Community of origin, preferred community, and gender are predictors for veterinary graduates from Auburn University choosing rural food animal employment.

OBJECTIVE: With 47 states experiencing a federally recognized veterinary shortage, it is important to identify areas of need and an evidence-based strategy for solving this complex problem. SAMPLE: 478 graduates of the Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine. METHODS: First destination outcomes for graduates from the Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine DVM classes of 2019 to 2022 (n = 478) were examined. Logistic regression and latent class analysis were conducted to identify variables that can predict a graduate's choice of employment in rural, food animal versus other employment settings. RESULTS: Results indicate that a graduate's community of origin (rural, suburban, urban), preferred community, and gender have the strongest relationships with choice of employment setting (location and type). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These findings can be used to influence admissions practices by colleges of veterinary medicine to shape the demographics of veterinary classes and the potential practice location and types of veterinary graduates.

Longitudinal evaluation of fentanyl concentrations in equine plasma and synovial fluid following application of transdermal fentanyl patches over one carpal joint.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if transdermally delivered fentanyl can achieve greater concentrations of fentanyl in synovial fluid when applied over a synovial structure. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, experimental study. ANIMALS: Six healthy adult horses. METHODS: Each horse had two 100 µg/h fentanyl matrix patches applied on the dorsal aspect of one, randomly assigned, carpometacarpal joint (CMCJ) for 48 h. Whole blood and bilateral synovial samples from the intercarpal joint were obtained at 0, 2, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h. Fentanyl concentrations were measured with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS: All subjects achieved detectable concentrations of fentanyl in both plasma and synovial fluid. Time to peak synovial and plasma concentration was 12 h. At 6 h, the synovial concentration in the untreated carpus (0.104 ng/mL ± 0.106) was lower than plasma fentanyl concentrations 0.31 ± 0.27 (p = .036). At 12 h, both treated (0.55 ng/mL ± 0.3) and untreated (0.53 ng/mL ± 0.28) synovial fluid fentanyl concentrations were lower than plasma (0.87 ng/mL ± 0.48) concentrations (p < .001 and p = .001, respectively). Synovial concentrations of fentanyl did not differ between treated and untreated joints (p > 0.608 for all time points). CONCLUSION: Application of fentanyl matrix patches directly over the CMCJ did not result in increased fentanyl concentrations in the synovial fluid of the treated intercarpal joint in normal horses. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: There is likely no analgesic advantage to placing fentanyl patches directly over the affected joint, as it did not result in increased synovial concentrations at the tested site.

Point-of-Care Instruments.

Point-of-care testing, or testing done near the patient, allows for rapid results that can theoretically improve patient care and client satisfaction. The value of these results relies on high-quality laboratory practices, including an understanding of the technology by users. Herein is a brief review of point-of-care testing for biochemistry, hematology, coagulation, blood gas analysis, glucometers, and urinalysis, along with available technology with a focus on what information these analyzers can and cannot provide.

Leukocyte Esterase and Nitrite Urine Reagent Strip Utility Under Altered Assay Conditions in Dogs.

The study evaluated leukocyte esterase (LE) and nitrite reagent pad usefulness in canine urine using multiple time endpoints and decision thresholds. Whole and sedimented urine samples from 116 client-owned dogs were analyzed with reagent strips from four manufacturers. Results for LE and nitrite were recorded every 30 s up to 150 s using "trace" and "+" positive thresholds and compared to microscopic urine sediment analysis and culture results. Sedimented urine assessed at 150 s with a "trace" positive threshold for LE had significantly or trending higher sensitivity (brand dependent) for pyuria detection compared with manufacturer recommendations. Using these parameters, LE sensitivity and negative likelihood ratio were 66.67-89.47%, and 0.13-0.37, respectively. Following manufacturer recommendations, LE specificity and positive likelihood ratio were 96.91-100% and 17.02-30.63, respectively. Nitrite performance for pyuria and bacteriuria detection was poor for all conditions. LE reagent pads are a useful screening test for pyuria detection using sedimented urine and a "trace" positive threshold at 150 s, whereas LE use with traditional manufacturer recommendations is a good confirmatory test for pyuria detection. Nitrite reagent pads are not useful for pyuria or bacteriuria detection.

Land use, season, and parasitism predict metal concentrations in Australian flying fox fur.

Urban-living wildlife can be exposed to metal contaminants dispersed into the environment through industrial, residential, and agricultural applications. Metal exposure carries lethal and sublethal consequences for animals; in particular, heavy metals (e.g. arsenic, lead, mercury) can damage organs and act as carcinogens. Many bat species reside and forage in human-modified habitats and could be exposed to contaminants in air, water, and food. We quantified metal concentrations in fur samples from three flying fox species (Pteropus fruit bats) captured at eight sites in eastern Australia. For subsets of bats, we assessed ectoparasite burden, haemoparasite infection, and viral infection, and performed white blood cell differential counts. We examined relationships among metal concentrations, environmental predictors (season, land use surrounding capture site), and individual predictors (species, sex, age, body condition, parasitism, neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio). As expected, bats captured at sites with greater human impact had higher metal loads. At one site with seasonal sampling, bats had higher metal concentrations in winter than in summer, possibly owing to changes in food availability and foraging. Relationships between ectoparasites and metal concentrations were mixed, suggesting multiple causal mechanisms. There was no association between overall metal load and neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio, but mercury concentrations were positively correlated with this ratio, which is associated with stress in other vertebrate taxa. Comparison of our findings to those of previous flying fox studies revealed potentially harmful levels of several metals; in particular, endangered spectacled flying foxes (P. conspicillatus) exhibited high concentrations of cadmium and lead. Because some bats harbor pathogens transmissible to humans and animals, future research should explore interactions between metal exposure, immunity, and infection to assess consequences for bat and human health.

