ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Aging is the main factor in the eventual development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) the prevalence of which is increasing progressively along with life expectancy. Therefore, it is essential to identify the most effective indicators for predicting the possible development of CVD. Anthropometric indices provide useful information for CVD risk evaluation. These are widely used for the simplicity of their estimates and their high correlation in the positive identification of CVD. The most used in the general population are the body mass index (BMI), the waist to hip ratio (WHR) and waist to height ratio (WHtR), body adiposity index (BAI) and conicity index (CI). However, the behavior and association of such indices in physically active people over 65 years of age is not well established. PURPOSE: To analyze the behavior and association of the BMI, WHR, WHtR, BAI and CI in a group of active people over 65 years of age. METHODS: A group of 608 European participants with a mean age of 68.05 ± 5.43yrs, composed of 74.2% female and 28.5% male, was randomly selected and evaluated for anthropometric parameters and body composition by a bio-impedance measuring device with four electrode sensor systems. A descriptive analysis was completed via measures of central tendency (mean and standard deviation) and percentage analysis. As the distribution of the sample was normal (parametric), an association analysis was carried out through the Pearson correlation coefficient (r), in order to determine the relationship between anthropometric and body composition indices. A P value of <0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. RESULTS: The results show that BMI, BAI and WHtR are significantly related to % body fat (Fat %), with BMI reaching the highest correlation (r = 0.612), followed by BAI (r = 0.556) and WHtR (r = 0.521). When the association between indices is considered, the WHtR and BAI and WHtR and BMI are those with the highest significant correlation (r = 0.981 and r = 0,789, respectively). As for the effects of gender, good to strong correlations were found between the BMI and the WHtR (r = 0.731 for female, r = 0.568 for male) and between the WHtR and the BAI (r = 0.989 for female, r = 0.985 for male). CONCLUSION: The most accurate anthropometric index for indicating the level of body fat present in an active population of 65 years of age or over seems to be the BMI, followed by the BAI and WHtR. However, the degree of association between body fat and anthropometric parameters seems to be conditioned by gender.
Subject(s)
Adiposity , Cardiovascular Diseases , Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Middle Aged , Body Mass Index , Waist-Hip Ratio , Waist-Height Ratio , Obesity/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiologyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative process that usually appears from the 6th decade of life and is characterized by the appearance of motor and non-motor symptoms that progress, generating functional disability and negatively impacting in quality of life. Recently, Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) has great positive impact on health domains: as a support in psychotherapy or as a treatment of cognitive-behavioral pathologies in neurological patients. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the current published evidence in the fields of physical and functional PD rehabilitation in fully immersive environments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature review, covering publications registered until December 2020 in Cinahl, Scopus, Web of Science, Sport-Discus, Dialnet and Pubmed (including Medline) was carried out. The descriptors used for the search were the terms: Parkinson disease, Virtual Reality and Exercise therapy. 140 publications were identified that addressed IVR with physical rehabilitation proposes in PD. Of these, 7 contribute useful information for pooled analysis. RESULTS: The results support the application of IVR to improve physical and functional capacities in the population with PD. Its feasibility, usability and safety suggest potential benefits in the treatment of the prevalent symptoms of the parkinsonian patient. CONCLUSIONS: Research of high methodological quality is lacking, reflecting and early stage of preclinical development. Randomized control studies with larger sample size and IVR protocols that confirm the results, while analyzing their impact on the physical and functional variables related to PD are needed.
