ABSTRACT
This study investigated access to health care among female prisoners in the state of Ceará, Brazil, and screened for common mental disorders. We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study in the only female prison in the state. Ninety detainees participated in the study. All participants were either pregnant or postpartum women or had one or more of the following health problems: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis, syphilis, hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The findings reveal that access to health care was limited, violating the fundamental rights of the prisoners. Screening for diseases on admission to prison was limited, especially among non-pregnant women. Differences in health care were found between health conditions, with priority being given to pregnant and postpartum women. Most of the inmates (68.24%) were found to be at risk for common mental disorders (SRQ score > 7). A positive correlation was found between age and mental health problems (p = 0.0002). Despite legislation guaranteeing access to health care in prisons, the prison system is unprepared to meet the health needs of female prisoners with comorbidities and pregnant and puerperal women.
O estudo analisa o acesso ao cuidado em saúde de mulheres encarceradas no estado do Ceará, rastreando transtornos mentais comuns. Estudo analítico, transversal, de natureza quantitativa, desenvolvido na única penitenciária feminina do Ceará. Participaram 90 detentas, todas com alguma das seguintes questões de saúde: gestantes, puérperas, portadoras de hipertensão arterial sistêmica, diabetes mellitus, tuberculose, sífilis, hepatite B ou HIV/Aids. Os dados foram coletados por entrevista estruturada. Evidenciou-se acesso limitado à atenção à saúde das detentas, violando direitos básicos sob tutela do Estado. Foram constatadas limitações de exames de rastreamento de doenças nas presidiárias na ocasião de seu acesso ao cárcere, principalmente as que não se encontravam grávidas no momento do encarceramento. Houve diferenças entre as distintas condições de saúde analisadas, com prioridade da atenção às gestantes e puérperas. Entre as detentas, 68,24% apresentavam risco de transtornos mentais comuns (SRQ > 7). Houve correlação positiva entre idade e saúde mental (p = 0,0002). Embora exista legislação pertinente de garantia de acesso à saúde no cárcere, o sistema prisional está despreparado para atender às necessidades de portadoras de comorbidades, gestantes e puérperas.
Subject(s)
Health Services Accessibility , Mental Disorders , Prisoners , Prisons , Humans , Brazil/epidemiology , Female , Prisoners/statistics & numerical data , Cross-Sectional Studies , Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Pregnancy , Young Adult , Surveys and Questionnaires , Prisons/statistics & numerical data , Middle Aged , Postpartum Period , Mass Screening , Adolescent , Pregnancy Complications/epidemiology , Age FactorsABSTRACT
In this study, we evaluated the quality of life (QoL) and associated factors of community health workers (CHWs) in different urban settings as a contributor to the preparedness of Brazilian primary care for future sanitary emergencies. The sample included 1935 CHWs from 4 state capitals and 4 inland municipalities in northeastern Brazil. Information was collected on QoL (WHOQOL-BREF), work routines, sociodemographics, direct and indirect exposure to violence, general self-efficacy, social support (MSPSS), mental health (SRQ-20) and coronavirus anxiety. The data were subjected to multiple linear regression analysis (α = 5%). In the state capitals, the factors associated with loss of QoL were poor mental health, lack of training, uncertainty about occupational biosafety, and lack of adaptation of services to tend to patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Among the inland municipalities, the main factors were coronavirus anxiety, poor mental health, lack of adaptation of services, lack of training, and lack of personal protective equipment (PPE). A high MSPSS (family and friends) score and self-efficacy had positive impacts on QoL in both urban settings. Our results highlight the need for investment in permanent education, PPE, social support, and mental health care for CHWs.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Community Health Workers , Mental Health , Quality of Life , Humans , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/psychology , Brazil/epidemiology , Male , Female , Adult , Community Health Workers/psychology , Middle Aged , SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification , Social Support , Anxiety/psychology , Anxiety/epidemiology , Pandemics , Self Efficacy , Surveys and Questionnaires , Personal Protective EquipmentABSTRACT
