Factors Involved in the Evolution of the Basal Metabolic Rate over 30 Months After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass.

INTRODUCTION: After Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), the basal metabolic rate (BMR) falls. However, it is important to know how BMR per kilogram of body weight (BMR/kg) varies in the postoperative period. The present study evaluated the changes in the BMR/kg and its correlates over 30 months after RYGB. METHODS: Eighty adult patients of both genders who underwent RYGB agreed to participate in the study. The following evaluations were performed before surgery (n=48) and 6 (n=27), 12 (n=28), 24 (n=40), and 30 months (n=29) after surgery: anthropometry, body composition (bioelectrical impedance), metabolic analysis (indirect calorimetry), and diet (food recall). Statistical analysis was performed (p = 0.05). RESULTS: Although BMR decreased after surgery, BMR/kg increased significantly as compared to baseline from 12 months onward, peaking at 24 months and not significantly dipping at 30 months, suggesting stabilization of BMR/kg 2 years after surgery (pre, 10.68 ± 2.33 kcal/kg; 12 months, 12.46 ± 2.85 kcal/kg; 24 months, 18.78 ± 4.81 kcal/kg; 30 months, 18.12 ± 3.69 kcal/kg; p <0.001). Regarding the variables that influenced the BMR/kg, at 12 months, they were %LBM and intake of calcium-source foods (34%); at 24 months, it was protein intake (16%); and at 30 months, it was the intake of calcium-source foods (26.7%). CONCLUSION: RYGB is associated with a significant increase in BMR when it is adjusted to body weight from 12 to 24 months postoperatively. Among the factors involved in the increase in BMR/kg are body composition and intake of protein-rich foods.

Metagenomics of microbiota following probiotic supplementation in rats subjected to intestinal anastomosis.

Background: The use of probiotics positively modifies the composition and function of the intestinal flora, decreasing inflammation, and these changes improve the quality of intestinal anastomosis. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the metagenomics of the microbial community after probiotic supplementation in rats subjected to intestinal anastomosis. Methods: The probiotic chosen for this study was composed of the strains Lactobacillus paracasei LPC37, Bifidobacterium lactis HN0019, Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM. Both groups underwent two colostomies, one in the right colon and the second in the rectosigmoid colon, followed by anastomosis with eight interrupted stitches. The rats were killed on the fifth day of PO. Changes in the intestinal microbiota were evaluated by means of a metagenomic study that evaluated bacterial alpha and beta diversity indices. Results: Although there were no significant differences for any alpha diversity index, changes were observed for beta diversity indexes in the microbiota of rats. The group that received the probiotic preserved and even increased the abundance of beneficial bacterial genera and, at the same time, decreased the abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria, promoting a favorable environment for anastomoses' healing. Conclusion: The use of probiotics had a positive impact on the quality of the intestinal microbiota.

Evolution of the basal metabolic rate after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Patients who undergo Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) exhibit a reduction in total basal metabolic rate (BMR) after surgery, which seems to be intimately related to the amount of postoperative weight loss. The objective was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature to determine and evaluate BMR changes after RYGB. The search was performed in certified databases, and the strategy was structured according to the PRISMA ScR. The quality evaluation of the articles included in this review was assessed with two different bias risk tools (ROBINS-I and NIH) according to each study design. Two meta-analyses were elaborated based on the results. 163 articles were selected (from 2016 to 2020), and 9 articles met the inclusion criteria. All of the selected studies evaluated only adult patients, mostly women. Postoperative BMR diminished in all of the included studies after surgery compared to preoperative values. The follow-up periods were 6, 12, 24 and 36 months. Eight articles were used for the meta-analysis after the quality assessment, a total of 434 participants. Compared to baseline values, mean postoperative reductions of 356.66 kcal/d after 6 months (p < 0.001) and 432.89 kcal/d (p < 0.001) after 1 year were observed. The BMR decreases during the first years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, especially during the first year postsurgery.

Effects of oral probiotics administration on the expression of transforming growth factor ß and the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 6, interleukin 17, and tumor necrosis factor α in skin wounds in rats.

