Geographical differences in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mortality trends by sex, Spain, 1980-2021.

BACKGROUND: To analyse changes in trends in mortality due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Spain by Autonomous Community (AC) and sex during the period 1980-2021.METHODS: Data on population and COPD death records (International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition, codes J40â-"J44 and J47) were retrieved from the National Institute of Statistics for the study period. Age-standardised mortality rates by AC and sex were assessed using joinpoint regression models.RESULTS: There were 562,668 deaths due to COPD (423,855 in men and 138,813 in women), with an average annual increase of 1.6%. COPD deaths in men increased in most ACs, except for Asturias (â-"0.5% per year). The Canary Islands (14% per year) and Madrid (6.5% per year) had the highest increases. In women, the figures show a wide range of values at the AC level (from a â-"1.4% decrease to 7.9% increase). Nationally, the sex ratio increased from 1980 to 2021. In men, six ACs showed a significant decrease, while in women only two ACs showed a significant decrease.CONCLUSION: A steady decrease in COPD mortality was observed in most ACs for men, while a different trend was observed in women in several ACs. Despite past and ongoing tobacco control initiatives, this condition remains a leading cause of death.

Bloqueo del plano de la fascia clavipectoral guiada por ultrasonido para fractura del tercio medio clavicular: una serie de casos / Ultrasound-guided clavipectoral fascia plane block for middle third clavicular fracture: A case series

Antecedentes y objetivo: El bloqueo del plano de la fascia clavipectoral se ha descrito como una estrategia anestésica y analgésica para la cirugía de osteosíntesis de las fracturas del tercio medio clavicular. Pero, hasta el momento, solo hay publicados casos aislados. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la eficacia anestésica y analgésica de este nuevo abordaje en cirugía de fractura de tercio medio clavicular en una amplia serie de casos. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, observacional, de 50 pacientes intervenidos para osteosíntesis de fractura de tercio medio clavicular mediante un bloqueo del plano de la fascia clavipectoral asociado a un bloqueo del nervio supraclavicular. Como objetivo primario se evaluó el dolor mediante escala visual análoga en el postoperatorio inmediato y a las 6-12-24h. Como objetivos secundarios se midieron el grado de sedación intraoperatorio, el consumo de morfínicos perioperatorio, la necesidad de analgesia de rescate, la anestesia general no planificada, la presencia de bloqueo motor y sensitivo, y el diagnóstico de parálisis diafragmática. Resultados: El dolor postoperatorio fue de 1,04 (DE=1,26) en el postoperatorio inmediato; 1,24 (DE=1,42) a las 6h; 1,34 (DE=1,92) a las 12h, y 0,96 (DE=1,29) a las 24h. La dosis total de fentanilo intraoperatorio promedio fue de 0,88μg/kg. Durante el postoperatorio, 9 pacientes (18%) solicitaron analgesia de rescate. No hubo reconversiones a anestesia general, ni se objetivaron bloqueo motor o sensitivo de la extremidad superior ni parálisis diafragmática. Conclusiones: Nuestra serie apoya la eficacia anestésica y analgésica del bloqueo del plano de la fascia clavipectoral para la osteosíntesis de fracturas de tercio medio clavicular.(AU)

Background and objective: Clavipectoral fascia plane block has been described as an anaesthetic and analgesic strategy for osteosynthesis of midclavicular fractures. However, to date, only isolated cases have been published. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anaesthetic and analgesic efficacy of this new approach in midclavicular fracture surgery in a large case series. Material and methods: Descriptive, observational study of 50 patients undergoing osteosynthesis of middle third clavicular fracture who received clavipectoral fascia plane block associated with supraclavicular nerve block. The primary objective was to assess pain on a visual analog scale in the immediate postoperative period, and at 6, 12 and 24h. Secondary objectives were to determine the degree of intraoperative sedation, perioperative morphine consumption, need for rescue analgesia, unplanned general anaesthesia, presence of motor and sensory blockade, and diagnosis of diaphragmatic paralysis. Results: Postoperative pain was 1.04 (SD=1.26) in the immediate postoperative period; 1.24 (SD=1.42) at 6h; 1.34 (SD=1.92) at 12h, and 0.96 (SD=1.29) at 24h. Mean total intraoperative fentanyl dose was 0.88μg/kg. Postoperatively, 9 patients (18%) requested rescue analgesia. There were no conversions to general anaesthesia, no motor or sensory blockade of upper extremities, and no hemidiaphragmatic paralysis. Conclusions: Our series supports the anaesthetic and analgesic efficacy of clavipectoral fascia plane block for osteosynthesis of midclavicular fractures.(AU)