Resumo O estudo analisa o acesso ao cuidado em saúde de mulheres encarceradas no estado do Ceará, rastreando transtornos mentais comuns. Estudo analítico, transversal, de natureza quantitativa, desenvolvido na única penitenciária feminina do Ceará. Participaram 90 detentas, todas com alguma das seguintes questões de saúde: gestantes, puérperas, portadoras de hipertensão arterial sistêmica, diabetes mellitus, tuberculose, sífilis, hepatite B ou HIV/Aids. Os dados foram coletados por entrevista estruturada. Evidenciou-se acesso limitado à atenção à saúde das detentas, violando direitos básicos sob tutela do Estado. Foram constatadas limitações de exames de rastreamento de doenças nas presidiárias na ocasião de seu acesso ao cárcere, principalmente as que não se encontravam grávidas no momento do encarceramento. Houve diferenças entre as distintas condições de saúde analisadas, com prioridade da atenção às gestantes e puérperas. Entre as detentas, 68,24% apresentavam risco de transtornos mentais comuns (SRQ > 7). Houve correlação positiva entre idade e saúde mental (p = 0,0002). Embora exista legislação pertinente de garantia de acesso à saúde no cárcere, o sistema prisional está despreparado para atender às necessidades de portadoras de comorbidades, gestantes e puérperas.
Abstract This study investigated access to health care among female prisoners in the state of Ceará, Brazil, and screened for common mental disorders. We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study in the only female prison in the state. Ninety detainees participated in the study. All participants were either pregnant or postpartum women or had one or more of the following health problems: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis, syphilis, hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The findings reveal that access to health care was limited, violating the fundamental rights of the prisoners. Screening for diseases on admission to prison was limited, especially among non-pregnant women. Differences in health care were found between health conditions, with priority being given to pregnant and postpartum women. Most of the inmates (68.24%) were found to be at risk for common mental disorders (SRQ score > 7). A positive correlation was found between age and mental health problems (p = 0.0002). Despite legislation guaranteeing access to health care in prisons, the prison system is unprepared to meet the health needs of female prisoners with comorbidities and pregnant and puerperal women.
ABSTRACT
Violence is a major social problem in Brazil, with severe repercussions on the health care sector. Primary health care professionals, especially community health workers (CHWs), are at high risk of violence at facilities and in the socially vulnerable area where they work. This study analyzed the relationships between adverse working conditions and dimensions of localized violence on the prevalence of common mental disorders (CMD) among CHWs in Fortaleza, a state capital in Northeastern Brazil. Information was collected with a self-report questionnaire containing items on sociodemographic data, work-related violence, psychoemotional signs and symptoms (Self-Reporting Questionnaire-20), mental health care, and absence from work due to general or mental health issues. Based on the responses of 1,437 CHWs, the prevalence of CMD (32.75%) was associated with perceived, witnessed, or suffered violence in the work area. In the hierarchical analysis, CMD were associated with age, sex, religious identity, years of experience as a CHW with the Family Health Strategy (FHS), work neighborhood, activities in the community, considering the lack of bonding with families as an obstacle, having suffered domestic violence, use of medication for emotional dysregulation, identifying the neighborhood as violent, considering violence a physical or mental health determinant, and identifying impunity as a cause of violence. Thus, the work and mental health of CHWs were significantly affected by violence dimensions. Our findings are relevant to the adoption of strategies to mitigate the effects of violence on the work and mental health of CHWs.
