Opiniones y experiencias de profesionales sanitarios en el manejo nutricional del paciente oncológico: estudio ONA / Opinions and experiences of healthcare professionals in the nutritional management of oncology patients: the ONA study

Objetivos: un abordaje inadecuado de la desnutrición en el paciente con cáncer puede conducir a un empeoramiento de su calidad de vida y una respuesta deficiente al tratamiento. El estudio ONA (Oncología, Nutrición y Adherencia) tiene como objetivo describir el manejo nutricional del paciente con cáncer en la práctica clínica, así como las opiniones de los profesionales sanitarios involucrados en el mismo. Métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal dirigido a profesionales sanitarios españoles. El cuestionario online fue diseñado a partir de una revisión bibliográfica, un grupo focal de pacientes (n = 6) y un comité científico multidisciplinar (n = 5), y distribuido por las sociedades científicas que avalan el estudio. Resultados: de los 461 profesionales sanitarios participantes, el 95,0 % consideraron fundamental la figura del profesional sanitario con formación específica en nutrición, pero el 22,8 % no tenían acceso a ella y solo el 49,0 % habían recibido formación. El 58,4 % afirmaron realizar el cribado nutricional o derivar al paciente para este fin. El 86,6 % de los participantes indicaron que se informa al paciente sobre aspectos nutricionales y consideraron que este estaba moderadamente satisfecho con la información recibida. En caso de detectarse desnutrición o riesgo de desnutrición, los profesionales afirmaron realizar una evaluación nutricional completa (73,1 %) y, de necesitarse soporte nutricional, este se prescribiría/recomendaría (87,4 %), evaluándose la adherencia al mismo (86,8 %). Conclusiones: a pesar de que la desnutrición es un problema común en el paciente con cáncer, casi la mitad de los profesionales no realizan un cribado nutricional. Además, el proceso de información y evaluación de la adherencia nutricional es subóptimo (AU)

Objectives: an inadequate approach to prevent malnutrition in cancer patients may worsen their quality of life and reduce their response to treatment. This study aims to describe the nutritional management of cancer patients in clinical practice, as well as the opinions of the healthcare professionals (HCPs) involved. Methods: this was an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study addressed to HCPs in the Spanish healthcare setting. The online questionnaire was designed based on a literature review, one focus group of patients (n = 6), and the experience of the multidisciplinary scientific committee (n = 5), and was distributed by the scientific societies endorsing the study. Results: a total of 461 HCPs answered the survey. Most of them considered that a nutrition expert (95.0 %) is essential for the nutritional management of patients. However, 22.8 % of HCPs did not have access to this expert, and only 49.0 % had received training. Nutritional screening or patient referral for screening was performed by 58.4 % of HCPs. Of the total of HCPs, 86.6 % stated that nutritional information is provided to patients and considered them moderately satisfied with the information received. In malnourished patients or in those at risk of malnutrition, a complete nutritional assessment was performed by HCPs (73.1 %). Most HCPs (87.4 %) reported prescribing or recommending nutritional support if needed, and assessing adherence (86.8 %). Conclusions: despite malnutrition being a common problem in cancer patients, almost half of professionals do not perform any nutritional screening. In addition, patient information and assessment of nutritional adherence appear to be suboptimal (AU)

SEOM clinical guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients (2018).

Nutritional deficiency is a common medical problem that affects 15-40% of cancer patients. It negatively impacts their quality of life and can compromise treatment completion. Oncological therapies, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and drug therapies are improving survival rates. However, all these treatments can play a role in the development of malnutrition and/or metabolic alterations in cancer patients, induced by the tumor or by its treatment. Nutritional assessment of cancer patients is necessary at the time of diagnosis and throughout treatment, so as to detect nutritional deficiencies. The Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment method is the most widely used tool that also evaluates nutritional requirements. In this guideline, we will review the indications of nutritional interventions as well as artificial nutrition in general and according to the type of treatment (radiotherapy, surgery, or systemic therapy), or palliative care. Likewise, pharmacological agents and pharmaconutrients will be reviewed in addition to the role of regular physical activity.

