Risk factors for death or mechanical ventilation time after bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis in a developing country.

BACKGROUND: Glenn procedure is performed for patients with cyanotic CHD and univentricular physiology and has a survival rate above 90%. AIM: To evaluate the risk factors associated with a poor outcome after Glenn procedure. METHODS: The data for this retrospective analysis were collected from a regional Brazilian registry of congenital heart surgeries (ASSIST initiative) from 2014 to 2019. Data from 97 patients who underwent the Glenn procedure were considered. The primary outcomes were prolonged mechanical ventilation (>24 hours post-operatively) or in-hospital death, alone and combined. RESULTS: The overall in-hospital mortality was 13.4% (n = 13). Prolonged mechanical ventilation occurred in 52% (n = 51) of the patients. Our analysis found that risk factors for death or prolonged post-operative mechanical ventilation were cardiopulmonary bypass duration and post-operative lactate, whereas weight-for-age z-score and age at surgery were risk factors for prolonged mechanical ventilation. Cardiopulmonary bypass duration increased (adjusted odds ratio: 1.02; 95 % CI: 1.01, 1.03) and age at surgery decreased (adjusted odds ratio: 0.96; 95 % CI: 0.93, 0.99) the odds of the combined outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Age at surgery, post-operative lactate, and low-weight-for-age z-score are associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation and death following the Glenn procedure.

Development of an international standard set of patient-centred outcome measures for overall paediatric health: a consensus process.

OBJECTIVE: To develop an Overall Pediatric Health Standard Set (OPH-SS) of outcome measures that captures what matters to young people and their families and recognising the biopsychosocial aspects of health for all children and adolescents regardless of health condition. DESIGN: A modified Delphi process. SETTING: The International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement convened an international Working Group (WG) comprised of 23 international experts from 12 countries in the field of paediatrics, family medicine, psychometrics as well as patient advisors. The WG participated in 11 video-conferences, through a modified Delphi process and 9 surveys between March 2018 and January 2020 consensus was reached on a final recommended health outcome standard set. By a literature review conducted in March 2018, 1136 articles were screened for clinician and patient-reported or proxy-reported outcomes. Further, 4315 clinical trials and 12 paediatric health surveys were scanned. Between November 2019 and January 2020, the final standard set was endorsed by a patient validation (n=270) and a health professional (n=51) survey. RESULTS: From a total of 63 identified outcomes, consensus was formed on a standard set of outcome measures that comprises 10 patient-reported outcomes, 5 clinician-reported measures, and 6 case-mix variables. The four developmental age-specific packages (ie, 0-5, 6-12, 13-17, 18-24 years) include either five or six measures with an average time for completion of 20 min. CONCLUSIONS: The OPH-SS is a starting point to drive value-based paediatric healthcare delivery from a global perspective for enhancing child and adolescent physical health and psychosocial well-being.

Prognostic value of the preoperative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in patients undergoing the bidirectional Glenn procedure.

INTRODUCTION: The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been associated with worse outcomes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Little is known about this association in the pediatric population who require surgery for congenital heart defects, especially in patients with a single ventricle (SV). OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association of the preoperative NLR with outcomes in patients undergoing the bidirectional Glenn procedure. METHODS: This study involved a retrospective cohort analysis of 141 consecutive patients with SV undergoing the bidirectional Glenn procedure between January 2011 and December 2017 in two centers. The preoperative NLR was included in the last hemogram test before surgery. According to the NLR level, the patients were divided into group I (NLR < 1), group II (NLR between 1 and 2), and group III (NLR > 2). The primary endpoint was total hospital length of stay (LOS), and secondary endpoints were mechanical ventilation (MV) time, intensive care unit (ICU) LOS, ventricular dysfunction, complications, and middle-term mortality. RESULTS: The average follow-up duration was 48 months. There were 61, 47, and 33 patients in groups I, II, and III, respectively. Patients in group III exhibited an increased risk of prolonged total hospital LOS (P = .00). An increase in MV time (P = .03) and ICU LOS (P = .02) was also observed in this group, and these patients experienced greater mortality in 24 months following the surgery (P = .03). There was no association between the NLR and ventricular dysfunction (P = .26) and complications (P = .46). CONCLUSION: A high preoperative NLR was associated with worse outcomes in patients with SV physiology undergoing the bidirectional Glenn procedure.

In Vitro Evaluation of Pediatric Hollow-Fiber Membrane Oxygenators on Hemodynamic Performance and Gaseous Microemboli Handling: An International Multicenter/Multidisciplinary Approach.

