the characteristics of technical implementation of the swimmers.The swimmer can make settings with different levels of structure complexity, depending on the implementation of changes within the hand cycle.Variations of codes in each configuration obtained using the SOCTM, allowed determining the differences between swimmers.The records showed a clear behavioral similarity when comparing the result with a general pattern of the butterfly technique.The potential quality of this instrument seems to be important due to the patterns obtained from a temporal sequence.