TITLE: Estado actual de la realidad virtual inmersiva como herramienta de rehabilitación física y funcional en pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson: revisión sistemática.Introducción. La enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) es un proceso neurodegenerativo que se caracteriza por la aparición de síntomas motores y no motores que progresan, generando discapacidad funcional e impactando negativamente en la calidad de vida del paciente. Recientemente, la realidad virtual inmersiva ha adquirido gran relevancia como apoyo al tratamiento de patologías cognitivo-conductuales del paciente neurológico. Objetivo. Analizar la evidencia actual publicada en el campo de la rehabilitación física y funcional de la EP en entornos completamente inmersivos. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de publicaciones registradas en las bases de datos Medline, Cinahl, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Sport-Discus y Dialnet hasta diciembre de 2020. Los descriptores utilizados para la búsqueda fueron: Parkinson disease, Virtual Reality y Exercise therapy. Tras la aplicación de los criterios de selección, del total de 140 artículos identificados, se seleccionaron siete. Resultados. Describen una experiencia segura, positiva y factible, aunque obtenidos, en su mayoría, tras la aplicación de una única sesión. Los resultados hallados en las variables vinculadas a las capacidades funcionales que se deben mejorar en la EP apoyan potenciales beneficios en el tratamiento de la sintomatología prevalente del paciente parkinsoniano. Conclusiones. Los pocos estudios existentes muestran resultados preliminares, por lo que se hacen necesarias más investigaciones de mayor calidad metodológica, mayor tamaño muestral, con un proceso de control aleatorizado y protocolos que confirmen los resultados, al tiempo que analicen su impacto en las variables físicas y funcionales vinculadas a la patología parkinsoniana.
Subject(s)
Exercise Therapy , Parkinson Disease/rehabilitation , Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy , HumansABSTRACT
Introducción: La enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) es un proceso neurodegenerativo que se caracteriza por la aparición de síntomas motores y no motores que progresan, generando discapacidad funcional e impactando negativamente en la calidad de vida del paciente. Recientemente, la realidad virtual inmersiva ha adquirido gran relevancia como apoyo al tratamiento de patologías cognitivo-conductuales del paciente neurológico. Objetivo: Analizar la evidencia actual publicada en el campo de la rehabilitación física y funcional de la EP en entornos completamente inmersivos. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de publicaciones registradas en las bases de datos Medline, Cinahl, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Sport-Discus y Dialnet hasta diciembre de 2020. Los descriptores utilizados para la búsqueda fueron: Parkinson disease, Virtual Reality y Exercise therapy. Tras la aplicación de los criterios de selección, del total de 140 artículos identificados, se seleccionaron siete.Resultados: Describen una experiencia segura, positiva y factible, aunque obtenidos, en su mayoría, tras la aplicación de una única sesión. Los resultados hallados en las variables vinculadas a las capacidades funcionales que se deben mejorar en la EP apoyan potenciales beneficios en el tratamiento de la sintomatología prevalente del paciente parkinsoniano. Conclusiones: Los pocos estudios existentes muestran resultados preliminares, por lo que se hacen necesarias más investigaciones de mayor calidad metodológica, mayor tamaño muestral, con un proceso de control aleatorizado y protocolos que confirmen los resultados, al tiempo que analicen su impacto en las variables físicas y funcionales vinculadas a la patología parkinsoniana.(AU)
Introduction: Parkinsons disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative process that usually appears from the 6th decade of life and is characterized by the appearance of motor and non-motor symptoms that progress, generating functional disability and negatively impacting in quality of life. Recently, Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) has great positive impact on health domains: as a support in psychotherapy or as a treatment of cognitive-behavioral pathologies in neurological patients. Objective: To analyze the current published evidence in the fields of physical and functional PD rehabilitation in fully immersive environments. Materials and methods: A literature review, covering publications registered until December 2020 in Cinahl, Scopus, Web of Science, Sport-Discus, Dialnet and Pubmed (including Medline) was carried out. The descriptors used for the search were the terms: Parkinson disease, Virtual Reality and Exercise therapy. 