Avaliação da bioequivalência entre duas formulações de rivaroxabana ­ 20 mg comprimido revestido ­ administradas em jejum e pós-prandial em voluntários sadios / Evaluation of bioequivalence between two rivaroxaban formulations ­ coated tablet 20 mg ­ administered under fasting and fed conditions in healthy volunteers

Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a bioequivalência entre duas formulações de rivaroxabana 20 mg comprimido revestido, sendo a formulação teste produzida por Sanofi Medley, Brasil e a formulação referência (Xarelto®) comercializada por Bayer S/A. Métodos: Os estudos foram conduzidos em voluntários sadios de ambos os sexos e as formulações foram administradas em dose única, sob o estado de jejum e pós-prandial. Cada estudo foi conduzido de maneira independente, sendo ambos do tipo aberto, randomizado e com intervalo (washout) de sete dias entre os períodos. O estudo em jejum foi realizado em quatro períodos, com 48 voluntários, enquanto o pós-prandial foi realizado em dois períodos, com 36 voluntários. Resultados: Na administração em jejum, a razão entre a média geométrica da formulação teste e referência (T/R) de Cmáx foi de 100,77%, com intervalo de confiança de 90% (IC 90%) de 94,24% a 107,76%. Para ASC0-t, a razão T/R foi de 100,65%, com IC 90% de 96,13% a 105,39%. Na administração pós-prandial, a razão T/R de Cmáx foi de 110,63%, com IC 90% de 102,39% a 119,54%. Para ASC0-t, a razão T/R foi de 104,65%, com IC 90% de 98,44% a 109,12%. Conclusões: As formulações teste e referência foram consideradas estatisticamente bioequivalentes em ambas as condições de administração, de acordo com os critérios exigidos pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa). A formulação teste foi registrada na Anvisa e disponibilizada para comercialização, contribuindo, assim, para a ampliação da disponibilidade do tratamento para doenças tromboembólicas e para a redução de custos ao paciente e ao Sistema Único de Saúde.

Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence between two formulations of rivaroxaban 20 mg coated tablet, the test formulation being manufactured by Sanofi Medley, Brazil and the reference formulation (Xarelto® ) commercialized by Bayer S/A. Methods: The studies were conducted in healthy volunteers of both sexes and the formulations were administered in a single dose, under fasting and fed conditions. Each study was conducted independently, both being open-label, randomized and with a seven-day interval (washout) between periods. The fasting study was carried out in four periods, with 48 volunteers, while the fed study was carried out in two periods, with 36 volunteers. Results: In the fasting administration, the ratio between.

Sensitive LC-MS/MS method for quantification of rivaroxaban in plasma: Application to pharmacokinetic studies.

Rivaroxaban is an anticoagulant (orally active direct Xa inhibitor) considered to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic embolism and treat deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and other cardiovascular complications. Bioanalytical methods for rivaroxaban quantification in plasma are necessary for application in pharmacokinetic studies, as well as in drug therapeutic monitoring. In this work, we developed and validated a sensitive bioanalytical method using LC-MS/MS for rivaroxaban quantification in human plasma using an one-step liquid-liquid extraction. The linear concentration range was 1-600 ng/mL. The bioanalytical method was also applied to pharmacokinetic studies in healthy volunteers under fasting and fed conditions. The results demonstrated that the method is rapid, sensitive, and adequate for application in pharmacokinetic studies.

In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation for Desvenlafaxine Succinate Monohydrate Extended Release Tablets.

The objective of this study was to develop a dissolution test in order to establish an in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) model for desvenlafaxine succinate monohydrate (DVSM) extended release (ER) tablets. The in vitro release characteristics of the drug were determined using USP apparatus 1 at 75 rpm, with volume of HCl pH 1.2, acetate buffer solution (ABS) pH 4.5, or phosphate buffer solution (PBS) pH 6.8. In vivo plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters in healthy volunteers were obtained from a bioequivalence study. The similarity factors f1 and f2 were used to compare the dissolution data. The IVIVC model was developed using fraction dissolved and fraction absorbed of the reference product. For predictability, the results showed that the percentage prediction error (%PE) value of Cmax was 7.63%. The observed low prediction error for Cmax demonstrated that the IVIVC model was valid for this parameter.