Bloqueo del plano de la fascia clavipectoral guiada por ultrasonido para fractura del tercio medio clavicular: una serie de casos / Ultrasound-guided clavipectoral fascia plane block for middle third clavicular fracture: A case series

Antecedentes y objetivo: El bloqueo del plano de la fascia clavipectoral se ha descrito como una estrategia anestésica y analgésica para la cirugía de osteosíntesis de las fracturas del tercio medio clavicular. Pero, hasta el momento, solo hay publicados casos aislados. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la eficacia anestésica y analgésica de este nuevo abordaje en cirugía de fractura de tercio medio clavicular en una amplia serie de casos. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, observacional, de 50 pacientes intervenidos para osteosíntesis de fractura de tercio medio clavicular mediante un bloqueo del plano de la fascia clavipectoral asociado a un bloqueo del nervio supraclavicular. Como objetivo primario se evaluó el dolor mediante escala visual análoga en el postoperatorio inmediato y a las 6-12-24h. Como objetivos secundarios se midieron el grado de sedación intraoperatorio, el consumo de morfínicos perioperatorio, la necesidad de analgesia de rescate, la anestesia general no planificada, la presencia de bloqueo motor y sensitivo, y el diagnóstico de parálisis diafragmática. Resultados: El dolor postoperatorio fue de 1,04 (DE=1,26) en el postoperatorio inmediato; 1,24 (DE=1,42) a las 6h; 1,34 (DE=1,92) a las 12h, y 0,96 (DE=1,29) a las 24h. La dosis total de fentanilo intraoperatorio promedio fue de 0,88μg/kg. Durante el postoperatorio, 9 pacientes (18%) solicitaron analgesia de rescate. No hubo reconversiones a anestesia general, ni se objetivaron bloqueo motor o sensitivo de la extremidad superior ni parálisis diafragmática. Conclusiones: Nuestra serie apoya la eficacia anestésica y analgésica del bloqueo del plano de la fascia clavipectoral para la osteosíntesis de fracturas de tercio medio clavicular.(AU)

Background and objective: Clavipectoral fascia plane block has been described as an anaesthetic and analgesic strategy for osteosynthesis of midclavicular fractures. However, to date, only isolated cases have been published. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anaesthetic and analgesic efficacy of this new approach in midclavicular fracture surgery in a large case series. Material and methods: Descriptive, observational study of 50 patients undergoing osteosynthesis of middle third clavicular fracture who received clavipectoral fascia plane block associated with supraclavicular nerve block. The primary objective was to assess pain on a visual analog scale in the immediate postoperative period, and at 6, 12 and 24h. Secondary objectives were to determine the degree of intraoperative sedation, perioperative morphine consumption, need for rescue analgesia, unplanned general anaesthesia, presence of motor and sensory blockade, and diagnosis of diaphragmatic paralysis. Results: Postoperative pain was 1.04 (SD=1.26) in the immediate postoperative period; 1.24 (SD=1.42) at 6h; 1.34 (SD=1.92) at 12h, and 0.96 (SD=1.29) at 24h. Mean total intraoperative fentanyl dose was 0.88μg/kg. Postoperatively, 9 patients (18%) requested rescue analgesia. There were no conversions to general anaesthesia, no motor or sensory blockade of upper extremities, and no hemidiaphragmatic paralysis. Conclusions: Our series supports the anaesthetic and analgesic efficacy of clavipectoral fascia plane block for osteosynthesis of midclavicular fractures.(AU)

Ultrasound-guided clavipectoral fascia plane block for middle third clavicular fracture: A case series.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Clavipectoral fascia plane block has been described as an anaesthetic and analgesic strategy for osteosynthesis of midclavicular fractures. However, to date, only isolated cases have been published. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anaesthetic and analgesic efficacy of this new approach in midclavicular fracture surgery in a large case series. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive, observational study of 50 patients undergoing osteosynthesis of middle third clavicular fracture who received CPB block associated with supraclavicular nerve block. The primary objective was to assess pain on a VAS scale in the immediate postoperative period, and at 6, 12 and 24h. Secondary objectives were to determine the degree of intraoperative sedation, perioperative morphine consumption, need for rescue analgesia, unplanned general anaesthesia, presence of motor and sensory blockade, and diagnosis of diaphragmatic paralysis. RESULTS: Postoperative pain was 1.04 (SD=1.26) in the immediate postoperative period; 1.24 (SD=1.42) at 6h; 1.34 (SD=1.92) at 12h; and 0.96 (SD=1.29) at 24h. Mean total intraoperative fentanyl dose was 0.88µg/kg. Postoperatively, nine patients (18%) requested rescue analgesia. There were no conversions to general anaesthesia, no motor or sensory blockade of upper extremities, and no hemidiaphragmatic paralysis. CONCLUSIONS: Our series supports the anaesthetic and analgesic efficacy of CPB block for osteosynthesis of midclavicular fractures.

