Comparison of Culturing and Metabarcoding Methods to Describe the Fungal Endophytic Assemblage of Brachypodium rupestre Growing in a Range of Anthropized Disturbance Regimes.

Fungal endophytes develop inside plants without visible external signs, and they may confer adaptive advantages to their hosts. Culturing methods have been traditionally used to recognize the fungal endophytic assemblage, but novel metabarcoding techniques are being increasingly applied. This study aims to characterize the fungal endophytic assemblage in shoots, rhizomes and roots of the tall grass Brachypodium rupestre growing in a large area of natural grasslands with a continuum of anthropized disturbance regimes. Seven out of 88 taxa identified via metabarcoding accounted for 81.2% of the reads (Helotiaceae, Lachnum sp. A, Albotricha sp. A, Helotiales A, Agaricales A, Mycena sp. and Mollisiaceae C), revealing a small group of abundant endophytes and a large group of rare species. Although both methods detected the same trends in richness and fungal diversity among the tissues (root > rhizome > shoot) and grasslands (low-diversity > high-diversity grasslands), the metabarcoding tool identified 5.8 times more taxa than the traditional culturing method (15 taxa) but, surprisingly, failed to sequence the most isolated endophyte on plates, Omnidemptus graminis. Since both methods are still subject to important constraints, both are required to obtain a complete characterization of the fungal endophytic assemblage of the plant species.

Disruption of Traditional Grazing and Fire Regimes Shape the Fungal Endophyte Assemblages of the Tall-Grass Brachypodium rupestre.

The plant microbiome is likely to play a key role in the resilience of communities to the global climate change. This research analyses the culturable fungal mycobiota of Brachypodium rupestre across a sharp gradient of disturbance caused by an intense, anthropogenic fire regime. This factor has dramatic consequences for the community composition and diversity of high-altitude grasslands in the Pyrenees. Plants were sampled at six sites, and the fungal assemblages of shoots, rhizomes, and roots were characterized by culture-dependent techniques. Compared to other co-occurring grasses, B. rupestre hosted a poorer mycobiome which consisted of many rare species and a few core species that differed between aerial and belowground tissues. Recurrent burnings did not affect the diversity of the endophyte assemblages, but the percentages of infection of two core species -Omnidemptus graminis and Lachnum sp. -increased significantly. The patterns observed might be explained by (1) the capacity to survive in belowground tissues during winter and rapidly spread to the shoots when the grass starts its spring growth (O. graminis), and (2) the location in belowground tissues and its resistance to stress (Lachnum sp.). Future work should address whether the enhanced taxa have a role in the expansive success of B. rupestre in these anthropized environments.

Condrosarcoma pulmonar metastásico: descripción clínica y revisión de la literatura / Metastatic Pulmonary Chondrosarcoma: Clinical Description and Literature Review

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Descripción del estado nutricional de los pacientes de una unidad de diálisis mediante el uso de la escala 'Malnutrition Inflamation Score' / Description of the nutritional state of patients in a dialysis unit using the Malnutrition Inflammation Score

Introducción. La desnutrición es un problema de salud muy frecuente en la población con insufi ciencia renal crónica en diálisis. Dada la alta prevalencia de malnutrición en los pacientes en diálisis y su repercusión sobre la morbi-mortalidad de los pacientes es preciso instaurar un adecuado seguimiento de los aspectos nutricionales, para detectar precozmente a pacientes en riesgo o con déficit nutricionales y realizar una intervención nutricional precoz que consiga revertir la situación. Objetivos. · Describir el estado nutricional de los pacientes atendidos en la unidad de diálisis del servicio de nefrología del Consorcio Hospitalario de Vic, según la escala 'Malnutrition Inflamation Score' y durante un período de 2 años. · Describir las características sociodemográfi cas y clínicas de los pacientes en diálisis del Consorcio Hospitalario de Vic que han sido sometidos a una valoración de su estado nutricional, mediante la escala 'Malnutrition Infl amation Score'. · Analizar si factores como el género, la edad, el tipo de tratamiento dialítico, la presencia de comorbilidad, el tipo de vía de acceso de hemodiálisis, el tiempo en tratamiento dialítico, el número de ingresos o el total de días de ingreso están relacionados con el estado nutricional de los pacientes en diálisis del Consorcio Hospitalario de Vic, según las puntuaciones obtenidas de la escala 'Malnutrition Inflamation Score'. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal prospectivo. Realizado en la Unidad Nefrológica del Consorcio Hospitalario de Vic. Se estudiaron los enfermos diagnosticados de enfermedad renal crónica sometidos a diálisis y se incluyeron los pacientes en diálisis y con un historial de tratamiento de más de tres meses. El estudio se realizó de Enero del 2009 hasta Diciembre de 2010. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas (edad, género, tipo de tratamiento dialítico, origen de la nefropatía, existencia de historial de comorbilidad , vía de acceso para la hemodiálisis, situación tratamiento dialítico, causa finalización tratamiento dialítico), el estado nutricional según escala 'Malnutrition Infl amation Score' y el consumo de recursos (número de ingresos anuales, total de días de ingresos anuales, tiempo de tratamiento en diálisis). Los datos se obtuvieron de los registros informatizados del servicio de nefrología. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el programa SPSS v.18.0...(AU)

Introduction. Malnutrition is a very frequent health problem in the population with chronic kidney insufficiency receiving dialysis. Given the high prevalence of malnutrition in dialysis patients and its effect on morbimortality of patients, it is necessary to establish an adequate monitoring of nutritional aspects for early detection of patients at risk or with nutritional deficit and carry out an early nutritional intervention that will manage to reverse the situation. Objectives. · To describe the nutritional state of patients attended at the dialysis unit of the nephrology service of the Consorcio Hospitalario de Vic, according to the Malnutrition Infl ammation Score for a period of 2 years. · To describe the socio-demographic and clinical features of dialysis patients in the Consorcio Hospitalario de Vic whose nutritional state was assessed using the Malnutrition Inflammation Score. · To analyse whether factors such as gender, age, type of dialysis treatment, the presence of comorbility, the type of haemodialysis access, the time on dialysis, the number of hospitalizations or total number of days hospitalized are related to the nutritional state of dialysis patients at the Consorcio Hospitalario de Vic, according to the Malnutrition Infl ammation Scores obtained. Material and methods. Prospective transversal study. Carried out at the Nephrology Unit of the Consorcio Hospitalario de Vic. Patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease and who undergo dialysis were studied, and dialysis patients with treatment records of more than three months were included. The study was carried out from January 2009 to December 2010. Sociodemographic variables (age, gender, type of dialysis treatment, origin of the renal pathology, existence of history of comorbility, access used for haemodialysis, situation of dialysis treatment, cause for end of dialysis treatment), the nutritional state according to the Malnutrition Inflammation Score and consumption of resources (number of hospitalizations per year, total number of days hospitalized per year, time on dialysis) were analysed. The data were obtained from the computerized records of the nephrology service. The SPSS v.18.0. programme was used for the statistical analysis...(AU)