ABSTRACT
Infection with Veronaea botryosa can result in rare cutaneous or disseminated, granulomatous to pyogranulomatous phaeohyphomycosis in humans, although disease due to the fungus has also been reported in non-mammalian vertebrates. This report documents disease due to V. botryosa in captive, juvenile to subadult or young adult white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus Richardson) from California USA and complements a previous report of the disease in captive Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) from Florida USA. Pathological examinations revealed granulomatous to pyogranulomatous inflammation of multiple organs. Isolates of the fungal agent were phenotypically consistent with V. botryosa, and molecular analyses of the D1/D2 region of the fungal 28S rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region located between the fungal 18S and 28S rRNA genes confirmed the aetiologic agent as V. botryosa. The disease in captive sturgeon results in a considerable economic encumbrance to the producer due to the loss of the cumulative financial resources invested in the production of older subadult to young adult sturgeon.
Subject(s)
Ascomycota/physiology , Fish Diseases/microbiology , Fishes , Phaeohyphomycosis/veterinary , Animals , California , Female , Male , Phaeohyphomycosis/microbiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate safety and efficacy of a cyprinid herpesvirus type 3 (CyHV3) modified-live virus vaccine for the prevention of koi herpesvirus disease (KHVd). ANIMALS: 420 healthy koi (Cyprinus carpio koi). PROCEDURES: Fish were vaccinated with a 1× dose or 10× overdose of CyHV3 modified-live virus vaccine or a placebo through bath exposure in tanks at 22°C. Horizontal transmission of vaccine virus was evaluated by commingling unvaccinated and vaccinated fish. Efficacy was evaluated by challenge exposure of vaccinated and naïve fish to a wild-type virus. Fish that died were submitted for quantitative PCR assay for CyHV3 and histologic evaluation. RESULTS: The CyHV3 vaccine was safe and efficacious, even at a 10× overdose. Vaccine-associated mortality rate was inversely associated with body weight, with a cumulative mortality rate of 9.4% (18/192) in fish weighing ≤ 87 g and no deaths in fish weighing > 87 g (0/48). Horizontal transfer of vaccine virus from vaccinates to naïve fish was negligible. For efficacy, the vaccine provided a significant reduction in mortality rate after challenge exposure to a wild-type virus, with a prevented fraction of 0.83 versus the placebo control fish. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: KHVd is highly contagious and commonly leads to deaths in 80% to 100% of exposed fish, representing a major threat to koi and common carp populations throughout the world. The CyHV3 modified-live virus vaccine had a favorable safety profile and was an effective vaccine for the control of KHVd in koi weighing > 87 g.
Subject(s)
Carps , Fish Diseases/prevention & control , Herpesviridae Infections/veterinary , Viral Vaccines/immunology , Animals , Fish Diseases/virology , Herpesviridae/genetics , Herpesviridae Infections/prevention & control , Herpesviridae Infections/virology , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Viral LoadABSTRACT
The predictive accuracy of a nurse on labour and delivery to foretell the route of delivery is unknown. Registered nurses directly involved in managing women's labour predicted the route of delivery on 199 women between September 2005 and September 2006. The sensitivity to identify women who subsequently would deliver by caesarean was 26% (95% CI 13-42%); positive predictive value of 38% (20-39%) and likelihood ratio of 2.6 (1.3-7.5). Experience did not improve the predictive accuracy.