The objective of this study was to compare the hemodynamic performances and gaseous microemboli (GME) handling ability of two pediatric oxygenators in a simulated pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) model and the importance of adding an arterial filter in the circuit. The circuit consisted of a Braile Infant oxygenator or a Maquet Quadrox-I Pediatric oxygenator without integrated arterial filter (parallel arrangement), 1/4 in. ID tubing A-V loop, and a 12-Fr arterial cannula, primed with lactated Ringer's solution and packed red blood cells. Trials were conducted at flow rates ranging from 500 to 2000 mL/min (500 mL/min increment) at 35°C and 28°C. Real-time pressure and flow data were recorded using a custom-based data acquisition system. For GME testing, 5 cc of air was manually injected into the venous line. GME were recorded using the Emboli Detection and Classification Quantifier (EDAC) System. An additional experiment using a separate arterial filter was conducted. There was no difference in the mean circuit pressure, pressure drop, total hemodynamic energy level, and energy loss between the two oxygenators. The venous line pressures were higher in the Braile than in the Quadrox group during all trials (P <0.01). GME count and volume at pre-/post oxygenator and pre-cannula sites in the Quadrox were lower than the Braile group at high flow rates (P < 0.05). In the additional experiment, an arterial filter captured a significant number of microemboli at all flow rates. The Braile Infant oxygenator has a matched hemodynamic characteristic with the Quadrox-i Pediatric oxygenator. The Quadrox-i has a better GME handling ability compared with the Braile Infant oxygenator. Regardless of type of oxygenator an additional arterial filter decreases the number of GME.

Impaired Pulmonary Function is an Additional Potential Mechanism for the Reduction of Functional Capacity in Clinically Stable Fontan Patients.

Central factors negatively affect the functional capacity of Fontan patients (FP), but "non-cardiac" factors, such as pulmonary function, may contribute to their exercise intolerance. We studied the pulmonary function in asymptomatic FP and its correlations with their functional capacity. Pulmonary function and cardiopulmonary exercise tests were performed in a prospective study of 27 FP and 27 healthy controls (HC). Cardiovascular magnetic resonance was used to evaluate the Fontan circulation. The mean age at tests, the mean age at surgery, and the median follow-up time of FP were 20(±6), 8(±3), and 11(8-17) years, respectively. Dominant ventricle ejection fraction was within normal range. The mean of peak VO2 expressed in absolute values (L/min), the relative values to body weight (mL/kg/min), and their predicted values were lower in FP compared with HC: 1.69 (±0.56) vs 2.81 (±0.77) L/min; 29.9 (±6.1) vs 41.5 (±9.3) mL/kg/min p < 0.001 and predicted VO2 Peak [71% (±14) vs 100% (±20) p < 0.001]. The absolute and predicted values of the forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), inspiratory capacity (IC), total lung capacity (TLC), diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide of the lung (DLCO), maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), and sniff nasal inspiratory pressure (SNIP) were also significantly lower in the Fontan population compared to HC. An increased risk of restrictive ventilatory pattern was found in patients with postural deviations (OD:10.0, IC:1.02-97.5, p = 0.042). There was a strong correlation between pulmonary function and absolute peak VO2 [FVC (r = 0.86, p < 0.001); FEV1 (r = 0.83, p < 0.001); IC (r = 0.84, p < 0.001); TLC (r = 0.79, p < 0.001); and DLCO (r = 0.72, p < 0.001). The strength of the inspiratory muscles in absolute and predicted values was also reduced in FP [-79(±28) vs -109(±44) cmH2O (p = 0.004) and 67(±26) vs 89(±36) % (p = 0.016)]. Thus, we concluded that the pulmonary function was impaired in clinically stable Fontan patients and the static and dynamic lung volumes were significantly reduced compared with HC. We also demonstrated a strong correlation between absolute Peak VO2 with the FVC, FEV1, TLC, and DLCO measured by complete pulmonary test.

Ross procedure and ventricular septal defect correction with prolapsed cusp.

We present the case of an asymptomatic 31-year-old man with perimembranous ventricular septal defect and aortic insufficiency due to a prolapsed right cusp. The ventricular septal defect was corrected with the rotation of the right cusp, and the Ross procedure was performed for the aortic insufficiency. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course. At immediate and first year follow-up examinations he presented with trivial aortic insufficiency and no residual ventricular septal defect. The patient remains asymptomatic with no medication.

First use of hypertonic saline dextran in children: a study in safety and effectiveness for atrial septal defect surgery.

Hypertonic saline dextran (7.5% NaCl + 6% Dextran-70) has been used in adults in several studies and shown beneficial effects in hypovolemic shock, trauma, cardiogenic shock, and cardiac surgery. There have never been studies of this solution in children. This work studies its effect in children undergoing surgery for the correction of atrial septal defects. Twenty-five children underwent correction of atrial septal defect using cardiopulmonary bypass with bloodless priming. Children were divided in five groups and each received an incremental hypertonic saline dextran dose of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mL/kg, 5 min before the beginning of cardiopulmonary bypass. Collected data were fluid balance, amount of bleeding, blood/derivative transfusion occurrence, plasma sodium, and hematocrit. Patients were divided into low-dose (0-1 mL/kg) and high-dose (2-4 mL/kg) groups. Analysis of variance was used to determine differences in blood loss between groups. The fluid balance and blood/derivative requirements were compared through Student's t test and Fisher's exact test (2-tail), respectively. All patients were discharged from hospital with corrected atrial septal defect. No hypertonic saline dextran-related complications occurred. There were no differences in the amount of bleeding. The high-dose group exhibited a significant decrease in fluid balance and in blood/derivative requirements in comparison with the low-dose group. In this study, the use of hypertonic saline dextran in the pediatric population submitted to cardiopulmonary bypass is safe and does not raise the amount of bleeding. Its effective doses produce negative fluid balance and reduce blood/derivative requirements.