SEOM clinical guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients (2018)

Nutritional deficiency is a common medical problem that affects 15-40% of cancer patients. It negatively impacts their quality of life and can compromise treatment completion. Oncological therapies, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and drug therapies are improving survival rates. However, all these treatments can play a role in the development of malnutrition and/or metabolic alterations in cancer patients, induced by the tumor or by its treatment. Nutritional assessment of cancer patients is necessary at the time of diagnosis and throughout treatment, so as to detect nutritional deficiencies. The Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment method is the most widely used tool that also evaluates nutritional requirements. In this guideline, we will review the indications of nutritional interventions as well as artificial nutrition in general and according to the type of treatment (radiotherapy, surgery, or systemic therapy), or palliative care. Likewise, pharmacological agents and pharmaconutrients will be reviewed in addition to the role of regular physical activity

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[Adherence and fidelity in patients treated with intragastric balloon]. / Adherencia y fidelidad en el paciente tratado con balon intragastrico.

A correct treatment of obesity needs a program of habits modification regardless of the selected technique, especially if it is minimally invasive as the intragastric balloon (BIG). The adherence of the obese patients with regard to recommended drugs measures to medium- and long-term is less than 50%. Given that the results obtained using the technique of gastric balloon must be seen influenced by adherence to the modification of habits program and its fulfillment, we reviewed series published in attention to the program proposed with the BIG. The series published to date provide few details about the used Therapeutic Programs as well as the adherence of patients to them, and even less concerning the Monitoring Plan and the loyalty of the patient can be seen. We conclude the convenience to agree on a follow-up strategy, at least the 6 months during which the BIG remain in the stomach.

Adherencia y fidelidad en el paciente tratado con balón intragástrico / Adherence and fidelity in patients treated with intragastric balloon

Un tratamiento correcto de la obesidad ha de comporta un programa de modificación de hábitos independientemente de la técnica que se indique, en especial si es mínimamente invasiva como el Balón Intragástrico (BIG).Se cifra la adherencia terapéutica de los pacientes obesos en menos del 50% a medio largo y plazo respecto a las medidas higiénico-dietéticas aconsejadas. Dado que los resultados obtenidos mediante la técnica de Balón Intragástrico han de verse influidos por la adherencia al programa de modificación de hábitos, revisamos las series publicadas en atención al programa propuesto junto al BIG y a su cumplimiento. Se observa que las series publicadas hasta la fecha ofrecen pocos detalles sobre los Programas Terapéuticos utilizados así como la adherencia de los pacientes a los mismos, y menos aún respecto al Plan de Seguimiento y la fidelidad del paciente. Concluimos la conveniencia de consensuar una estrategia de seguimiento, al menos durante los 6 meses que permanece colocado el BIG (AU)

A correct treatment of obesity needs a program of habits modification regardless of the selected technique, especially if it is minimally invasive as the intragastric balloon (BIG).The adherence of the obese patients with regard to recommended drugs measures to medium- and long-term is less than 50%.Given that the results obtained using the technique of gastric balloon must be seen influenced by adherence to the modification of habits program and its fulfillment, were viewed series published in attention to the program proposed with the BIG. The series published to date provide few details about the used Therapeutic Programs as well as the adherence of patients to them, and even less concerning the Monitoring Plan and the loyalty of the patient can be seen. We conclude the convenience to agree on a follow-up strategy, at least the 6 months during which the BIG remain in the stomach (AU)

[Minimally invasive emergent techniques in obesity treatment]. / Técnicas mínimamente invasivas emergentes en el tratamiento de la obesidad.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity is a chronic disease for which several modalities of treatment are investigated today. One of them is the set of minimally aggressive techniques that have been added to the intragastric balloon. OBJECTIVE: To review the minimally invasive techniques described in the last years for the treatment of obesity. MATERIAL AND METHOD: It consisted in reviewing the bibliography through the habitual finders, in addition to the obtained data of the companies. They are classified in restrictive and malabsortive, and the restrictive are divides in mechanical or functional restriction. RESULT: Between mechanical restrictive the classified as we included in the restrictive emergent techniques the adjustable intragastric balloon, the intragastric prosthesis, the vertical endoluminal gastroplasty and the transoral gastroplasty. In order to obtain a functional restriction, we have the gastric pacemaker and the botulinic toxin. And finally, the endoluminal duodenojejunal bypass is described as a malabsortive technique. DISCUSSION: With less than 10 years of existence, it seems that the described techniques compensate their smaller effectiveness compared to the surgical techniques, with the absence of substantial modifications in the anatomy of the alimentary tract. None of these techniques is free of risks and complications.

