Folie du système? Preventing Violence Against Nurses in In-patient Psychiatry.

Violence against psychiatric nurses is a difficult reality of work on in-patient psychiatry units. Health care providers and managers, nursing unions, and workplace protection agencies are looking for solutions to improve safety and quality of care. We are suggesting that simultaneous to this solution-seeking, there is also a need to critically reflect on the nature of violence itself within in-patient psychiatric settings. In this article we consider the gendered dynamics of power and violence within the in-patient psychiatric setting. The nursing profession is over 90% female. Given that violence in society often has a 'gendered' nature, and in light of a report from the Ontario Council of Hospital Unions which likened violence against nurses to domestic violence, we have put forth a view of the acute in-patient psychiatric milieu that considers gender and power in its analysis of violence against nurses. Intended to encourage enquiry into our pre-suppositions as health care providers, we use Foucauldian and feminist theories to up-end our notions of "anti-violence technologies", and to consider the unique and risky position that psychiatric nurses occupy as carers, care providers, and "anti-violence officers". We conclude by posing ethical questions which may be of interest for professional development, care planning, team building, and clinical ethics and education.

Demographic characteristics of participants in studies of risk factors, prevention, and treatment of postpartum depression.

OBJECTIVES: Metaanalyses have found that sociodemographic variables are not strong predictors of postpartum depression. However, no studies have systematically examined the extent to which the samples used in published research on postpartum depression have included sufficiently diverse samples of women to merit this conclusion. The objectives o this study were to examine the demographic characteristics of participants in previously published studies and to document existing gaps in the current literature. METHOD: We extracted age, ethnicity, relationship status, and socioeconomic status of 51 453 participants from 143 studies previously selected for systematic literature reviews. RESULTS: Few studies reported complete demographic data; however, existing data indicate that participants were predominantly aged 25 to 35 years, white, partnered, and of mid- or high-socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS: To assess the external validity of the findings, improved reporting of demographic characteristics is required in publications related to postpartum depression. Additional research is needed to understand postpartum depression among understudied populations.