Optical analysis of human eye using electromagnetic wave theory.

We present a two-dimensional electromagnetic analysis of light propagation through the human eye to examine the eye's optical properties. The electromagnetic approach has intriguing advantages over the conventional and frequently implemented ray optics analysis. The chromatic, spherical, and coma aberrations and the intensity of the focused light at the retina are computed in this work via full-wave analysis. We also investigate the effects of the cornea's and lens's curved structures on the focusing mechanism. The focal length and chromatic and spherical aberrations are observed to change owing to age-related refractive index variation in the lens. In addition, the effects of the lens and curvatures of the human eye on focusing are analyzed. Consequently, for both young and old human eye lenses, the differences due to the aberration variations, curvature surfaces, and gradient index are explored by the wave approach. The intensity distributions on the retina for both on- and off-axis illumination are calculated. A strong correlation between the locations of the nerve fibers and the intensity distribution is confirmed. On the basis of the findings, we can conclude that visual impairment due to deterioration of the human eye structure is more dramatic than that due to aging.

The effect of reduction mammaplasty on the vertebral column: a radiologic study.

Some studies emphasized that anatomic mechanisms of vertebral aberrations could be associated with large breasts. The effect of mammaplasty operation on the vertebral column and body posture seems to be beneficial; in this trial, it was planned to investigate the objective radiologic effect of reduction mammaplasty on the posture of the vertebral column in a group of patients operated due to the large breasts. Thirty-four white women with large breasts were enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into three groups according to their breast cup sizes. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the lumbosacral and thoracic spine were taken at baseline preoperatively, and the same radiographic images were taken in an average of 12 months later than the reduction mammaplasty operation. All were evaluated and compared for thoracic kyphosis angle and lumbar lordosis angle both preoperatively and postoperatively. The mean thoracic kyphosis angle was 40,53 preoperatively and 39,38 postoperatively. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the preoperative and postoperative measurements in all groups (P > 0,05). The mean lumbar lordosis angle was 54,71 preoperatively and 53,18 postoperatively. Regarding the preoperative and postoperative measurements of lumbar lordosis angles, no statistically significant difference was found between the groups (P > 0,05). Although breast size may be an important factor that affects body posture, reduction mammaplasty operations have little or no radiologic effect on the vertebral column.

Splitted posterior auricular muscle flap combined with traditional otoplasty.

OBJECTIVE: This article presents a modified technique to split and reposition the posterior auricular muscle flap as an adjunct to traditional otoplasty. BACKGROUND: Although numerous techniques have been described for the correction of prominent ear deformity, there is still a continuing debate on which operative method achieves the best results. Recurrence of the deformity or the need for secondary revisions is still among the common problems. We aimed to focus on a technical modification of the use of the postauricular muscle flap to strengthen the effect of otoplasty and to obtain more prominent results. METHODS: Twelve patients with prominent ears (total, 24 ears) were operated on and followed up at least 6 months. To determine the efficacy of the technique on the different parts of the ears, 2 distances of each ear to the scalp for both the superior and middle third of the ears were measured and compared before the surgery, early after the surgery, and late after the surgery. RESULTS: The mean distances for both the upper and middle third of the ears were significantly lower (P < 0.05) at the end of the first month after the surgery. Although a millimetric slight rise was observed, there was no statistically significant difference between the mean postoperative results of the first and sixth months (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The splitted posterior auricular muscle flap repositioning to the upper and middle third of the ear may be successfully performed adjunct to the conventional corrective otoplasty. According to the late postoperative results, it seems to be that a stronger and more permanent otoplasty may be obtained with the addition of a splitted and reinserted postauricular muscle flap to the traditional otoplasty.