Gamma distribution function to understand anaerobic digestion kinetics: Kinetic constants are not constant.

The Gamma model is a novel approach to characterise the complex degradation dynamics taking place during anaerobic digestion. This three parameters model results from combining the first-order kinetic model and the Gamma distribution function. In contrast to conventional models, where the kinetic constant is considered invariant, the Gamma model allows analysing the variability of the kinetic constant using a probability density function. The kinetic constant of mono-digestion and co-digestion batch tests of different wastes were modelled using the Gamma model and two common first-order models: one-step one-fraction model and one-step two-fraction model. The Gamma distribution function approximates three distinct probability density functions, i.e. exponential, log-normal, and delta Dirac. Specifically, (i) cattle paunch and pig manure approximated a log-normal distribution; (ii) cattle manure and microalgae approximated an exponential distribution, and (iii) primary sludge and cellulose approximated a delta Dirac distribution. The Gamma model was able to characterise two distinct waste activated sludge, one approximated to a log-normal distribution and the other to an exponential distribution. The same cellulose was tested with two different inocula; in both tests, the Gamma distribution function approximated a delta Dirac function but with a different kinetic value. The potential and consistency of Gamma model were also evident when analysing pig manure and microalgae co-digestion batch tests since (i) the mean k of the co-digestion tests were within the values of the mono-digestion tests, and (ii) the profile of the density function transitioned from log-normal to exponential distribution as the percentage of microalgae in the mixture increased.

Differential biomarker profiles between unprovoked venous thromboembolism and cancer.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between cancer and venous thromboembolic disease (VTD) are complex because the activated coagulation factors are not only involved in thrombosis but also in malignant processes, such as angiogenesis and metastasis. OBJECTIVE: To compare phenotypes of extracellular vesicles (EVs), and levels of D-dimer, soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin) and antigenic tissue factor (TF) between unprovoked VTD patients, who did not develop cancer during one-year follow-up, and those with advanced stage of cancer but not associated with VTD. METHODS: A prospective study in which we included 138 unprovoked VTD patients and 67 advanced cancer patients, who did not develop thrombosis. Levels of EVs of different cellular origin (platelet, endothelium and leukocyte), EVs positive for tissue factor (TF) and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 were quantified by flow cytometry. D-dimer, soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin) and antigenic TF were determined by ELISA. RESULTS: TF-positive EVs, D-dimer, and sP-selectin were markedly elevated in unprovoked VTD patients compared to cancer patients without association with thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: Levels of TF-positive EVs, D-dimer and sP-selectin are able to discriminate between unprovoked VTD patients not related to cancer and cancer patients not associated with VTD. These results could lead to the application of EVs as biomarkers of both diseases. Key messages: Circulating EVs, specifically TF-positive EVs, in combination with plasmatic markers of hypercoagulable states, such as D-dimer, sP-selectin and antigen TF, are able to discriminate between cancer patients without thrombosis and patients with unprovoked VTD. Research fields could be opened. Future studies will assess if these biomarkers together serve as predicting thrombotic events in cancer populations.

Assessment of a fast method to predict the biochemical methane potential based on biodegradable COD obtained by fractionation respirometric tests.

The biochemical methane potential test (BMP) is the most common analytical technique to predict the performance of anaerobic digesters. However, this assay is time-consuming (from 20 to over than 100 days) and consequently impractical when it is necessary to obtain a quick result. Several methods are available for faster BMP prediction but, unfortunately, there is still a lack of a clear alternative. Current aerobic tests underestimate the BMP of substrates since they only detect the easily biodegradable COD. In this context, the potential of COD fractionation respirometric assays, which allow the determination of the particulate slowly biodegradable fraction, was evaluated here as an alternative to early predict the BMP of substrates. Seven different origin waste streams were tested and the anaerobically biodegraded organic matter (CODmet) was compared with the different COD fractions. When considering adapted microorganisms, the appropriate operational conditions and the required biodegradation time, the differences between the CODmet, determined through BMP tests, and the biodegradable COD (CODb) obtained by respirometry, were not significant (CODmet (57.8026 ± 21.2875) and CODb (55.6491 ± 21.3417), t (5) = 0.189, p = 0.853). Therefore, results suggest that the BMP of a substrate might be early predicted from its CODb in only few hours. This methodology was validated by the performance of an inter-laboratory studyconsidering four additional substrates.