Subject(s)
Domestic Violence , Mental Disorders , Humans , Mental Health , Brazil/epidemiology , Community Health Workers , Mental Disorders/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Violence is a major social problem in Brazil, with severe repercussions on the health care sector. Primary health care professionals, especially community health workers (CHWs), are at high risk of violence at facilities and in the socially vulnerable area where they work. This study analyzed the relationships between adverse working conditions and dimensions of localized violence on the prevalence of common mental disorders (CMD) among CHWs in Fortaleza, a state capital in Northeastern Brazil. Information was collected with a self-report questionnaire containing items on sociodemographic data, work-related violence, psychoemotional signs and symptoms (Self-Reporting Questionnaire-20), mental health care, and absence from work due to general or mental health issues. Based on the responses of 1,437 CHWs, the prevalence of CMD (32.75%) was associated with perceived, witnessed, or suffered violence in the work area. In the hierarchical analysis, CMD were associated with age, sex, religious identity, years of experience as a CHW with the Family Health Strategy (FHS), work neighborhood, activities in the community, considering the lack of bonding with families as an obstacle, having suffered domestic violence, use of medication for emotional dysregulation, identifying the neighborhood as violent, considering violence a physical or mental health determinant, and identifying impunity as a cause of violence. Thus, the work and mental health of CHWs were significantly affected by violence dimensions. Our findings are relevant to the adoption of strategies to mitigate the effects of violence on the work and mental health of CHWs.
A violência é um grande problema social no Brasil, com graves repercussões no setor de saúde. Profissionais da atenção primária à saúde, principalmente os agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS), apresentam alto risco de violência nas instalações e na área de vulnerabilidade social onde atuam. Este estudo analisou as relações entre condições adversas de trabalho e as dimensões da violência no território na prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns (TMC) entre ACS de Fortaleza, uma capital do Nordeste do Brasil. As informações foram coletadas por meio de um questionário de autorrelato (Self-Reporting Questionnaire-20) com itens sobre dados sociodemográficos, violência relacionada ao trabalho, sinais e sintomas psicoemocionais, cuidados em saúde mental e ausência ao trabalho por problemas gerais ou de saúde mental. Com base nas respostas de 1.437 ACS, a prevalência de TMC (32,75%) foi associada à violência percebida, testemunhada ou sofrida na área de trabalho. Na análise hierárquica, os TMC estavam associados a idade, sexo, identidade religiosa, anos de experiência como ACS na Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF), bairro onde trabalha, atividades na comunidade, considerando a falta de vínculo com as famílias como obstáculo, ter sofrido violência doméstica, uso de medicação para desregulação emocional, identificar o bairro como violento, considerar violência um determinante da saúde física ou mental e identificar a impunidade como causa de violência. Assim, o trabalho e a saúde mental dos ACS foram significativamente afetados pelas dimensões da violência. Nossos achados são relevantes para a adoção de estratégias para mitigar os efeitos da violência no trabalho e na saúde mental dos ACS.
La violencia es un problema social importante en Brasil, con graves impactos en el sector de la salud. Los profesionales de la atención primaria de salud, en especial los agentes comunitarios de salud (ACS), se encuentran en alto riesgo de violencia en los establecimientos y en el área de vulnerabilidad social donde actúan. Este estudio analizó la relación entre las condiciones laborales adversas y las dimensiones de la violencia localizada en la prevalencia de los trastornos mentales comunes (TMC) entre los ACS de Fortaleza, una capital en la Región Nordeste de Brasil. Para recabar la información, se aplicó un cuestionario de autoinforme (Self-Reporting Questionnaire-20) que constaba de ítems sobre datos sociodemográficos, violencia laboral, signos y síntomas psicoemocionales, cuidados en salud mental y ausencia al trabajo por problemas generales o de salud mental. De las respuestas de 1.437 ACS, se constató que la prevalencia de TMC (32,75%) estuvo asociada con la violencia percibida, que se presenció o sufrió en el lugar de trabajo. En el análisis jerárquico, los TMC se asociaron con la edad, el sexo, la identidad religiosa, los años de experiencia como ACS en la Estrategia de Salud Familiar (ESF), el barrio donde actúan, las actividades en la comunidad, considerando como obstáculo la falta de vínculo con las familias, haber sufrido violencia intrafamiliar, uso de medicamentos para la desregulación emocional, la identificación del barrio como violento, considerar la violencia como determinante de la salud física o mental e identificar la impunidad como causa de la violencia. Por lo tanto, el trabajo y la salud mental de los ACS se vieron significativamente afectados por las dimensiones de la violencia. Estos hallazgos son relevantes para aplicar estrategias de mitigación de los efectos de la violencia en el trabajo y en la salud mental de los ACS.