BACKGROUND: Cytokines and growth factors play key roles during the tissue repair process. We aim to evaluate the effect of perioperative oral of probiotics, on the healing process in skin wound in rats, by histological aspects, and by the expression of TGF-ß, and the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL6, IL7, and TNF-α. METHODS: 72 adult male Wistar rats were split into two groups control (n = 36) and probiotic group (n = 36). Each group was subdivided into three subgroups with 12 animals each according to euthanasia day: 3rd, 7th, and 10th postoperative(PO) day. RESULTS: Wound contraction was faster with the use of probiotics (p = .013). Also fibrosis was significantly higher in the Probiotic group in the 7th PO day (p = .028). In the probiotic group, there was a reduction of TNF-α at 3th PO day (p = .023); and a reduction of IL6 in 7th PO day (p = .030). There was also a reduction of the expression of IL-17 in 3rd PO day (p = .039) and 7rd PO day (P = .024). In contrast, TGF-ß was lower in the 10th PO day (p = .031) in the probiotic group as compared to controls, indicating that the increase of the fibrosis caused negative feedback with the TGF-ß. CONCLUSION: Probiotics are associated with a shorter inflammatory phase by attenuating the expression of cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α and accelerating the reduction of IL-17 and TGF-ß, leading to faster and improved cutaneous healing in rats.

ARE ENTEROTYPES IN OBESE MODIFIED BY BARIATRIC SURGERY, THE USE OF PROBIOTIC SUPPLEMENTS AND FOOD HABITS?

INTRODUCTION: Studies suggest that bariatric surgery, use of probiotic supplements and the dietary pattern can change enterotypes, as well as the entire microbial population. OBJECTIVE: To verify the influence of bariatric surgery, the use of probiotic supplements and eating habits on enterotypes in obese patients. METHODS: Articles published between the 2015 and 2020 were searched in Lilacs and PubMed with the headings: probiotics, eating behavior, food consumption, food, diet, microbiota, gastrointestinal microbiome, bariatric surgery, gastric bypass and the keyword enterotype in Portuguese, English and Spanish. RESULTS: Of the 260 articles found, only studies carried out in obese adults relating changes in the enterotype after bariatric surgery or use of probiotics or dietary patterns and original articles were selected. In the end, eight papers on enterotype change and bariatric surgery were selected and categorized, four on the relationship between food consumption and microbiota and one on the effects of probiotics on enterotypes. CONCLUSION: The microbial structure is widely modified after bariatric surgery, since the use of probiotic supplement does not bring lasting changes. Enterotypes appear to be shaped by long-term dietary patterns, can modulate how nutrients are metabolized and can be a useful biomarker to improve clinical management.

EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTATION WITH PROBIOTICS ON COLONIC ANASTOMOSES IN RATS: MORPHOLOGICAL AND TENSIOMETRIC STUDY.

BACKGROUND: The use of probiotics positively modifies the composition and function of intestinal flora, improving the quality of intestinal anastomosis. AIM: To evaluate the impact of probiotic use on intestinal anastomosis of rats. METHOD: Thirty-six adult male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus, Rodentia Mammalia) were used, with body weight ranging from 220-320 g. The animals were housed and acclimated individually in boxes receiving water and ration ad libitum. After initial acclimatization, the control group received perioperative ration ad libitum for 12 days (seven preoperatively and five postoperatively) associated with the maltodextrin formula at a dose of 250 mg/day in isocaloric and isovolumetric form. Likewise, the probiotic group received oral supplementation of probiotics dose of 250 mg/day, associated with isocaloric and isovolumetric diet. The probiotic chosen for this study was composed of strains (doses 1x109 CFU/g)12 Lactobacillus paracasei LPC-37, Bifidobacterium lactis HN0019, Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM. Probiotics or placebo were administered orally with the aid of a dosimeter spatula. Both groups underwent two colostomies, one in the right colon and the second in rectosigmoid, followed by reanastomosis with eight separate 6-0 mononylon stitches. The sacrifice took place on the fifth day. The parameters evaluated included tensile strength, histology and collagen densitometry. RESULTS: The rate of intestinal fistula for the control and probiotic groups were, respectively, 22.22% and 11.11% (p=0.6581).Perioperative supplementation with probiotics increased collagen deposition of types I and III (p<0.0001), improved maximum traction force and maximum rupture force, p=0.0250 and p=0.0116 respectively, fibrosis area (p<0.0001), and area of the inflammatory infiltrate (p=0.0115). CONCLUSIONS: The use of probiotics had a positive impact on the quality of intestinal anastomosis.