Does the feeding strategy enhance the aerobic granular sludge stability treating saline effluents?

The development and stability of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) was studied in two Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBRs) treating fish canning wastewater. R1 cycle comprised a fully aerobic reaction phase, while R2 cycle included a plug-flow anaerobic feeding/reaction followed by an aerobic reaction phase. The performance of the AGS reactors was compared treating the same effluents with variable salt concentrations (4.97-13.45 g NaCl/L) and organic loading rates (OLR, 1.80-6.65 kg CODs/(m3·d)). Granulation process was faster in R2 (day 34) than in R1 (day 90), however the granular biomass formed in the fully aerobic configuration was more stable to the variable feeding composition. Thus, in R1 solid retention times (SRT), up to 15.2 days, longer than in R2, up to 5.8 days, were achieved. These long SRTs values helped the retention of nitrifying organisms and provoked the increase of the nitrogen removal efficiency to 80% in R1 while it was approximately of 40% in R2. However, the presence of an anaerobic feeding/reaction phase increased the organic matter removal efficiency in R2 (80-90%) which was higher than in R1 with a fully aerobic phase (75-85%). Furthermore, in R2 glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAOs) dominated inside the granules instead of phosphorous-accumulating organisms (PAOs), suggesting that GAOs resist better the stressful conditions of a variable and high-saline influent. In terms of AGS properties an anaerobic feeding/reaction phase is not beneficial, however it enables the production of a better quality effluent.

Diesel exhausts particles: Their role in increasing the incidence of asthma. Reviewing the evidence of a causal link.

Exposure to air pollutants has been correlated with an increase in the severity of asthma and in the exacerbation of pre-existing asthma. However, whether or not environmental pollution can cause asthma remains a controversial issue. The present review analyzes the current scientific evidence of the possible causal link between diesel exhaust particles (DEP), the solid fraction of the complex mixture of diesel exhaust, and asthma. The mechanisms that influence the expression and development of asthma are complex. In children prolonged exposure to pollutants such as DEPs may increase asthma prevalence. In adults, this causal relation is less clear, probably because of the heterogeneity of the studies carried out. There is also evidence of physiological mechanisms by which DEPs can cause asthma. The most frequently described interactions between cellular responses and DEP are the induction of pulmonary oxidative stress and inflammation and the activation of receptors of the bronchial epithelium such as toll-like receptors or increases in Th2 and Th17 cytokines, which generally orchestrate the asthmatic response. Others support indirect mechanisms through epigenetic changes, pulmonary microbiome modifications, or the interaction of DEP with environmental antigens to enhance their activity. However, in spite of this evidence, more studies are needed to assess the harmful effects of pollution - not only in the short term in the form of increases in the rate of exacerbations, but in the medium and long term as well, as a possible trigger of the disease.

Novel system configuration with activated sludge like-geometry to develop aerobic granular biomass under continuous flow.

A novel continuous flow system with "flat geometry" composed by two completely mixed aerobic tanks in series and a settler was used to promote the formation of aerobic granular sludge. Making similarities of this system with a typical sequencing batch reactor (SBR), for aerobic granules cultivation, the value of the tank 1/tank 2 vol ratio and the biomass recirculation rate would correspond with the feast/famine length ratio and the length of the operational cycle, respectively, while the settler upflow liquid velocity imposed would be related to the settling time. From the three experiments performed the best results were obtained when the tank 1/tank 2 vol ratio was of 0.28, the sludge recycling ratio of 0.25 and the settler upflow velocity of 2.5 m/h. At these conditions the aggregates had settling velocities between 29 and 113 m/h, sludge volume index at 10 min (SVI10) of 70 mL/g TSS and diameters between 1.0 and 5.0 mm.

Long-term stability of antibody responses elicited by Dengue virus envelope DIII-based DNA vaccines.