ABSTRACT
The scope of the study was to investigate the relationship between COVID-19 and social vulnerability variables in Fortaleza, as well as to verify the influence of violence on the work of the Community Health Worker (ACS) and the implications for tackling COVID-19. Primary quantitative data (e.g., questionnaires with the ACS) and secondary data (e.g., HDI, homicide, illiteracy, Bolsa Família [PBF] coverage and Family Health Strategy [ESF] coverage) were used. There was a relationship between COVID-19 and indicators of social vulnerability, where cases had a negative relationship with HDI and illiteracy; and deaths had a positive relationship with the homicide rate and PBF coverage. Regions with high death rates due to COVID-19 and social vulnerability have greater FHS coverage and less home visits by the CHA. The latter's role in tackling COVID-19 is limited by the violence in the territory. The thorough performance of the ACS in confronting this pandemic is dependent on intersectoral policies. Thus, the creation of a policy to tackle COVID-19 with the participation of the ACS needs to consider intersectoral actions for curtailing and preventing violence in the territory, in addition to adequate training in the prevention and detection of COVID-19.
Objetivou-se averiguar a relação da COVID-19 com variáveis de vulnerabilidade social em Fortaleza e verificar a influência da violência no trabalho do ACS e suas implicações no enfrentamento da COVID-19. Dados quantitativos primários (e.g., questionários com ACS) e secundários (e.g., IDH, homicídio, analfabetismo, cobertura do Programa Bolsa Família [PBF] e da Estratégia Saúde da Família [ESF]) foram utilizados. Observou-se relação da COVID-19 com indicadores de vulnerabilidade social, onde os casos têm relação negativa com IDH e analfabetismo; e os óbitos relação positiva com taxa de homicídios e cobertura do PBF. Regiões com altas taxas de óbito por COVID-19 e vulnerabilidade social possuem maior cobertura da ESF e menor realização de visita domiciliar pelo ACS. A atuação deste, no enfrentamento da pandemia, é limitada pela violência do território. A plena atuação do ACS, no enfrentamento da COVID-19, é dependente de políticas intersetoriais. Assim, a construção de uma política de enfrentamento da COVID-19, com participação do ACS, precisa levar em consideração, além de seu adequado treinamento na prevenção e detecção de COVID-19, ações intersetoriais para o enfrentamento e prevenção da violência no território.
Subject(s)
COVID-19/epidemiology , Community Health Workers , Violence/prevention & control , Violence/statistics & numerical data , Brazil/epidemiology , Humans , Vulnerable PopulationsABSTRACT
Resumo Objetivou-se averiguar a relação da COVID-19 com variáveis de vulnerabilidade social em Fortaleza e verificar a influência da violência no trabalho do ACS e suas implicações no enfrentamento da COVID-19. Dados quantitativos primários (e.g., questionários com ACS) e secundários (e.g., IDH, homicídio, analfabetismo, cobertura do Programa Bolsa Família [PBF] e da Estratégia Saúde da Família [ESF]) foram utilizados. Observou-se relação da COVID-19 com indicadores de vulnerabilidade social, onde os casos têm relação negativa com IDH e analfabetismo; e os óbitos relação positiva com taxa de homicídios e cobertura do PBF. Regiões com altas taxas de óbito por COVID-19 e vulnerabilidade social possuem maior cobertura da ESF e menor realização de visita domiciliar pelo ACS. A atuação deste, no enfrentamento da pandemia, é limitada pela violência do território. A plena atuação do ACS, no enfrentamento da COVID-19, é dependente de políticas intersetoriais. Assim, a construção de uma política de enfrentamento da COVID-19, com participação do ACS, precisa levar em consideração, além de seu adequado treinamento na prevenção e detecção de COVID-19, ações intersetoriais para o enfrentamento e prevenção da violência no território.