Are enterotypes in obese modified by bariatric surgery, the use of probiotic supplements and food habits? / Enterótipos em obesos são modificados pela cirurgia bariátrica, uso de suplementos probióticos e hábitos alimentares?

ABSTRACT Introduction: Studies suggest that bariatric surgery, use of probiotic supplements and the dietary pattern can change enterotypes, as well as the entire microbial population. Objective: To verify the influence of bariatric surgery, the use of probiotic supplements and eating habits on enterotypes in obese patients. Methods: Articles published between the 2015 and 2020 were searched in Lilacs and PubMed with the headings: probiotics, eating behavior, food consumption, food, diet, microbiota, gastrointestinal microbiome, bariatric surgery, gastric bypass and the keyword enterotype in Portuguese, English and Spanish. Results: Of the 260 articles found, only studies carried out in obese adults relating changes in the enterotype after bariatric surgery or use of probiotics or dietary patterns and original articles were selected. In the end, eight papers on enterotype change and bariatric surgery were selected and categorized, four on the relationship between food consumption and microbiota and one on the effects of probiotics on enterotypes. Conclusion: The microbial structure is widely modified after bariatric surgery, since the use of probiotic supplement does not bring lasting changes. Enterotypes appear to be shaped by long-term dietary patterns, can modulate how nutrients are metabolized and can be a useful biomarker to improve clinical management.

RESUMO Introdução: Estudos sugerem que a cirurgia bariátrica, uso de suplementos probióticos e o padrão alimentar podem mudar enterótipos, assim como toda a população microbiana. Objetivo: Verificar a influência da cirurgia bariátrica, do uso de suplementos probióticos e de hábitos alimentares nos enterótipos de pacientes obesos. Métodos: Foi realizada a busca de artigos publicados entre os anos de 2015 e 2020 nas bases de dados Lilacs e PubMed com os descritores: probióticos, comportamento alimentar, consumo alimentar, alimentação, dieta, microbiota, microbioma gastrointestinal, cirurgia bariátrica, bypass gástrico e a palavra-chave enterótipo em português, inglês e espanhol. Resultados: Dos 260 artigos encontrados, foram selecionados os estudos originais realizados em adultos obesos relacionando mudanças de enterótipo após cirurgia bariátrica, a padrões alimentares ou ao uso de probiótico. Ao final, foram selecionados e categorizados oito estudos sobre mudança de enterótipo e cirurgia bariátrica, quatro sobre relação entre consumo alimentar e microbiota e somente um sobre efeitos dos probióticos nos enterótipos. Conclusão: A estrutura microbiana é amplamente modificada após a cirurgia bariátrica. O uso de suplemento probiótico não parece trazer mudanças duradouras. Os enterótipos parecem ser moldados por padrões alimentares em longo prazo e podem modular como os nutrientes são metabolizados, podendo vir a ser um biomarcador útil para melhorar o manejo clínico de pacientes obesos.

EFFECTS OF PROBIOTICS SUPPLEMENTATION ON SKIN WOUND HEALING IN DIABETIC RATS.

BACKGROUND: Example of wound contraction area at: A) day of surgery in the control group; B) 7PO in the control group; C) day of surgery in the probiotic group; D) 7PO in probiotic group. Chronic wounds in patients with Diabetes Mellitus often become incurable due to prolonged and excessive production of inflammatory cytokines. The use of probiotics modifies the intestinal microbiota and modulates inflammatory reactions. AIM: To evaluate the influence of perioperative supplementation with probiotics in the cutaneous healing process in diabetic rats. METHODS: Forty-six rats were divided into four groups (C3, P3, C10, P10) according to the treatment (P=probiotic or C=control, both orally administered) and day of euthanasia, 3rd or 10th postoperative days. All rats were induced to Diabetes Mellitus 72 h before starting the experiment with alloxan. Supplementation was initiated five days before the incision and maintained until euthanasia. Scalpel incision was guided by a 2x2 cm mold and the wounds were left to heal per second-intention. The wounds were digitally measured. Collagen densitometry was done with Picrosirius Red staining. Histological parameters were analyzed by staining by H&E. RESULTS: The contraction of the wound was faster in the P10 group which resulted in a smaller scar area (p=0.011). There was an increase in type I collagen deposition from the 3rd to the 10th postoperative day in the probiotic groups (p=0.016), which did not occur in the control group (p=0.487). The histological analysis showed a better degree of healing in the P10 group (p=0.005), with fewer polymorphonuclear (p<0.001) and more neovessels (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative supplementation of probiotics stimulates skin wound healing in diabetic rats, possibly due to attenuation of the inflammatory response and increased neovascularization and type I collagen deposition.