INTRAVENOUS CONTRAST-ENHANCED COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN ADULT KOI (CYPRINUS CARPIO).

IV iodinated contrast is undocumented in koi (Cyprinus carpio). IV contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) provides detailed imaging of the vascular structures and parenchymal organs. The goals of this study were to (1) document feasibility of IV contrast into the caudal vein, (2) determine distribution of contrast media and conspicuity of organs, (3) evaluate for differences in contrast uptake with two different doses of IV contrast, and (4) evaluate for contraindications of IV iodinated contrast in a small cohort of fish. Thirty adult koi were split into three groups (n = 10) in a prospective interrupted time series design with nonequivalent groups, receiving 480 mg iodine per kg (mg I/kg), 800 mg I/kg, and saline. Contrast doses were selected based on the range of doses used in other species. Half of the fish given IV contrast (n = 10) were imaged with CT. Physical exams, blood smears, and biochemistries were performed on all fish. Half of the fish in each group were euthanized 24 h after injection and the other half two weeks later. Necropsies and histopathology were performed to evaluate pathology associated with contrast. For the CT examinations, precontrast, immediate postcontrast, and 5-m delayed postcontrast CT scans were obtained. Contrast in coelomic organs and circulatory system was measured using Hounsfield units. The caudal kidney was the most contrast-enhancing organ. Both doses produced good vascular enhancement and similar distribution. The delayed postcontrast scans showed repeatable parenchymal enhancement of organs. No mortality was encountered. No abnormalities were detected on blood smears, necropsies, or histopathology. Results suggest IV contrast administration is feasible, both contrast doses provided valuable anatomical information in the study with CT of coelomic organs, and no contraindications of contrast administration were detected.

COMPARISON OF PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS AND BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS FOR THE QUANTIFICATION OF PLASMA ALBUMIN IN HEALTHY BEARDED DRAGONS (POGONA VITTICEPS).

While electrophoresis is considered the standard method for evaluation of protein concentrations as a result of its direct measurement, albumin is often quantified with biochemical assays. Many laboratory-based chemistry analyzers and clinic-based point-of-care analyzers use the dye bromocresol green (BCG) for the quantitation of albumin. Several studies have shown that albumin concentrations obtained by the standard (BCG) dye-binding method are significantly different from those obtained by protein electrophoresis in avian species and chelonia. The goal of this study was to compare plasma albumin concentrations obtained by the BCG method with those derived from electrophoresis in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). Thirty-six heparinized plasma samples were obtained from 13 clinically healthy male bearded dragons. Albumin was quantified by protein electrophoresis and by the BCG dye-binding method. The two methods were significantly different (P < 0.0001, paired t-test; P < 0.0001, Wilcoxon signed-rank test), with the BCG measurement always equal to or higher than the electrophoretic result. The measurements from both methods were significantly correlated (r = 0.8634, P < 0.0001), but concordance between the two techniques was poor. The Bland-Altman plot appeared to show a greater difference between the two measurements with lower albumin values and lesser difference with higher values. These results indicate that bearded dragon plasma albumin concentration measurements obtained by the BCG dye-binding method are unreliable when compared to those obtained with electrophoresis, suggesting that albumin should be measured by protein electrophoresis for health assessment in bearded dragons.

ACVIM consensus statement on pancreatitis in cats.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatitis in cats, although commonly diagnosed, still presents many diagnostic and management challenges. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the current literature as it relates to etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of pancreatitis in cats and to arrive at clinically relevant suggestions for veterinary clinicians that are based on evidence, and where such evidence is lacking, based on consensus of experts in the field. ANIMALS: None. METHODS: A panel of 8 experts in the field (5 internists, 1 radiologist, 1 clinical pathologist, and 1 anatomic pathologist), with support from a librarian, was formed to assess and summarize evidence in the peer reviewed literature and complement it with consensus clinical recommendations. RESULTS: There was little literature on the etiology and pathogenesis of spontaneous pancreatitis in cats, but there was much in the literature about the disease in humans, along with some experimental evidence in cats and nonfeline species. Most evidence was in the area of diagnosis of pancreatitis in cats, which was summarized carefully. In contrast, there was little evidence on the management of pancreatitis in cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Pancreatitis is amenable to antemortem diagnosis by integrating all clinical and diagnostic information available, and recognizing that acute pancreatitis is far easier to diagnose than chronic pancreatitis. Although both forms of pancreatitis can be managed successfully in many cats, management measures are far less clearly defined for chronic pancreatitis.