Dengue virus (DENV) is one the most important viral pathogens worldwide. Currently there is an imperative need for a reliable vaccine capable of inducing durable protection against all four serotypes. We have previously reported strongly neutralizing and highly specific antibody responses from all four serotypes to a DNA vaccine based on an engineered version of DENV E protein's domain III (DIII). Here, we show that monovalent and tetravalent immunizations with the DIII-based DNA vaccines are also capable of inducing highly stable antibody responses that remain strongly neutralizing over long periods of time. Our results demonstrate that DNA-vaccinated mice maintain a strong antibody response in terms of titre, avidity and virus-neutralizing capability 1 year after immunization.

Biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests: Reducing test time by early parameter estimation.

Biochemical methane potential (BMP) test is a key analytical technique to assess the implementation and optimisation of anaerobic biotechnologies. However, this technique is characterised by long testing times (from 20 to >100days), which is not suitable for waste utilities, consulting companies or plants operators whose decision-making processes cannot be held for such a long time. This study develops a statistically robust mathematical strategy using sensitivity functions for early prediction of BMP first-order model parameters, i.e. methane yield (B0) and kinetic constant rate (k). The minimum testing time for early parameter estimation showed a potential correlation with the k value, where (i) slowly biodegradable substrates (k≤0.1d-1) have a minimum testing times of ≥15days, (ii) moderately biodegradable substrates (0.1

Short- and long-term orange dye effects on ammonium oxidizing and anammox bacteria activities.

The effects of orange azo dye over ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and anammox bacteria activities were tested. Performed batch tests indicated that concentrations lower than 650 mgorange/L stimulated AOB activity, while anammox bacteria activity was inhibited at concentrations higher than 25 mgorange/L. Long-term performance of a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) for the partial nitritation and a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for the anammox process was tested in the presence of 50 mgorange/L. In the case of the partial nitritation process, both the biomass concentration and the specific AOB activity increased after 50 days of orange azo dye addition. Regarding the anammox process, specific activity decreased down to 58% after 12 days of operation with continuous feeding of 50 mgorange/L. However, the anammox activity was completely recovered only 54 days after stopping the dye addition in the feeding. Once the biomass was saturated the azo dye adsorption onto the biomass was insignificant in the CSTR for the partial nitritation process fed with 50 mgorange/L. However, in the SBR the absorption was determined as 6.4 mgorange/g volatile suspended solids. No biological decolorization was observed in both processes.

Temperature-dependent folding allows stable dimerization of secretory and virus-associated E proteins of Dengue and Zika viruses in mammalian cells.

Dengue and Zika are two of the most important human viral pathogens worldwide. In both cases, the envelope glycoprotein E is the main target of the antibody response. Recently, new complex quaternary epitopes were identified which are the consequence of the arrangement of the antiparallel E dimers on the viral surface. Such epitopes can be exploited to develop more efficient cross-neutralizing vaccines. Here we describe a successful covalent stabilization of E dimers from Dengue and Zika viruses in mammalian cells. Folding and dimerization of secretory E was found to be strongly dependent on temperature but independent of PrM co-expression. In addition, we found that, due to the close relationship between flaviviruses, Dengue and Zika viruses E proteins can form heterodimers and assemble into mosaic viral particles. Finally, we present new virus-free analytical platforms to study and screen antibody responses against Dengue and Zika, which allow for differentiation of epitopes restricted to specific domains, dimers and higher order arrangements of E.

Biomass aggregation influences NaN3 short-term effects on anammox bacteria activity.

The main bottleneck to maintain the long-term stability of the partial nitritation-anammox processes, especially those operated at low temperatures and nitrogen concentrations, is the undesirable development of nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB). When this occurs, the punctual addition of compounds with the capacity to specifically inhibit NOB without affecting the process efficiency might be of interest. Sodium azide (NaN3) is an already known NOB inhibitor which at low concentrations does not significantly affect the ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) activity. However, studies about its influence on anammox bacteria are unavailable. For this reason, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of NaN3 on the anammox activity. Three different types of anammox biomass were used: granular biomass comprising AOB and anammox bacteria (G1), anammox enriched granules (G2) and previous anammox granules disaggregated (F1). No inhibitory effect of NaN3 was measured on G1 sludge. However, the anammox activity decreased in the case of G2 and F1. Granular biomass activity was less affected (IC50 90 mg/L, G2) than flocculent one (IC50 5 mg/L, F1). Summing up, not only does the granular structure protect the anammox bacteria from the NaN3 inhibitory effect, but also the AOB act as a barrier decreasing the inhibition.

Role of N-glycosylation on Zika virus E protein secretion, viral assembly and infectivity.