Effect of supplementation with probiotics on colonic anastomoses in rats: morphological and tensiometric study / Efeito da suplementação com probióticos em anastomoses colônicas de ratos: estudo morfológico e tensiométrico

ABSTRACT Background: The use of probiotics positively modifies the composition and function of intestinal flora, improving the quality of intestinal anastomosis. Aim: To evaluate the impact of probiotic use on intestinal anastomosis of rats. Method: Thirty-six adult male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus, Rodentia Mammalia) were used, with body weight ranging from 220-320 g. The animals were housed and acclimated individually in boxes receiving water and ration ad libitum. After initial acclimatization, the control group received perioperative ration ad libitum for 12 days (seven preoperatively and five postoperatively) associated with the maltodextrin formula at a dose of 250 mg/day in isocaloric and isovolumetric form. Likewise, the probiotic group received oral supplementation of probiotics dose of 250 mg/day, associated with isocaloric and isovolumetric diet. The probiotic chosen for this study was composed of strains (doses 1x109 CFU/g)12 Lactobacillus paracasei LPC-37, Bifidobacterium lactis HN0019, Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM. Probiotics or placebo were administered orally with the aid of a dosimeter spatula. Both groups underwent two colostomies, one in the right colon and the second in rectosigmoid, followed by reanastomosis with eight separate 6-0 mononylon stitches. The sacrifice took place on the fifth day. The parameters evaluated included tensile strength, histology and collagen densitometry. Results: The rate of intestinal fistula for the control and probiotic groups were, respectively, 22.22% and 11.11% (p=0.6581).Perioperative supplementation with probiotics increased collagen deposition of types I and III (p<0.0001), improved maximum traction force and maximum rupture force, p=0.0250 and p=0.0116 respectively, fibrosis area (p<0.0001), and area of the inflammatory infiltrate (p=0.0115). Conclusions: The use of probiotics had a positive impact on the quality of intestinal anastomosis.

RESUMO Racional: A utilização de probióticos modifica positivamente a composição e função da flora intestinal melhorando a qualidade da anastomose intestinal. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto da utilização de probióticos na anastomose intestinal de ratos. Método: Foram utilizados 36 ratos Wistar (Rattus norvegicus albinus, Rodentia Mammalia), machos adultos, com peso corporal variando entre 220 e 320 g. Os animais foram alojados e aclimatados individualmente em caixas recebendo água e ração ad libitum. Após aclimatação inicial, o grupo controle recebeu perioperatoriamente ração ad libitum por 12 dias (sete no pré-operatório e cinco no pós-operatório) associado à fórmula de maltodextrina na dose de 250 mg/dia de forma isocalórica e isovolumétrica. Na semana que precedeu o procedimento cirúrgico (período de sete dias) e no pós-operatório (por cinco dias), os ratos do grupo estudo receberam suplementação via oral de probióticos dose de 250 mg/dia, associado à dieta isocalórica e isovolumétrica. O probiótico utilizado era composto pelas cepas (doses 1x109 UFC/g)12 Lactobacillus paracasei LPC-37, Bifidobacterium lactis HN0019, Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 e Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM. A administração de probiótico ou placebo foi realizada via oral, com auxílio de espátula com dosímetro. Os dois grupos foram submetidos à duas colostomias, uma em cólon direito e outra em retossigmóide, seguido de reanastomose com oito pontos separados de mononylon 6-0. O sacrifício ocorreu no quinto dia. Os parâmetros avaliados incluíram força tênsil, histologia e densitometria do colágeno. Resultados: A taxa de fístula intestinal para os grupos controle e probiótico foram, respectivamente, 22,22% e 11,11% (p=0.6581). A suplementação peroperatória com probióticos aumentou a deposição de colágeno dos tipos I e III (p<0.0001), melhorou a força máxima de tração e força máxima de ruptura, p=0,0250 e p= 0,0116 respectivamente, área de fibrose (p<0.0001), e área do infiltrado inflamatório (p=0.0115). Conclusões: A utilização de probióticos impactou positivamente na qualidade da anastomose intestinal.