Abstract The scope of the study was to investigate the relationship between COVID-19 and social vulnerability variables in Fortaleza, as well as to verify the influence of violence on the work of the Community Health Worker (ACS) and the implications for tackling COVID-19. Primary quantitative data (e.g., questionnaires with the ACS) and secondary data (e.g., HDI, homicide, illiteracy, Bolsa Família [PBF] coverage and Family Health Strategy [ESF] coverage) were used. There was a relationship between COVID-19 and indicators of social vulnerability, where cases had a negative relationship with HDI and illiteracy; and deaths had a positive relationship with the homicide rate and PBF coverage. Regions with high death rates due to COVID-19 and social vulnerability have greater FHS coverage and less home visits by the CHA. The latter's role in tackling COVID-19 is limited by the violence in the territory. The thorough performance of the ACS in confronting this pandemic is dependent on intersectoral policies. Thus, the creation of a policy to tackle COVID-19 with the participation of the ACS needs to consider intersectoral actions for curtailing and preventing violence in the territory, in addition to adequate training in the prevention and detection of COVID-19.
Subject(s)
Humans , Violence/prevention & control , Violence/statistics & numerical data , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Community Health Workers , Brazil/epidemiology , Vulnerable PopulationsABSTRACT
Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de 11 artigos científicos selecionados sobre satisfação dos usuários, por meio dos dados do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB), publicados no período de 2012 a 2018. O material textual foi processado pelo software IRaMuTeQ®. A análise textual produziu sete classes que geraram três categorias: Organização e coordenação do cuidado - equipe de apoio matricial, procedente das classes 5, 6 e 1; Satisfação do usuário - marcação de consulta e atendimento das classes 2 e 7; Indicadores socioeconômicos e diferenças regionais das classes 3 e 4. Os fatores presentes na satisfação dos usuários foram acessibilidade, continuidade do cuidado, longitudinalidade, integralidade e resolubilidade, considerados atributos importantes na reorientação da organização dos serviços e das práticas dos profissionais. (AU)
Integrative literature review of user satisfaction based on data from the National Program for Improving Primary Care Access and Quality (PMAQ-AB) involving 11 articles published between 2012 and 2018. A text analysis was performed using the software IRaMuTeQ®, resulting in seven classes and three categories: care organization and coordination - matrix support team from classes 5, 6 and 1; user satisfaction - appointment scheduling and treatment from classes 2 and 7; socioeconomic indicators and regional differences from 3 and 4. The factors influencing user satisfaction were accessibility, continuity of care, longitudinality, comprehensiveness, and resolvability. These are important attributes in the reorientation of the organization of care services and professional practices. (AU)
Estudio de revisión integradora de 11 artículos científicos seleccionados sobre satisfacción de los usuarios, a partir de los datos del Programa Nacional de Mejora del Acceso y de la Calidad de la Atención Básica (PMAQ-AB, por sus siglas en portugués), publicados en el período de 2012 y 2018. El material textual se procesó por medio del software IRAMUTEQ®. El análisis textual produjo siete clases que generó tres categorías: Organización y coordinación del cuidado - equipo de apoyo matricial procedente de las clases 5, 6 y 1; Satisfacción del usuario - programación de consulta y atención, de las clases 2 y 7; Indicadores socioeconómicos y diferencias regionales de las clases 3 y 4. Los factores presentes en la satisfacción de los usuarios fueron accesibilidad, continuidad del cuidado, longitudinalidad, integralidad y capacidad de resolución. Estos son atributos importantes en la reorientación de la organización de los servicios y de las prácticas de los profesionales. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Primary Health Care , Health Evaluation/statistics & numerical data , Patient Satisfaction , Review Literature as Topic , Document AnalysisABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE To analyze the quality of the infrastructure and work process of the Family Health Strategy in the municipalities of Ceará between 2012 and 2014. METHODS Cross-sectional study, using secondary data from the external evaluation of the 1st (2012) and 2nd (2014) cycle of the National Program for Improvement of Access and Quality of Primary Care in Ceará. A total of 20 composite indicators were used to verify the quality of infrastructure and work process. RESULTS Data from 183 (99.4%) of the 184 municipalities of Ceará were collected in both cycles. A total of 1,441 teams were evaluated for the infrastructure and 800 for the work process. Among the 20 composite indicators evaluated, 18 presented an improvement, but in a non-homogeneous way, ranging between 0.0 and 413.5%. We observed that the lower the initial value of the indicator, the greater the variation in quality between 2012 and 2014. The indicators of infrastructure and work process were influenced by the regional health system and population size of the municipality, being more evident the influence on the variables of the work process. CONCLUSIONS We identified that quality improvements related to infrastructure and work process occurred in the period of implementation of the program in the state of Ceará in an equitable manner, being influenced by population size and regional health system, showing the influence of the context in the implementation of public policies of this nature.