In Vivo Predictive Dissolution (IPD) for Carbamazepine Formulations: Additional Evidence Regarding a Biopredictive Dissolution Medium.

The aim of the present study was to bring additional evidence regarding a biopredictive dissolution medium containing 1% sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) to predict the in vivo behavior of carbamazepine (CBZ) products. Twelve healthy volunteers took one immediate release (IR) dose of either test and reference formulations in a bioequivalence study (BE). Dissolution profiles were carried-out using the medium. Level A in vitro-in vivo correlations (IVIVC) were established using both one-step and two-step approaches as well as exploring the time-scaling approach to account for the differences in dissolution rate in vitro versus in vivo. A detailed step by step calculation was provided to clearly illustrate all the procedures. The results show additional evidence that the medium containing 1% SLS can be classified as a universal biopredictive dissolution tool, and that both of the approaches used to develop the IVIVC (one and two-steps) provide good in vivo predictability. Therefore, this biopredictive medium could be a highly relevant tool in Latin-American countries to ensure and check the quality of their CBZ marketed products for which BE studies were not requested by their regulatory health authorities.

In vitro - In vivo correlation in the development of oral drug formulation: A screenshot of the last two decades.

In vitro - in vivo correlation (IVIVC) allows prediction of the in vivo performance of a pharmaceutical product based on its in vitro drug release profiles and can be used to optimize formulations, set dissolution limits, reduce the number of bioequivalence studies during product development, and facilitate certain regulatory decisions. This review article aimed to assess papers published in the last two decades regarding the use of the IVIVC in the development of oral formulations, to demonstrate the scenario in this area, as well as to describe the main characteristics of the assessed studies. A systematic search of PubMed and Web of Science databases was conducted to retrieve articles reporting the use of the IVIVC in the oral formulation development in the period from 1998 to 2018. The qualified studies were abstracted regarding drug name, dosage form, BCS class, in vitro and in vivo data, level of IVIVC, number of formulations, presence of the validation and predictability. The discussion was supported by these data, which allowed to address broadly strengths and weaknesses in this area. Moreover, a large database has been described in this article containing different IVIVC models, with different substances, providing support to scientists interested in this area.

A randomized, single-dose, two-sequence, two-period, crossover study to assess the bioequivalence between two formulations of clonazepam tablet in healthy subjects.

Clonazepam is a benzodiazepine commonly prescribed to treat panic disorder, epilepsy, anxiety, depression and certain types of seizures. This study aimed to evaluate the bioequivalence between two formulations of clonazepam tablets in order to meet regulatory requirements for marketing in Colombia and other countries in Latin America. An open-label, randomized, single-dose, two-period, two-sequence, two-treatment crossover study was conducted in 36 healthy subjects of both genders. Subjects received a single dose of clonazepam 2 mg test tablet (Sanofi-Aventis de Colombia S.A.) and reference product (Rivotril®, Produtos Roche Químicos e Farmacêuticos S.A.) under fasting conditions according to a randomly assigned order with a 21-day washout period. Serial blood samples were collected up to 96 h post-dose. Plasma concentrations of clonazepam were obtained by a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using non-compartmental methods. A total of 36 healthy subjects were enrolled and 31 of them completed the study. Twenty-nine adverse events were reported (11 events with test product versus 18 events with reference product). There were no serious adverse events during the study. Geometric mean ratios (90% confidence intervals) for Cmax and AUC0-96h were 103.28% (98.10-108.64) and 102.50% (99.87-105.19), respectively. The test formulation of clonazepam 2 mg tablet manufactured by Sanofi-Aventis de Colombia S.A. was considered bioequivalent to reference product Rivotril® (Produtos Roche Químicos e Farmacêuticos S.A.) according to regulatory requirements. Both formulations were safe and well-tolerated during the study.