Effects of probiotics supplementation on skin wound healing in diabetic rats / Suplementação perioperatória com probióticos na cicatrização de feridas cutâneas em ratos diabéticos

ABSTRACT Background: Chronic wounds in patients with Diabetes Mellitus often become incurable due to prolonged and excessive production of inflammatory cytokines. The use of probiotics modifies the intestinal microbiota and modulates inflammatory reactions. Aim: To evaluate the influence of perioperative supplementation with probiotics in the cutaneous healing process in diabetic rats. Methods: Forty-six rats were divided into four groups (C3, P3, C10, P10) according to the treatment (P=probiotic or C=control, both orally administered) and day of euthanasia, 3rd or 10th postoperative days. All rats were induced to Diabetes Mellitus 72 h before starting the experiment with alloxan. Supplementation was initiated five days before the incision and maintained until euthanasia. Scalpel incision was guided by a 2x2 cm mold and the wounds were left to heal per second-intention. The wounds were digitally measured. Collagen densitometry was done with Picrosirius Red staining. Histological parameters were analyzed by staining by H&E. Results: The contraction of the wound was faster in the P10 group which resulted in a smaller scar area (p=0.011). There was an increase in type I collagen deposition from the 3rd to the 10th postoperative day in the probiotic groups (p=0.016), which did not occur in the control group (p=0.487). The histological analysis showed a better degree of healing in the P10 group (p=0.005), with fewer polymorphonuclear (p<0.001) and more neovessels (p=0.001). Conclusions: Perioperative supplementation of probiotics stimulates skin wound healing in diabetic rats, possibly due to attenuation of the inflammatory response and increased neovascularization and type I collagen deposition.

RESUMO Racional: Feridas crônicas em pacientes diabéticos muitas vezes se tornam incuráveis devido à produção prolongada e excessiva de citocinas inflamatórias. A utilização de probióticos modifica a microbiota intestinal e modula reações inflamatórias. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência da suplementação perioperatória com probióticos no processo de cicatrização cutânea em ratos diabéticos. Método: Quarenta e seis ratos foram divididos em quatro grupos (C3, P3, C10, P10) conforme tratamento (P=probiótico ou C=controle, via oral) e dia de eutanásia: 3o ou 10o dia de pós-operatório. Todos os ratos foram induzidos ao diabete melito 72 h antes de iniciar o experimento com aloxana. A suplementação foi iniciada cinco dias antes da operação e mantida até a eutanásia. Foi realizada incisão com bisturi guiada por molde de 2x2 cm e a ferida foi deixada para cicatrizar por segunda intenção. As feridas foram medidas digitalmente. A densitometria de colágeno foi determinada com coloração picrosirius red. A histologia foi avaliada por coloração com H&E. Resultados: A contração da ferida foi maior no grupo P10, o que resultou em menor área cruenta (p=0,011). Houve aumento do colágeno tipo I do 3o para o 10o dia de pós-operatório no grupo P10 (p=0,016), o que não ocorreu no grupo controle (p=0,487). A análise histológica mostrou melhor grau de cicatrização no grupo P10 (p=0,005), com menos polimorfonucleares (p<0,001) e mais neovasos (p=0,001). Conclusões: A suplementação perioperatória de probióticos promove aceleração da cicatrização cutânea em ratos diabéticos, possivelmente por atenuar a resposta inflamatória e aumentar a neovascularização e a deposição de colágeno tipo I.

ACERTO guidelines of perioperative nutritional interventions in elective general surgery.

OBJECTIVE: to present recommendations based on the ACERTO Project (Acceleration of Total Post-Operative Recovery) and supported by evidence related to perioperative nutritional care in General Surgery elective procedures. METHODS: review of relevant literature from 2006 to 2016, based on a search conducted in the main databases, with the purpose of answering guiding questions previously formulated by specialists, within each theme of this guideline. We preferably used randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyzes but also selected some cohort studies. We contextualized each recommendation-guiding question to determine the quality of the evidence and the strength of this recommendation (GRADE). This material was sent to authors using an open online questionnaire. After receiving the answers, we formalized the consensus for each recommendation of this guideline. RESULTS: the level of evidence and the degree of recommendation for each item is presented in text form, followed by a summary of the evidence found. CONCLUSION: this guideline reflects the recommendations of the group of specialists of the Brazilian College of Surgeons, the Brazilian Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition and the ACERTO Project for nutritional interventions in the perioperative period of Elective General Surgery. The prescription of these recommendations can accelerate the postoperative recovery of patients submitted to elective general surgery, with decrease in morbidity, length of stay and rehospitalization, and consequently, of costs.