140 publications were identified that addressed IVR with physical rehabilitation proposes in PD. Of these, 7 contribute useful information for pooled analysis. Results: The results support the application of IVR to improve physical and functional capacities in the population with PD. Its feasibility, usability and safety suggest potential benefits in the treatment of the prevalent symptoms of the parkinsonian patient. Conclusions: Research of high methodological quality is lacking, reflecting and early stage of preclinical development. Randomized control studies with larger sample size and IVR protocols that confirm the results, while analyzing their impact on the physical and functional variables related to PD are needed.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Virtual Reality , Biomedical Technology , Parkinson Disease/rehabilitation , Physical Therapy Modalities , Neurological Rehabilitation/methods , Neurology , Nervous System Diseases , Movement Disorders/rehabilitationABSTRACT
Questionnaires aimed at assessing the prevalence of physical activity are tools frequently used by health professionals. It is important to provide them with information about the characteristics and quality of these questionnaires. This systematic review aimed to identify and analyse the characteristics and psychometric properties of this type of questionnaires when administered to Spanish children and adolescents. A total of 14 questionnaires were found. Accurate validity values were obtained in two of them. Only two questionnaires obtained a score >5 in the "Qualitative Attributes and Measurement Properties of Physical Activity Questionnaires" checklist. Among the available questionnaires, the APALQ (9-18 years) and the ENERGY (12-14 years) seem to be the most accurate tools for assessing physical activity prevalence in Spanish children and adolescents, albeit with limitations that should be taken into account.
Subject(s)
Exercise , Self Report , Adolescent , Child , Humans , PsychometricsABSTRACT
The physical and mental benefits of exercise are widely known but seldom available to persons suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD). This article presents information on the potential benefits of physical exercise for people with AD, discussing some of the metabolic and neuropathological changes regarded as underlying causes of AD, as well as some of the psychological and organic abnormalities that can be modified through exercise. The extent to which physical exercise programs can play a role in the treatment of AD is addressed in the second part of the article, describing the most relevant clinical studies in this field. Finally, the article provides information about how to prescribe physical exercise for AD patients, mainly by giving examples of structured physical programs designed for older adults with dementia.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology , Exercise , Alzheimer Disease/metabolism , Alzheimer Disease/pathology , Guidelines as Topic , HumansABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Many studies have sought to assess the effects of physical exercise on older people, but there is little scientific evidence concerning its effects on subjects' quality of life and cognitive function. Besides, there is a need to know how well the elderly can tolerate combined exercise programs of great intensity and frequency, without risking their health. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether older people are able to do a high-intensity combined program of physical exercise, and to analyze its effects at a conditional, cognitive and functional level as well as on their quality of life. METHODS: Sixty-two community-dwelling women older than 65 took part in a randomized trial, with subjects assigned to a combined program of aquatic exercise plus high-intensity strength training (group 1), or plus calisthenic training (group 2). Group 2 training consisted of several aerobic, mobility and flexibility exercises; group 1 training consisted of 7 exercises targeting the major muscle groups of the body, performed on exercise machines at an intensity of 75% of 1 repetition maximum. Both groups trained 5 days a week during 5 months. Quality of life, cognitive function, and functional level were assessed by means of validated questionnaires. Conditional evaluations included static and dynamic strength, balance, flexibility, and aerobic capacity. RESULTS: No participant withdrew for adverse effects during the program or at the end. Both groups obtained a significant improvement in their quality of life and cognitive function, as well as in their balance and flexibility level, whereas only group 1 improved their static and dynamic strength significantly. CONCLUSION: Older women can take part in high-frequency, high-intensity training programs with no risk to their health while experiencing improvements to their quality of life, cognitive function, degree of independence and physical fitness.
