ABSTRACT
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious condition related to prematurity and the initiation of enteral feeding. In this article, we review the evidence published in recent years on necrotizing enterocolitis risk factors (prematurity, feeding with low-weight formula, existence of intestinal dysbiosis) and protective factors (human milk or donated milk supply, supplementation of human milk with oligosaccharides, probiotics administration, and the determination of disease predictive biomarkers). A systematic review was conducted of preventive, risk and predictive factors for necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates prior to 37 weeks' gestational age, based on a literature search for clinical trials, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews published between January 2018 and October 2021. For this purpose, the PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library databases were consulted. The literature search obtained 113 articles, of which 19 were selected for further analysis after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The conclusions drawn from this analysis were that adequate knowledge of risk factors that can be prevented or modified (such as alteration of the intestinal microbiota, oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunction at birth, or alteration of the immunity modulation) can reduce the incidence of NEC in premature infants. These factors include the supplementation of enteral nutrition with human milk oligosaccharides (with prebiotic and immunomodulatory effects), the combined administration of probiotics (especially the Lactobacillus spp and Bifidobacterium spp combination, which inhibits bacterial adhesion effects, improves the intestinal mucosa barrier function, strengthens the innate and adaptive immune system and increases the secretion of bioactive metabolites), the supplementation of human milk with lactoferrin and the use of donated milk fortified in accordance with the characteristics of the premature newborn. The determination of factors that can predict the existence of NEC, such as fecal calprotectin, increased TLR4 activity, and IL6 receptor, can lead to an early diagnosis of NEC. Although further studies should be conducted to determine the values of predictive biomarkers of NEC, and/or the recommended doses and strains of probiotics, lactoferrin or oligosaccharides, the knowledge acquired in recent years is encouraging.
ABSTRACT
La actualización sobre las actividades de promoción de la actividad física en la infancia y adolescencia se aborda en dos partes. En la primera se analizan los beneficios en salud y los posibles riesgos de la actividad física. En la segunda se valora la evidencia sobre la eficacia de las intervenciones dirigidas a la promoción de la actividad física y disminución del sedentarismo en la edad pediátrica. El grupo PrevInfad sugiere hacer intervenciones dirigidas a la promoción de la actividad física o a la disminución del sedentarismo tanto en Atención Primaria como en el entorno escolar o comunitario
The update on actions to promote physical activity in childhood and adolescence is addressed in two parts. In the first part, the benefits in health and the possible risks of physical activity are analysed. In the second part, the evidence about the efficacy of the interventions directed to promote physical activity and decrease sedentary lifestyles in the paediatric age is assessed. The PrevInfad group suggests making interventions aimed at the promotion of physical activity or at reducing sedentary lifestyles, both in primary care and in the school or community environment
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Adolescent , Motor Activity/physiology , Exercise Movement Techniques/statistics & numerical data , Pediatric Obesity/prevention & control , Obesity Management/methods , Sedentary Behavior , Resistance Training/methods , Evaluation of the Efficacy-Effectiveness of Interventions , Health Promotion/methods , Primary Health Care/methodsABSTRACT
La actualización sobre las actividades de promoción de la actividad física en la infancia y adolescencia se aborda en dos partes. En la primera se analizan los beneficios en salud y los posibles riesgos de la actividad física. En la segunda se valora la evidencia sobre la eficacia de las intervenciones dirigidas a la promoción de la actividad física y disminución del sedentarismo en la edad pediátrica. El grupo PrevInfad sugiere hacer intervenciones dirigidas a la promoción de la actividad física o a la disminución del sedentarismo tanto en Atención Primaria como en el entorno escolar o comunitario
The update on actions to promote physical activity in childhood and adolescence is addressed in two parts. In the first part, the benefits in health and the possible risks of physical activity are analyzed. In the second part, the evidence about the efficacy of the interventions directed to promote physical activity and decrease sedentary lifestyles in the pediatric age is assessed. The PrevInfad group suggests making interventions aimed at the promotion of physical activity or at reducing sedentary lifestyles, both in Primary Care and in the school or community environment