ACERTO guidelines of perioperative nutritional interventions in elective general surgery / Diretriz ACERTO de intervenções nutricionais no perioperatório em cirurgia geral eletiva

ABSTRACT Objective: to present recommendations based on the ACERTO Project (Acceleration of Total Post-Operative Recovery) and supported by evidence related to perioperative nutritional care in General Surgery elective procedures. Methods: review of relevant literature from 2006 to 2016, based on a search conducted in the main databases, with the purpose of answering guiding questions previously formulated by specialists, within each theme of this guideline. We preferably used randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyzes but also selected some cohort studies. We contextualized each recommendation-guiding question to determine the quality of the evidence and the strength of this recommendation (GRADE). This material was sent to authors using an open online questionnaire. After receiving the answers, we formalized the consensus for each recommendation of this guideline. Results: the level of evidence and the degree of recommendation for each item is presented in text form, followed by a summary of the evidence found. Conclusion: this guideline reflects the recommendations of the group of specialists of the Brazilian College of Surgeons, the Brazilian Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition and the ACERTO Project for nutritional interventions in the perioperative period of Elective General Surgery. The prescription of these recommendations can accelerate the postoperative recovery of patients submitted to elective general surgery, with decrease in morbidity, length of stay and rehospitalization, and consequently, of costs.

RESUMO Objetivo: apresentar recomendações, baseadas no Projeto ACERTO (Aceleração da Recuperação Total Pós-Operatória) e sustentada por evidências, relativas aos cuidados nutricionais perioperatórios em procedimentos eletivos em Cirurgia Geral. Métodos: revisão da literatura pertinente entre 2006 e 2016, com base em busca realizada nas principais bases de dados, com o intuito de responder a perguntas norteadoras previamente formuladas por especialistas, dentro de cada temática desta diretriz. Foram selecionados alguns estudos de coorte, mas, preferencialmente, foram utilizados estudos aleatórios controlados, revisões sistemáticas e meta-análises. Cada pergunta norteadora de recomendação foi contextualizada de modo a determinar a qualidade da evidência e a força desta recomendação (GRADE). Este material foi enviado aos autores utilizando um questionário aberto on-line. Após o recebimento das respostas, formalizou-se o consenso para cada recomendação desta diretriz. Resultados: o nível de evidência e o grau de recomendação para cada item é apresentado em forma de texto, seguido de resumo da evidência encontrada. Conclusão: esta diretriz traduz as recomendações do grupo de especialistas do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões, da Sociedade Brasileira de Nutrição Parenteral e Enteral e do Projeto ACERTO para intervenções nutricionais no período perioperatório em Cirurgia Geral eletiva. A prescrição dessas recomendações pode acelerar a recuperação pós-operatória de pacientes submetidos a operações eletivas em cirurgia geral, com diminuição de morbidade, do tempo de internação e de reinternações e, consequentemente, dos custos.

New electronic protocol for home enteral nutrition therapy.

BACKGROUND: Informatics can help the development of home enteral nutrition therapy (HENT). By using an electronic protocol with an electronic database it is possible to organize, structure and manage, information. AIM: To develop an electronic protocol for data collection on treatment of patients with home enteral nutrition. METHOD: After a review in theoretical material about home enteral nutrition therapy, 1793 data collection items were selected and grouped into nine categories: patient identification, nutritional assessment, dietetics prescription, indications for enteral nutrition, access to enteral nutrition options, composition of enteral nutrition, administration system, complications, and readmission. Was used the Electronic Integrated Computerized Procotols System (SINPE©) to organize that knowledge and the database that attends this research was named Informatized Master Protocol of HENT. The last step was the creation of a specific protocol to collect data by using informations from this database. RESULTS: After installing the program, the system recognizes the user by identifying a pre-defined security authorization and also provides a screen to select a master protocol which the user can access. Items that arrange the specific protocol are contained in the Master Protocol and the information for this protocol are displayed. CONCLUSION: It was possible to create an electronic protocol for HENT patients care with safety data based on research in enteral nutrition support.