Subject(s)
Health Services Administration , National Health Programs/organization & administration , Primary Health Care/organization & administration , Analysis of Variance , Brazil , Cities , Cross-Sectional Studies , Humans , Population Density , Program Evaluation , Quality Improvement , Quality of Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Time FactorsABSTRACT
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the quality of the infrastructure and work process of the Family Health Strategy in the municipalities of Ceará between 2012 and 2014. METHODS Cross-sectional study, using secondary data from the external evaluation of the 1st (2012) and 2nd (2014) cycle of the National Program for Improvement of Access and Quality of Primary Care in Ceará. A total of 20 composite indicators were used to verify the quality of infrastructure and work process. RESULTS Data from 183 (99.4%) of the 184 municipalities of Ceará were collected in both cycles. A total of 1,441 teams were evaluated for the infrastructure and 800 for the work process. Among the 20 composite indicators evaluated, 18 presented an improvement, but in a non-homogeneous way, ranging between 0.0 and 413.5%. We observed that the lower the initial value of the indicator, the greater the variation in quality between 2012 and 2014. The indicators of infrastructure and work process were influenced by the regional health system and population size of the municipality, being more evident the influence on the variables of the work process. CONCLUSIONS We identified that quality improvements related to infrastructure and work process occurred in the period of implementation of the program in the state of Ceará in an equitable manner, being influenced by population size and regional health system, showing the influence of the context in the implementation of public policies of this nature.
RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar a qualidade da infraestrutura e do processo de trabalho da Estratégia Saúde da Família nos municípios do Ceará entre 2012 e 2014. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal, utilizando dados secundários da avaliação externa do 1º (2012) e 2º (2014) ciclo do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica no Ceará. Vinte indicadores compostos foram utilizados para averiguar a qualidade da infraestrutura e do processo de trabalho. RESULTADOS Dados de 183 (99,4%) dos 184 municípios foram avaliados nos dois ciclos. Avaliaram-se 1.441 equipes para infraestrutura e 800 equipes para processo de trabalho. Dentre os 20 indicadores compostos avaliados, houve melhoria em 18, porém de forma não homogênea, variando de 0,0 a 413,5%. Observou-se que quanto menor o valor inicial do indicador, maior a variação na qualidade entre 2012 e 2014. Os indicadores da infraestrutura e do processo de trabalho foram influenciados pela região de saúde e porte populacional do município, sendo mais evidente a influência nas variáveis de processo de trabalho. CONCLUSÕES Identificou-se que melhorias da qualidade referentes à infraestrutura e ao processo de trabalho ocorreram no período de implantação do programa no estado do Ceará de forma equitativa, sendo influenciadas pelo porte populacional e pela região, demonstrando a influência do contexto na implementação de políticas públicas dessa natureza.