Reversible pulmonary trunk banding. II. An experimental model for rapid pulmonary ventricular hypertrophy.

OBJECTIVE: An experimental model with a reversible pulmonary trunk banding device was developed with the aim of inducing rapid ventricular hypertrophy. The device consists of an insufflatable cuff connected to a self-sealing button. METHODS: The right ventricles of 7 young goats (average weight, 8.7 kg) were submitted to systolic overload and evaluated according to the hemodynamic, echocardiographic, and morphologic aspects. Baseline biopsy specimens were taken from the myocardium for microscopic analysis. The device was implanted on the pulmonary trunk and inflated so that a 0.7 right ventricular/left ventricular pressure ratio was achieved. Echocardiographic and hemodynamic evaluations were performed every 24 hours. Systolic overload was maintained for 96 hours. The animals were then killed for morphologic study. Another 9 goats (average weight, 7.7 kg) were used for control right ventricular weight. RESULTS: The systolic right ventricular/pulmonary trunk pressure gradient varied from 10.1 +/- 4.3 mm Hg (baseline) to 60.0 +/- 11.0 mm Hg (final). Consequently, the right ventricular/left ventricular pressure ratio increased from 0.29 +/- 0.06 to 1.04 +/- 0.14. The protocol group showed a 74% increase in right ventricular mass when compared with the control group. Serial 2-dimensional echocardiography showed a 66% increase in right ventricular wall thickness. There was a 24% increase in the mean myocyte perimeter, and the myocyte area increased 61%. CONCLUSIONS: The device is easily adjustable percutaneously, enabling right ventricular hypertrophy in 96 hours of gradual systolic overload. This study suggests that the adjustable pulmonary trunk banding might provide better results for the 2-stage Jatene operation and for the failed atrial switch operations to convert to the double-switch operation.

Modelo experimental de bandagem ajustável do tronco pulmonar para preparo rápido do ventrículo / Experimental model of adjustable pulmonary trunk banding for rapid prepare of the ventricle

OBJETIVO: Um dispositivo de bandagem do tronco pulmonar (TP) com ajuste percutâneo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de induzir a hipertrofia rápida do ventrículo subpulmonar. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Consiste de um manguito de silicone insuflável percutaneamente, através de um botão de silicone auto-selante. Os corações de 7 cabritos jovens (peso médio: 8,7 kg) foram submetidos à sobrecarga sistólica imposta pelo dispositivo e avaliados sob os aspectos hemodinâmicos, ecocardiográficos e morfológicos. Foram extraídas biópsias basais do miocárdio do ventrículo direito (VD) para análise microscópica (perímetro e área do miócito). O dispositivo foi implantado no TP. As pressões do VD, TP e aorta foram monitorizadas. Após convalescença, foi iniciado o protocolo de insuflação do dispositivo de bandagem do TP. Foi injetada água destilada no botão auto-selante (via percutânea), até que a pressão sistólica do VD atingisse 70 por cento da pressão sistólica do VE. As avaliações ecocardiográfica e hemodinâmica foram realizadas a cada 24 horas. A sobrecarga sistólica do VD foi mantida por um período de 96 horas, com insuflações progressivas no limite máximo tolerado, a cada 24 horas. Após esse período, os animais foram sacrificados para análise morfológica dos corações. Outros 9 cabritos (peso médio: 7,7 kg) foram utilizados como grupo controle, para análise do peso do VD. RESULTADOS: Após 96 horas de sobrecarga sistólica do VD, foi observado um aumento do gradiente sistólico VD/TP de 10,1 + ou - 4,3 mmHg para 60,0 + ou - 11,0 mmHg e da pressão sistólica no VD de 22,4 + ou - 4,1 mmHg para 71,0 + ou - 10,0 mmHg (p<0,0001). O ecocardiograma revelou aumento da espessura muscular do VD, de 4,4 + ou - 0,5 mm para 7,3 + ou - 1,7 mm (p=0,001). Quando comparado ao grupo controle, houve um ganho de peso de 74 por cento do VD submetido à sobrecarga sistólica (p<0,0001). À microscopia óptica, foi observado aumento de 27 por cento no perímetro e de 69 por cento na área dos miócitos (p=0,0001). CONCLUSÕES: O dispositivo proposto neste trabalho é efetivo e facilmente ajustável por via percutânea, possibilitando a hipertrofia do ventrículo subpulmonar em 96 horas de sobrecarga sistólica. A melhora na ajustabilidade da bandagem do TP poderá permitir melhores resultados da operação de Jatene em dois estágios, nos pacientes com transposição das grandes artérias