Criação de protocolo eletrônico para terapia nutricional enteral domiciliar / New electronic protocol for home enteral nutrition therapy

RACIONAL: A utilização de protocolo com base eletrônica de dados contribui para tornar disponível um grande volume de informações organizadas e estruturadas. A informática pode contribuir no desenvolvimento do conhecimento da Terapia Nutricional Enteral Domiciliar (TNED) por intermédio da pesquisa. OBJETIVO: Elaborar um protocolo eletrônico para o atendimento de pacientes em TNED. MÉTODO: Após a revisão sobre a TNED em material teórico, foram levantados 1793 subitens e agrupados em nove itens principais: Identificação, Avaliação nutricional, Prescrição dietética, Indicações de nutrição enteral, Vias de acesso para nutrição enteral, Composição da nutrição enteral, Sistema de administração, Complicações e Reinternamentos. Definiu-se com o nome Protocolo Mestre Informatizado de TNED e foi utilizado o Sistema Integrado de Protocolos Eletrônicos (SINPE©) para sua efetivação. A última etapa foi a criação de um protocolo específico a partir do protocolo mestre. Depois de instalado o programa o sistema reconhece o usuário com a identificação de segurança definida pelo tipo de autorização e disponibiliza a tela para seleção do protocolo mestre que o usuário poderá acessar. Os itens que compõe o protocolo específico estão contidos no Protocolo Mestre e as informações referentes a este protocolos são visualizados. CONCLUSÃO: Foi possível criar um protocolo eletrônico para o atendimento de pacientes em TNED com dados seguros que contribuem para a pesquisa nesta área.

BACKGROUND: Informatics can help the development of home enteral nutrition therapy (HENT). By using an electronic protocol with an electronic database it is possible to organize, structure and manage, information. AIM: To develop an electronic protocol for data collection on treatment of patients with home enteral nutrition. METHOD: After a review in theoretical material about home enteral nutrition therapy, 1793 data collection items were selected and grouped into nine categories: patient identification, nutritional assessment, dietetics prescription, indications for enteral nutrition, access to enteral nutrition options, composition of enteral nutrition, administration system, complications, and readmission. Was used the Electronic Integrated Computerized Procotols System (SINPE©) to organize that knowledge and the database that attends this research was named Informatized Master Protocol of HENT. The last step was the creation of a specific protocol to collect data by using informations from this database. RESULTS: After installing the program, the system recognizes the user by identifying a pre-defined security authorization and also provides a screen to select a master protocol which the user can access. Items that arrange the specific protocol are contained in the Master Protocol and the information for this protocol are displayed. CONCLUSION: It was possible to create an electronic protocol for HENT patients care with safety data based on research in enteral nutrition support.

Tratamento dos tumores císticos do pâncreas / Treatment of cystic tumors of the pancreas

O diagnóstico e tratamento das neoplasias císticas do pâncreas aumentaram significativamente nas últimas décadas. As neoplasias mais comuns são cistoadenoma seroso (30%), tumores císticos mucinosos (40%), neoplasia intraductal papilar mucinosa (25%) e neoplasia sólida pseudopapilar (1-5%). O cistoadenoma seroso caracteriza-se pela presença de um cisto revestido por epitélio cubóide simples, que secreta um líquido aquoso seroso. A quase totalidade dessa neoplasia é benigna. A importância clínica deste tumor é o seu potencial de crescimento local e o desenvolvimento subsequente de dor e compressão de estruturas vizinhas. Os tumores císticos mucinosos contêm mucina, podem ser benignos (cistoadenoma mucinoso) ou malignos (cistoadenocarcinoma mucinoso) e não se comunicam com ductos pancreáticos. A neoplasia intraductal papilar mucinosa origina-se de um ducto pancreático e produz mucina que pode obstruir um ducto pancreático e ser eliminada pela papila de Vater. A maioria dessas últimas neoplasias é maligna (60-90%). A neoplasia sólida pseudopapilar caracteriza-se pela presença de cavidade em tumor sólido, geralmente de grandes dimensões. O tratamento das neoplasias císticas do pâncreas consiste de ressecção pancreática, que deve ser indicada em pacientes com lesões malignas ou potencial de malignização e nos que apresentam manifestações clínicas, independente do potencial maligno da lesão. Como regra geral, a ressecção está indicada em todos pacientes com tumores císticos pancreáticos, exceto nos com seroso assintomático e nos com neoplasia intraductal papilar mucinosa menor do que 2-3cm.