Avaliação da bioequivalência entre duas formulações de succinato de desvenlafaxina monoidratado ­ 50 mg comprimido revestido de liberação prolongada ­ administradas em jejum e pós-prandial em voluntários sadios de ambos os sexos / Bioequivalence evaluation of two desvenlafaxine succinate monohydrate formulations 50-mg extendedrelease coated tablet administered in fasted and fed conditions in healthy male and female volunteers

Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a bioequivalência entre duas formulações de succinato de desvenlafaxina monoidratado 50 mg comprimido revestido de liberação prolongada, sendo a formulação teste produzida por Medley Farmacêutica Ltda. e a formulação referência (Pristiq™) comercializada por Wyeth Indústria Farmacêutica Ltda. Métodos: Os estudos foram conduzidos em voluntários sadios e as formulações administradas em dose única, sob o estado jejum e pós-prandial. Cada estudo foi conduzido de maneira independente, sendo ambos do tipo aberto, dois períodos, utilizando um delineamento do tipo crossover 2x2, envolvendo 48 voluntários, com intervalo de sete dias entre os períodos (washout). Resultados: Na administração em jejum, a razão entre a média geométrica da formulação teste e referência (T/R) de Cmáx foi 107,49%, com intervalo de confiança (IC) 90% de 100,81 a 114,60%. Para ASC0-t, a razão T/R foi de 104,90%, com IC 90% de 97,53 a 112,82%. Na administração pós-prandial, a razão T/R de Cmáx foi 103,17%, com IC 90% de 95,08 a 111,94%. Para ASC0-t, a razão T/R foi 103,40%, com IC 90% de 94,97 a 112,58%. Conclusões: As formulações teste e referência foram consideradas estatisticamente bioequivalentes em ambas as condições de administração, jejum e pós-prandial, de acordo com os critérios exigidos pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa). A formulação teste foi o primeiro medicamento similar (Zodel®, 50 e 100 mg) registrado pela Anvisa nessa categoria e disponibilizado para comercialização, contribuindo assim com a ampliação da disponibilidade do tratamento para o transtorno depressivo maior e a redução de custos ao paciente.

Objective: The objective of this work was to evaluate the bioequivalence between two desvenlafaxine succinate monohydrate formulations 50-mg extended-release tablet, the test product manufactured by Medley Farmacêutica Ltd. and reference product (Pristiq™) commercialized by Wyeth Indústria Farmacêutica Ltda. Methods: The studies were performed in healthy volunteers and the formulations were administered in single-dose under fasted and fed conditions. Each study was conducted independently and performed of type open, two periods, using a 2x2 crossover design, involving 48 volunteers, with seven days of minimum interval between periods (washout). Results: In the fasted administration, the ratio between the geometrical mean of test formulation and reference (T/R) of Cmax was 107.49%, with confidence interval 90% (CI 90%) of 100.81 to 114.60%. For AUC0-t, the ratio T/R was of 104.90%, with CI 90% from 97.53% to 112.82%. In the fed administration, the ratio T/R of Cmax was 103.17% with CI 90% of 95.08 to 111.94%. For AUC0-t, the ratio T/R was 103.40%, with CI 90% of 94.97 to 112.58%. Conclusions: The test and reference formulations were considered statistically bioequivalent in the two administration conditions, fasted and fed, according to the requirements of Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa). The test formulation was the first similar medicine (Zodel®, 50 e 100 mg) to be registered by Anvisa in this category and available to commercialization, thus contributing to increase the availability of treatment for major depressive disorder and the reduction of costs to the patient.

Evaluation of pantoprazole formulations in different dissolution apparatus using biorelevant medium.