Zika virus has rapidly spread reaching a global distribution pattern similar to that of dengue virus, and has been associated with serious neurological and developmental pathologies, like congenital malformation during pregnancy and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Sequence analysis of different clinical and laboratory isolates has shown the existence of mutants with loss of the conserved N-glycosylation motif on domain I of protein E that is common to all flaviviruses. We found that loss of E N-linked glycosylation leads to compromised expression and secretion of E ectodomain from mammalian cells. For both, wild type and glycosylation-negative mutant, secretion was independent of co-expression of the PrM viral protein, but highly dependent on temperature. Low temperature (28 °C) favoured secretion, although the glycosylation mutant E ectodomain showed impaired secretion and membrane display compared to the wild type. Production of pseudoviral particles with a West Nile virus replicon packaged with the Zika virus structural proteins C-PrM-E was significantly reduced with the non-glycosylated E. Similarly, glycosylation-negative pseudoviral particles showed impaired infectivity of Vero cells and reduced ability to infect K562 cells upon particles opsonisation with anti-E antibodies.

Recombination changes at the boundaries of fully and partially sex-linked regions between closely related Silene species pairs.

The establishment of a region of suppressed recombination is a critical change during sex chromosome evolution, leading to such properties as Y (and W) chromosome genetic degeneration, accumulation of repetitive sequences and heteromorphism. Although chromosome inversions can cause large regions to have suppressed recombination, and inversions are sometimes involved in sex chromosome evolution, gradual expansion of the non-recombining region could potentially sometimes occur. We here test whether closer linkage has recently evolved between the sex-determining region and several genes that are partially sex-linked in Silene latifolia, using Silene dioica, a closely related dioecious plants whose XY sex chromosome system is inherited from a common ancestor. The S. latifolia pseudoautosomal region (PAR) includes several genes extremely closely linked to the fully Y-linked region. These genes were added to an ancestral PAR of the sex chromosome pair in two distinct events probably involving translocations of autosomal genome regions causing multiple genes to become partially sex-linked. Close linkage with the PAR boundary must have evolved since these additions, because some genes added in both events now show almost complete sex linkage in S. latifolia. We compared diversity patterns of five such S. latifolia PAR boundary genes with their orthologues in S. dioica, including all three regions of the PAR (one gene that was in the ancestral PAR and two from each of the added regions). The results suggest recent recombination suppression in S. latifolia, since its split from S. dioica.

Bacterial community dynamics in long-term operation of a pilot plant using aerobic granular sludge to treat pig slurry.

Aerobic granular sludge represents an interesting approach for simultaneous organic matter and nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment plants. However, the information about microbial communities in aerobic granular systems dealing with industrial wastewater like pig slurry is limited. Herein, bacterial diversity and dynamics were assessed in a pilot scale plant using aerobic granular sludge for organic matter and nitrogen elimination from swine slurry during more than 300 days. Results indicated that bacterial composition evolved throughout the operational period from flocculent activated sludge, used as inoculum, to mature aerobic granules. Bacterial diversity increased at the beginning of the granulation process and then declined due to the application of transient organic matter and nitrogen loads. The operational conditions of the pilot plant and the degree of granulation determined the microbial community of the aerobic granules. Brachymonas, Zoogloea and Thauera were attributed with structural function as they are able to produce extracellular polymeric substances to maintain the granular structure. Nitrogen removal was justified by partial nitrification (Nitrosomonas) and denitrification (Thauera and Zoogloea), while Comamonas was identified as the main organic matter oxidizing bacteria. Overall, clear links between bacterial dynamics and composition with process performance were found and will help to predict their biological functions in wastewater ecosystems improving the future control of the process. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1212-1221, 2016.

The role of air pollution in COPD and implications for therapy.

INTRODUCTION: Exposure to many environmental conditions, apart from tobacco, as a risk factor for developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been comprehensively studied. AREAS COVERED: Global estimates of air pollution depict a scenario of a considerable burden on respiratory health. Exposure to biomass smoke and occupational inhaled agents have been described as potentially related to causing or aggravating COPD. A number of emerging natural or accidental disasters have been suggested as a new source of exposure. Management of COPD patients exposed to different substances should include avoidance, especially in the more susceptible populations and proper pharmacological treatment considering potential association with particular clinical presentations. Expert commentary: Altogether, the available information indicates that appraisal of different environmental pollution exposures is clinically relevant, and should be systematically evaluated in COPD.