Influence of preoperative feeding on the healing of colonic anastomoses in malnourished rats.

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition influences healing of gastrointestinal anastomoses. The authors hypothesize that colonic anastomotic healing is decreased by malnutrition and might be improved by preoperative feeding. METHODS: Eighty adult male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: (1) control rats 1 (C1), fed regular chow ad libitum for 21 days; (2) malnourished pair-fed rats (M), fed 50% of the food ingested by the control rats for 21 days; (3) preoperative nutrition rats (PRE), fed 50% of the average of the controls for 21 days and then fed preoperative nutrition with regular chow ad libitum for 1 week before the operation; and (4) control rats 2 (C2), fed regular chow ad libitum for 28 days. On days 21 (C1 and M) and 28 (PRE and C2), rats underwent 2 colonic transections and, subsequently, 2 end-to-end anastomoses. Rats were killed on postoperative day 5. The anastomoses were resected for tensile strength and histological analysis. RESULTS: PRE rats showed increased maximal tensile strength vs the M group (0.09+/-0.01 vs 0.15+/-0.01; P<.05) and similar values of maximal tensile strength as the controls (0.15+/-0.01 vs 0.15+/-0.02; P=.91). Collagen type I was higher in controls vs the PRE group (6.13+/-0.39 vs 4.90+/-1.53; P<.05); nevertheless, the PRE group showed higher collagen type I than M rats (4.90+/-0.36 vs 3.83+/-0.35; P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative feeding for 7 days increases the maximal tensile strength, as well as the percentage area of mature collagen, approaching similar values as the control group.

[Passiflora edulis extract and the healing of abdominal wall of rats: morphological and tensiometric study]. / Efeito do extrato de Passiflora edulis na cicatrização da parede abdominal de ratos: estudo morfológico e tensiométrico.

INTRODUCTION: The Brazilian popular habit of using plants to treat several health conditions is ancient. Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) is widely used to treat, usually in an empiric basis, a variety of medical conditions. Anti-inflammatory activity of Passiflora edulis extract, similar to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID's), has been described. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of Passiflora edulis hydroalcoholic extract on the healing of midline abdominal incisions in rats by morphological and tensiometric methods. METHODS: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into two groups to either receive Passiflora edulis extract (study group, P) or saline (control group, C) intraperitoneally, in a single isovolumetric dose, after a standardized ventral midline laparotomy had been performed. The twenty rats of the control group as well as those twenty of the study group were divided into subgroups according to the time of sacrifice, either the 3rd PO day (P3, C3) or the 7th PO day (P7, C7). On day three and on day seven after surgery, the rats were sacrificed and the wound area was excised by a standardized protocol. The healing process of the specimens was evaluated macroscopically and histologically. The tensile strength was evaluated by a constant speed computerized tensiometer to determine the breaking strength and the deformation of the healing incision. RESULTS: The macroscopic examination did not show significant differences between study and control groups. Histologically, the C3 vs. P3 comparison showed the following differences: for the variables acute inflammation (p=0.045 in favor of C3), collagenization and capillary neoformation: p=0.001 e 0.001, respectively in favor of P3. Similarly, the C7 vs. P7 comparison showed the following differences for the variables acute inflammation (p=0.002 in favor of C7), chronic inflammation and capillary neoformation: p= 0.006 e 0.001, respectively in favor of P7. Tensiometrically, maximal breaking strength (C(máx)) on day seven of the study group was higher when compared to control group, (6.91 +/- 1.36 vs. 5.05 +/- 1.63, p=0.013). Maximal deformation strength (D(máx)) on day seven of the study group was higher when compared to control group (36.49 +/- 4.61 vs. 26.19 +/-5.74, p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Passiflora edulis extract enhances the healing of midline abdominal incisions in rats, especially the histological and tensiometric aspects.