The effect of prior thecal puncture on cerebrospinal fluid analytes in normal adult horses.

BACKGROUND: Serial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis might be required in clinical neurologic disease. The effect of lumbosacral (LS) or cervical (C1-C2) centesis on subsequent CSF cytologic analyses has not been investigated in horses. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of thecal puncture on subsequent CSF analyses ANIMALS: Ten healthy adult horses. METHODS: Prospective study. Horses were randomly assigned to undergo CSF collection twice, 14 days apart, from either the C1-C2 or LS space. After a 4-month washout period, CSF collection was repeated from the alternate site. Continuous data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models and count data using mixed-effects negative binomial regression. Statistical significance was set at P < .05. RESULTS: There was no significant effect of collection day (day 0 or day 14) for any CSF analytes, including protein concentration (C1-C2: 45 [95% CI: 33-57] mg/dL day 0 vs 49 [95% CI: 39-62] mg/dL day 14, P = .12; LS: 64 [95% CI: 41-100] mg/dL day 0 vs 83 [95% CI: 53-129] mg/dL day 14, P = .37), or nucleated cell count (C1-C2: 2 [95% CI: 1-4] cells/µL day 0 vs 3 [95% CI: 1-4] cells/µL day 14, P = .65; LS: 3 [95% CI: 2-5] cells/µL day 0 vs 5 [95% CI: 3-8] cells/µL day 14, P = .10). There was no significant difference in EPM titer or EPM serum : CSF ratio between days 0 and 14. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Repeat thecal puncture from the LS or C1-C2 space 2 weeks apart does not appear to impact CSF analytes.

Comparison of 2 collection methods for cerebrospinal fluid analysis from standing, sedate adult horses.

BACKGROUND: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is an important component of the evaluation of horses with neurologic disease. Lumbosacral (LS) centesis is routine, but CSF is also collected from the space between the first and second cervical vertebrae (C1-C2). OBJECTIVES: To compare collection times, CSF cytology results, and equine protozoal myelitis (EPM) titers of CSF collected from the C1-C2 and LS sites. ANIMALS: Fifteen university-owned adult horses with no evidence of neurologic disease, and 9 horses with signs of neurologic disease: 3 university-owned and 6 client-owned. METHODS: Prospective study. Cerebrospinal fluid collection from the LS space and C1-C2 space of each horse was performed in randomized order. Continuous data were analyzed using mixed-effects linear models and count data using mixed-effects negative binomial regression. Statistical significance was set at P < .05. RESULTS: Cerebrospinal fluid collected from the C1-C2 site had a significantly lower mean protein concentration (49 [95% CI: 43-55.8] mg/dL C1-C2 versus 52.1 [95% CI: 45.7-59.3] mg/dL LS; P = .03) and red blood cell count (6 [95% CI: 2-16] cells/µL versus 33 [95% CI: 13-81] cells/µL; P = .02). Collection time, total nucleated cell count, EPM titers, and serum:CSF EPM titer ratios were not significantly different between collection sites. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Cerebrospinal fluid from the C1-C2 space provides an acceptable alternative to LS CSF collection with decreased likelihood of clinically important blood contamination of samples.

SYSTEMATIC EVALUATION OF 106 LABORATORY REFERENCE DATA ARTICLES FROM NONDOMESTIC SPECIES PUBLISHED FROM 2014 TO 2016: ASSESSING COMPLIANCE WITH REFERENCE INTERVAL GUIDELINES.

Population-based reference intervals (RIs) are vital tools used to characterize health and disease based on laboratory values. The science and statistical basis for RI generation have evolved over the past 50 yr. Current veterinary-specific guidelines by the American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology exist for establishing RIs from nondomestic and wild animals. A list of 35 items that should be included during generation and publication of reference data was distilled from the currently available RI guidelines. The archives of five peer-reviewed journals were searched and 106 articles presenting laboratory reference data from nondomestic or wildlife species were identified and each reviewed by two authors to determine compliance with the list of 35 items. A compliance score was calculated as the number of articles that fulfilled the item out of the number where it would have been appropriate to fulfill the item. Most articles reported the number of reference individuals (compliance score 0.98), their partitioning demographics (compliance score 0.95), and sample collection and handling practices (compliance scores 0.97 and 0.96, respectively). Common deficiencies included omitting discussion of the validation status of the analytical methods for the species being evaluated (compliance score 0.12), documentation of use of exclusion criteria (compliance score 0.51), outlier detection (compliance score 0.43), appropriate statistical methods for the reference population (compliance score 0.34), and calculation and presentation of confidence intervals around the reference limits (compliance score 0.35). Compliance scores were not statistically different when stratified on the number of individuals in the largest and smallest evaluated group or the format of the article (full vs short format). Articles that cited RI generation guidelines fulfilled more of the required steps and provided a more complete description of their data (compliance score 0.74) than those that did not cite guidelines (compliance score 0.58). Additional attention to the science of and recommendations for RI generation is recommended to strengthen the utility of published data.