Effect of obesity on mood regulation and eating attitudes in mental disorders.

OBJECTIVE: The precise relationship between obesity and eating habits, attitudes, and emotion regulation is still ambiguous. The purpose of this study was to investigate possible correlations among body mass index, challenges related to managing emotions, and attitudes toward eating among adult participants with known psychiatric diagnoses. METHODS: The body mass indices of participants were calculated, and data on eating styles were collected using the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire. The level of difficulty in managing emotions was evaluated using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. RESULTS: The research findings indicated a meaningful positive association. An observation was made between body mass index and results from the Eating Attitude Test-40, as well as the restrained eating subdimension of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Conversely, a meaningful reverse relationship was identified between the scores of the "strategies" subdimension of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. No meaningful differences in eating attitudes and emotion regulation were found between non-obese and obese patients. CONCLUSION: While a partial and meaningful correlation was observed among body mass index, eating attitudes, and emotion regulation difficulties, it is suggested that factors such as patients' age, disease duration, current body mass index, and the simultaneous presence of depression and anxiety should be considered.

Dysfunctional Metacognitive Beliefs, Experiential Avoidance,and Behavioral Inhibition System in Depressive Disorder.

Background: Dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs form the basis of the formation and maintenance of psychopathologies. In our study, we planned to examine the common aspects of the concepts of dysfunctional metacognition, experiential avoidance, and behavioral inhibition system in depressed patients compared to healthy individuals and their effects on each other. Methods: Fifty-five depressed patients and as a control group 54 healthy volunteers participated in the study. Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Metacognitions Questionnaire 30, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire II, and Behavioral Inhibition and Behavioral Activation Scale were used in the study. Results: Median (minimum-maximum) Acceptance and Action Questionnaire II score was 9 (7-35) points in the control group and 30 (9-46) points in the depressed patient group (P < .001). A statistically significant difference between the groups was observed only in the Behavioral Activation Scale-reward responsiveness subscale, with 20 (14-30) points in the control group and 23 (13-36) points in the patient group. A statistically significant difference was observed between the groups in all Metacognitions Questionnaire 30 subscale scores (P < .001). A statistically significant positive correlation was found between depression scores and experiential avoidance (r = 0.751; P < .001), reward responsiveness (r = 0.329; P < .001) and metacognition subscale scores. In addition, a positive correlation was found between experiential avoidance and metacognition subscale scores (P < .001). Conclusion: The data we obtained support the fact that as the severity of depression increases, the patients more strongly stick to dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs, exert more frequently experiential avoidance and less often impulsive behaviors. Considering these clinical features may contribute favorably to the individualized psychotherapy process.

Vitamin D Levels and Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphism in Major Depression.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to evaluate vitamin D levels and rs2228570 (FokI) polymorphism of vitamin D in patients with established diagnosis of major depressive disorder in order to investigate the impact of vitamin D levels and genetic polymorphisms on etiology and/or severity of the disease. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study included 86 patients who were diagnosed with major depressive disorder in Hospital of Balikesir University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, and 89 healthy volunteers with similar age, sex, education level and BMI. Psychiatric diagnosis was established by using Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I). For clinical evaluation, sociodemographic data form, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Scale were used. Blood samples were drawn after 12 hours of fasting from the patients volunteered and the control group who were given their informed consent for participation in the study. Vitamin D levels were determined by using the method of ECLIA (Electrochemiluminescent immunoassay). Genotype analysis was performed using the method of Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). RESULTS: In our study, median vitamin D levels (min-max) of the patient and control groups were 10.3 ng/mL (3.0-42.1) and 11.4 ng/mL (3.0-38.8), respectively. Statistically significant differences as for vitamin D levels between groups were not detected (p=0.729). Similiarly no statistically significant difference between groups in genotype distribution was observed (p=0.396). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our findings do not support the relationship between depression, vitamin D levels and Fok 1 polymorphism of vitamin D receptor. To test these hypotheses in the light of literature we need further studies to be performed with large number of patients.