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1.
Menopause ; 25(3): 324-328, 2018 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29112600

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated whether low bone density, a condition related to aging, is associated with low muscle mass, a surrogate for sarcopenia, and whether it could be used as a marker of the condition. METHODS: We studied 483 women aged 35 to 69 years old who appeared healthy and attended a preventive gynecological examination. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure bone mineral density (BMD) and regional body composition. BMD was assessed using the T-score. Low appendicular lean mass (aLM) adjusted by height (aLM index) was defined according to Baumgartner et al (<5.45 kg/m). The association of low aLM index with bone mass was evaluated with a binary logistic regression using a cutoff point on the receiver operating characteristic curves for the T-score of -1.5. RESULTS: The participants had a mean age of 54.7 ±â€Š9.1 years, body mass index of 24.6 ±â€Š3.6 kg/m, aLM index of 5.9 ±â€Š0.6 kg/m (22.6% showed sarcopenia), abdominal fat percentage of 44.0 ±â€Š9.1%, and T-score of -0.48 ±â€Š0.97. In the logistic regression model, we found that low BMD implied a significant risk for sarcopenia (odds ratio [OR] 1.77; 95% CI, 1.02-3.06). In contrast, excess body weight was a protective factor (OR 0.12; 95% CI, 0.06-0.25). Neither age nor abdominal fat percentage, however, influenced the likelihood of sarcopenia in these women. CONCLUSIONS: A BMD T-score below -1.5 suggests low muscle mass in middle-aged women, which is a central element in the diagnosis of sarcopenia. Early diagnosis provides the opportunity to introduce preventive and therapeutic options.


Subject(s)
Bone Density/physiology , Muscle, Skeletal/pathology , Sarcopenia/diagnosis , Absorptiometry, Photon , Body Mass Index , Chile , Female , Femur Neck/diagnostic imaging , Femur Neck/pathology , Humans , Logistic Models , Middle Aged , Muscle, Skeletal/diagnostic imaging , ROC Curve , Risk Factors
2.
Menopause ; 22(12): 1317-22, 2015 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25968833

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine time differences (differences in restricted mean survival times [RMSTs]) in the onset of invasive breast cancer, coronary heart disease, stroke, pulmonary embolism, colorectal cancer, and hip fracture between the placebo group and the conjugated equine estrogens 0.625 mg plus medroxyprogesterone acetate 2.5 mg group of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) trial based on survival curves of the original report and to provide adequate interpretation of the clinical effects of a given intervention. METHODS: Distribution of survival function was obtained from cumulative hazard plots of the WHI report; Monte Carlo simulation was performed to obtain censored observations for each outcome, in which assumptions of the Cox model were evaluated once corresponding hazard ratios had been estimated. Using estimation methods such as numerical integration, pseudovalues, and flexible parametric modeling, we determined differences in RMSTs for each outcome. RESULTS: Obtained cumulative hazard plots, hazard ratios, and outcome rates from the simulated model did not show differences in relation to the original WHI report. The differences in RMST between placebo and conjugated equine estrogens 0.625 mg plus medroxyprogesterone acetate 2.5 mg (in flexible parametric modeling) were 1.17 days (95% CI, -2.25 to 4.59) for invasive breast cancer, 7.50 days (95% CI, 2.90 to 12.11) for coronary heart disease, 2.75 days (95% CI, -0.84 to 6.34) for stroke, 4.23 days (95% CI, 1.82 to 6.64) for pulmonary embolism, -2.73 days (95% CI, -5.32 to -0.13) for colorectal cancer, and -2.77 days (95% CI, -5.44 to -0.1) for hip fracture. CONCLUSIONS: The differences in RMST for the outcomes of the WHI study are too small to establish clinical risks related to hormone therapy use.


Subject(s)
Estrogen Replacement Therapy/adverse effects , Estrogens, Conjugated (USP)/adverse effects , Medroxyprogesterone Acetate/adverse effects , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Women's Health , Breast Neoplasms/mortality , Colorectal Neoplasms/mortality , Coronary Disease/mortality , Estrogen Replacement Therapy/methods , Estrogens, Conjugated (USP)/administration & dosage , Female , Hip Fractures/mortality , Humans , Medroxyprogesterone Acetate/administration & dosage , Monte Carlo Method , Placebos , Proportional Hazards Models , Pulmonary Embolism/mortality , Risk Factors , Stroke/mortality , Survival Rate
3.
Menopause ; 13(4): 706-12, 2006.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16837893

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To assess the age at menopause (AM) in Latin America urban areas. DESIGN: A total of 17,150 healthy women, aged 40 to 59 years, accompanying patients to healthcare centers in 47 cities of 15 Latin American countries, were surveyed regarding their age, educational level, healthcare coverage, history of gynecological surgery, smoking habit, presence of menses, and the use of contraception or hormone therapy at menopause. The AM was calculated using logit analysis. RESULTS: The mean age of the entire sample was 49.4 +/- 5.5 years. Mean educational level was 9.9 +/- 4.5 years, and the use of hormone therapy and oral contraception was 22.1% and 7.9%, respectively. The median AM of women in all centers was 48.6 years, ranging from 43.8 years in Asuncion (Paraguay) to 53 years in Cartagena de Indias (Colombia). Logistic regression analysis determined that women aged 49 living in cities at 2,000 meters or more above sea level (OR = 2.0, 95% CI: 1.4-2.9, P < 0.001) and those with lower educational level (OR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.3-2.8, P < 0.001) or living in countries with low gross national product (OR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.5-2.9, P < 0.001) were more prone to an earlier onset of menopause. CONCLUSIONS: The AM varies widely in Latin America. Lower income and related poverty conditions influence the onset of menopause.