Subject(s)
Physical Education and Training/methods , Aged , Cognition , Female , Heart Rate , Humans , Muscle Strength , Physical Endurance , Postural Balance , Quality of Life , Range of Motion, ArticularABSTRACT
INTRODUCCION: En los últimos años las administraciones están poniendo en marcha programas de actividad física para ancianos. La demanda de estos servicios, por parte de las personas mayores, está en constante aumento. Por lo tanto surge la necesidad de diseñar y validar una serie de pruebas físicas con las que evaluar el estado de salud de la población anciana activa. Con el propósito de cubrir esta laguna metodológica surge la batería de Evaluación de Condición Física en Ancianos ECFA. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Muestra. Se evaluaron un total de 50 sujetos de entre 65 y 80 años (35 mujeres y 15 hombres; media= 73,51 años y desviación típica= 4,56 años). Todos los sujetos testados estaban inscritos en un programa de actividad física. MÉTODO: Posteriormente se procedió a pasar dos veces en siete días la batería ECFA a los cincuenta sujetos que se ofrecieron voluntariamente. Todas las pruebas fueron realizadas el mismo día y siguiendo el orden siguiente: 1. Composición corporal, 2. Fuerza máxima de prensión bimanual, 3. Equilibrio monopodal con visión, 4. Fuerza resistencia abdominal (encorvadas), 5. Flexibilidad anterior del tronco, 6. Fuerza máxima del tren inferior, 7. Coordinación oculo-manual y 8. Resistencia cardiorrespiratoria (caminar 2 km). ANALISIS ESTADISTICO: Se estudió la fiabilidad test-retest intra-observador de las pruebas físicas que componen la batería ECFA. En primer lugar se examinó la significación estadística de las diferencias entre las medias de ambas repeticiones mediante la prueba t de Student para muestras relacionadas. Posteriormente, se estudió la correlación entre las variables mediante el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson (r). RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES: Los valores medios obtenidos en las dos ocasiones en que fueron administradas las pruebas que componen la batería ECFA, no fueron significativamente distintos (p> 0,05). La elevada fiabilidad obtenida en las pruebas de flexibilidad anterior del tronco (r= 0,98) y de fuerza máxima de prensión bimanual (r= 0,99) concuerda con los resultados obtenidos por otros autores en un estudio realizado a población adulta. El índice de fiabilidad de la prueba de fuerza resistencia abdominal, es uno de los más bajos (r= 0,89), sin embargo, Hyytiäinen et al realizaron un estudio de varias pruebas entre las que se encuentra la de fuerza resistencia abdominal, la cual obtuvo valores altos (r= 0,93) que refuerzan la fiabilidad de la misma. En la prueba de resistencia aeróbica, la fiabilidad obtenida a la hora de comparar los valores del vo2máx estimado, resultado final de la prueba, han sido, en nuestro estudio, relativamente bajos (r= 0,76) en comparación con los datos obtenidos por Laukkanen et al (r= 0,94). Los datos obtenidos de la prueba de equilibrio estático monopodal con visión nos indican un índice de Pearson de 0,87, pero debido a la no existencia de estudios que utilicen el mismo protocolo nos es factible realizar una comparación (AU)
Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Male , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Humans , Exercise/physiology , Physical Conditioning, Human , Exercise Test/standards , Health of the ElderlyABSTRACT
Nuestro estudio se caracteriza por ser longitudinal, de base poblacional, cuyo objetivo es conocer la mejora de la satisfacción de vida tras la aplicación de un programa de actividades acuáticas. La muestra estaba compuesta por 102 sujetos de la ciudad de la Coruña, de los cuales 22 eran hombres y 80 eran mujeres que se inscribieron de forma voluntaria en el programa. A toda la muestra se les pasó en cuatro momentos del programa un cuestionario de satisfacci{on de vida (Montorio, 1991). Entre los resultados debemos destacar que no se encontraron diferencias en el incremento de satisfacción de vida entre hombres y mujeres, como consecuencia del seguimiento del programa ya que ambos sufrieron un incremento en el índice de satisfacción de vida entorno al 77,5 porciento. Sin embargo si han existido diferencias en el nivel de satisfacción global de los hombres frente al de las mujeres, en el sentido que los hombres partían de un índice de satisfacción de vida más alto (8,45) que las mujeres (6,45) (AU)