PURPOSE: The study was developed to compare the in vitro dissolution profiles of pantoprazole (CAS 102625-70-7) formulations in both The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) apparatus 2 and 3 by applying biorelevant medium. Moreover, an in vitro-in vivo relationship was proposed considering in vivo data from a previously published study. METHODS: In vitro dissolution profiles were evaluated in biorelevant medium in USP apparatus 2 and 3 and the dissolution curves were either compared by the similarity factor (f2) or a model-independent approach. The fraction of drug dissolved in vitro in apparatus 2 was compared with the fraction of drug absorbed in vivo, which was obtained from a retrospective in vivo study. An in vitro-in vivo relationship analysis was then applied to elucidate the overall absorption characteristics of formulations. RESULTS: The dissolution profiles of formulations demonstrated similar disposition in biorelevant medium in both USP apparatus 2 and 3. The dissolution profiles were described by f2 model in apparatus 2 and Weibull's function in apparatus 3. The vitro-in vivo relationship analysis showed that the formulations exhibited permeability rate-limiting absorption. CONCLUSION: Biorelevant medium in both USP apparatus 2 and 3 may be used as a tool to predict in vivo disposition of formulations of pantoprazole. Furthermore, it can be argued that biowaiver can be granted for enteric coated formulations of pantoprazole on the basis of in vitro dissolution profile.

Bioequivalence of two enteric coated formulations of pantoprazole in healthy volunteers under fasting and fed conditions.

PURPOSE: To compare the bioavailability of two pantoprazole (CAS 102625-70-7) formulations (40 mg pantoprazole enteric coated tablets) under fasted and fed conditions as well as to evaluate the dissolution profile in biorelevant media. METHODS: The subjects received either 40 mg of the reference or of test formulation in fasting (n = 28) and fed (n=70) condition. The studies were conducted according to a single dose and randomized crossover design. Blood samples were collected up to 12 h after drug administration in fasting condition and up to 48 h in fed condition. Plasma concentrations of pantoprazole were determined by LC-MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the observed plasma concentration-time profiles. Bioequivalence between the formulations in fasting and fed condition was assessed considering 90% confidence intervals for the ratio of means for lnCmax and lnAUC(0-t) within 0.8-1.25. Dissolution profiles were evaluated in biorelevant media [Fasting State Simulating Intestinal Fluid (FaSSIF) and Fed State Simulating Intestinal Fluid (FeSSIF)]. The sameness of the dissolution curves was assessed by f2 values between 50 and 100. RESULTS: Under fasting condition the 90% confidence interval for the ratio of means for the lnCmax, (0.94-1.03) and lnAUC(0-t) (0.89-0.99) was within the guideline range of bioequivalence (0.80-1.25). However, the data for lnCmax (0.51-0.76) and lnAUC(0-t) (0.68-0.90) under fed condition were not within the bioequivalence range. The postprandial study demonstrated a high intra-subject variability and in some subjects pantoprazole could not be detected for up to 24 h, although the dissolution profile of reference and test formulations presented a similar disposition in FaSSIF and FeSSIF as confirmed by the values of f2 higher than 50. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that the test formulation was bioequivalent to the reference in fasting condition but not in postprandial state. The dissolution profile in FaSSIF indicates that this biorelevant medium was more adequate to discriminate the in vivo disposition of pantoprazole than FeSSIF. Furthermore, the fed condition study had shown a pronounced influence of food in the absorption of pantoprazole after single oral dose administration.

Determinação de esteróides androgênicos anabólicos em urina por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas / Detection of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) in urine samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Esteróides androgênicos anabólicos (EAA) são substâncias naturais sintéticas ou semi-sintéticas derivadas da testosterona, utilizadas em atividades esportivas com o objetivo de melhorar o desempenho físico pelo aumento de massa e força muscular. Apesar de causarem efeitos tóxicos graves, principalmente sobre os sistemas cardiovascular, hepático e neuro-endócrino, os EAA têm sido amplamente utilizados no âmbito esportivo. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo a validação de um método para a determinação de esteróides e/ou seus produtos de biotransformação em amostras de urina por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-EM). O método baseou-se na hidrólise enzimática de esteróides conjugados, no emprego da extração...