Subject(s)
Estrogen Replacement Therapy , Menopause/ethnology , Adult , Age Factors , Altitude , Contraceptives, Oral, Combined , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Latin America/epidemiology , Logistic Models , Menopause/physiology , Middle Aged , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , South America/epidemiology , Surveys and Questionnaires
4.
Fertil Steril ; 81(3): 617-23, 2004 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15037411

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To compare changes in mammographic density and the expression of markers of proliferation (Ki67) and apoptosis (Bcl-2) after 1 year of treatment with tibolone and continuous conjugated equine estrogens combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate (CEE-MPA). DESIGN: Comparative, randomized, evaluator-blinded study. SETTING: City research hospital. PATIENT(S): Thirty-seven postmenopausal women. INTERVENTION(S): Tibolone (2.5 mg; n = 18) or continuous conjugated estrogens (0.625 mg) combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate (5 mg; n = 19) for 1 year. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Mammographic density (BI-RADS density score), expression of immunohistochemical markers Ki67 and Bcl-2. RESULT(S): Mean breast density score decreased significantly from 2.22 to 1.67 in the tibolone group, compared with a significant increase in the CEE-MPA-treated group from 1.84 to 2.63. Ki67 expression decreased in 12 of 15, increased in 2 of 15, and remained unchanged in 1 of 15 subjects in the tibolone group, compared with 1 of 19, 15 of 19, and 3 of 19 subjects, respectively, in the CEE-MPA group. Bcl-2 expression decreased in 12 of 15, increased in 2 of 15, and remained unchanged in 1 of 15 subjects in the tibolone group, compared with 5 of 19, 9 of 19, and 5 of 19 subjects, respectively, in the CEE-MPA group. CONCLUSION(S): One-year treatment with tibolone induced a decrease in breast density, with a reduction in proliferation and a stimulation of apoptosis, whereas 1-year treatment with CEE-MPA induced an increase in breast density, with stimulation of proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis, indicating that tibolone effects on the breast are different from those of CEE-MPA.


Subject(s)
Breast/metabolism , Estrogens, Conjugated (USP)/therapeutic use , Ki-67 Antigen/metabolism , Mammography , Medroxyprogesterone Acetate/therapeutic use , Norpregnenes/therapeutic use , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism , Biomarkers/analysis , Breast/drug effects , Drug Therapy, Combination , Female , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Middle Aged , Postmenopause , Single-Blind Method
5.
Rev. chil. obstet. ginecol ; 53(6): 353-65, 1988. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-75777

ABSTRACT

Se presentan los resultados de un estudio pre-introductorio clínico multicéntrico destinado a evaluar la eficacia, inocuidad y conducta de los nuevos implantes anticonceptivos Norplant en programas de salud pública de planificación familiar en Chile. El estudio fue realizado en seis clínicas (3 de Santiago y 3 de diferentes regiones) durante el período septiembre 1985 a junio 1988. Incluye 1.679 aceptantes con un total de 19.703 meses-mujeres de uso. Se realizó un total de 8.273 visitas de seguimiento con un promedio de 4,9 controles y 11,8 meses de observación por usuaria. Las tasas acumuladas de pérdida de seguimiento fueron bajas, 4,5% y 6,9% para el primer y segundo año de uso, respectivamente. Se registraron 6 embarazos, todos ellos durante el segundo año de uso. La eficacia anticonceptiva fue excelente y la tasa acumulada de embarazo fue de 0,0 a 12 meses y de 0,5 a 24 meses. La alteración de los patrones menstruales constituyó el efecto más frecuente y también la causa más importante de terminación. Fueron cerrados un total de 246 casos, 64 de ellos por problemas menstruales. Hubo 92 cierres por otras causas médicas. Un 31,2% de las usuarias no tuvo ningún problema o queja durante el período de observación. Las tasas acumuladas de continuación después de uno y dos años de uso fueron de 92,4 y 78,7 por cien mujeres, respectivamente. Los resultados sugieren que Norplan es un método anticonceptivo eficaz e inocuo, siempre que sea utilizado por personal de salud bien entrenado en consejería y en las técnicas de inserción y extracción


Subject(s)
Pregnancy , Adolescent , Adult , Humans , Female , Contraceptive Agents, Female/adverse effects , Drug Implants , Family Development Planning , Norgestrel/adverse effects , Follow-Up Studies
6.
Rev. chil. obstet. ginecol ; 53(2): 100-9, 1988. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-61654

ABSTRACT

Se estudia el efecto de bromocriptina administrada en forma continua o rítmica en mujeres con mastopatía fibroquística sintomática. 90 mujeres seleccionadas configuraron tres grupos al azar: Grupo 1 (bromocriptina continua) recibió bromocriptina 5 mg diarios del 1o al 25o día del ciclo, durante tres ciclos. Grupo 2 (bromocriptina rítmica), placebo desde el 1o al 25o día por tres ciclos. Los tratamientos se administraron según doble ciego 1/2 tableta 4 veces al día. El seguimiento fué cada 30 días, hasta completar siete meses de observación. La evolución del cuadro clínico en cada control se objetivó con diferentes medidas para la mastalgia, nodularidad y sensibilidad. Se determinaron niveles plasmáticos de prolactina, estrógenos o progesterona en la fase lútea del ciclo previo al tratamiento y durante el segundo mes de tratamiento. Resultados: 75% a 90% de las mujeres que recibieron bromocriptina continua o rítmica presentaron respuestas favorables. Quedaron asitomáticas 50% del grupo 1 y 35% del grupo 2. La respuesta fue significativamente mejor que con placebo, que presentó 35% de respuestas favorables y sólo 10% queda asintomática. El grupo bromocriptina continua respondió discretamente mejor que el rítmico, pero no fue estadísticamente significativo. Con bromocriptina de observó un notorio descenso de la prolactina plasmática, que coincidió con un significativo ascenso de los niveles de progesterona. Los efectos colaterales más relevantes fueron decaimiento, mareos, náuseas, vómitos y cefalea, que ocurrieron aproximadamente en un 30%. Estas molestias fueron disminuyendo durante el transcurso del tratamiento. Se correlaciona la respuesta clínica favorable con el aumento de progesterona plasmática y el descenso de la prolactina


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Humans , Female , Fibrocystic Breast Disease/drug therapy , Bromocriptine/therapeutic use
7.
Rev. chil. obstet. ginecol ; 51(2): 106-12, 1986. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-56694

ABSTRACT

Se revisan los datos clínicos e histopatológicos de 10.558 pacientes hospitalizadas e intervenidas en la división de Ginecología Servicio de Obstetricia, Ginecología y Neonatología Hospital Paula Jaraquemada en el período 1975-1984; de ellas se estudian 510 pacientes en las cuales el diagnóstico histopatológico correspondió a una tumoración ovárica. Se exponen los conceptos básicos para decidir conducta ante un tumor ovárico. En el grupo de estudio se analizan: histología de los distintos tumores, frecuencia relativa de cada variedad histopatológica y edad de la paciente


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Female , Ovarian Neoplasms/classification , Factor Analysis, Statistical
8.
Rev. chil. obstet. ginecol ; 50(3): 194-200, 1985. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-27195

ABSTRACT

Se presentan 22 pacientes portadoras de Ca. vaginal primario invasor tratadas en el período comprendido entre 1977 - 1983, mediante Radioterapia externa y/o intracavitaria, intersticial o cirugía; correspondiendo a: Estadío I = 13 pacientes; Estadío II = 5 pacientes; Estadío III = 3 pacientes y Estadío IV = 1 paciente. (Tabla 1). Con un seguimiento mínimo de 18 meses, la sobrevida sin evidencia de enfermedad del grupo total es de 66% con un control local del 73% (curvas actuariuales a 8 años, "Berkson Gage")


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Vaginal Neoplasms/radiotherapy , Adenocarcinoma/radiotherapy , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/radiotherapy , Neoplasm Staging , Prognosis
9.
Rev. chil. obstet. ginecol ; 50(6): 470-8, 1985. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-33299

ABSTRACT

Se analizan 41 mujeres portadoras de mastopatía fibroquística severa, que fueron divididas al azar en los grupos. Uno recibió A.M.P. por vía oral en dosis de 100 mg diarios durante 90 días, y el otro, placebo en igual forma. El grupo con A.M.P. obtuvo un número significativamente mayor de respuesta clínicas favorables: 95,7% sobre molestias subjetivas (54,5% con placebo) y 100% sobre signología (9,9%) con placebo). Se determinaron los niveles plasmáticos de FSH. LH, estrógenos y progesterona en el ciclo previo al tratamiento, durante los 90 días de tratamiento (más medroxiprogesterona), y en 7 mujeres hasta 6 semanas después del tratamiento, se concluye que todas las pacientes con MFO presentaron ciclos ovulatorios, probablemente con fase lútea inadecuada. La A.M.P., en las dosis empleadas, consiguió niveles plasmáticos de 8-10 ng/ml y produjo un significativo descenso, precoz y mantenido, de los niveles de estrógenos y progesterona, que se recuperaron antes de las 6 semanas de finalizado el tratamiento


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Female , Fibrocystic Breast Disease/drug therapy , Medroxyprogesterone/administration & dosage
10.
Rev. chil. obstet. ginecol ; 49(6): 462-4, 1984.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, MINSALCHILE | ID: lil-32012
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