Técnicas mínimamente invasivas emergentes en el tratamiento de la obesidad / Minimally invasive emergent techniques in obesity treatment

Introducción: La obesidad es una enfermedad crónica para la que se investigan hoy múltiples caminos terapéuticos. Uno de ellos es el conjunto de técnicas poco agresivas que se han sumado al balón intragástrico. Objetivo: Revisar las técnicas mínimamente invasivas descritas en los últimos años para el tratamiento de la obesidad. Material y método: Se procede a revisar toda la bibliografía asequible a través de los buscadores habituales, además de la información obtenida de las casas comerciales. Se clasifican en restrictivas y malabsortivas, y las primeras en restricción mecánica o funcional. Resultado: Entre las técnicas emergentes clasificadas como restrictivas mecánicas incluimos el balón intragástrico ajustable, la prótesis intragástrica, la gastroplastia vertical endoluminal y la gastroplastia transoral. Para obtener una restricción funcional, tenemos el marcapaso gástrico y la toxina botulínica. Y por último, se describe el by-pass duodenoyeyunal endoluminal que sería una técnica malabsortiva. Discusión: Con menos de 10 años de existencia, parece que las técnicas descritas compensan su menor eficacia frente a las técnicas quirúrgicas, con la ausencia de modificaciones sustanciales en la anatomía del tubo digestivo. Ninguna de estas técnicas está exenta de riesgos y complicaciones. Conclusión: Tal como ya manifestó la SAGES en 2009, estas técnicas parecen tener un futuro prometedor, pero la escasez de datos actuales no nos permiten aún confirmar su utilidad en el tratamiento de la obesidad (AU)

Introduction: Obesity is a chronic disease for which several modalities of treatment are investigated today. One of them is the set of minimally aggressive techniques that have been added to the intragastric balloon. Objective: To review the minimally invasive techniques described in the last years for the treatment of obesity. Material and method: It consisted in reviewing the bibliography through the habitual finders, in addition to the obtained data of the companies. They are classified in restrictive and malabsortive, and the restrictive are divides in mechanical or functional restriction. Result: Between mechanical restrictive the classified as we included in the restrictive emergent techniques the adjustable intragastric balloon, the intragastric prosthesis, the vertical endoluminal gastroplasty and the transoral gastroplasty. In order to obtain a functional restriction, we have the gastric pacemaker and the botulinic toxin. And finally, the endoluminal duodenojejunal bypass is described as a malabsortive technique. Discussion: With less than 10 years of existence, it seems that the described techniques compensate their smaller effectiveness compared to the surgical techniques, with the absence of substantial modifications in the anatomy of the alimentary tract. None of these techniques is free of risks and complications (AU)

[Informed consent in the intragastric balloon supported by SENPE, SEEDO, SEN and SECO: legal aspects]. / Consentimiento informado en el balón intragástrico avalado por SENPE, SEEDO, SEN y SECO: aspectos médico-legales.

INTRODUCTION: Intra-gastric balloon (IGB) is an invasive, temporary, non-surgical technique for the treatment of obesity. Its outcomes mainly depend on the patient's collaboration. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to adapt the informed consent used for bariatric surgery to a method that has especial characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used the informed consent proposed by ASAC for bariatric surgery and 8 statements related to IGB included in the WESTLAW ES database. RESULTS: The review of the statements defines the IGB treatment as a curative-intended and non-satisfactive therapy with an obligation of the means used, but not the outcomes, by the treating physician. Moreover, the obligations of providing a correct and complete information -which includes the dietary regime- should be observed, as well as the possible therapeutic alternatives and finally, the proceeding used should be in written. CONCLUSIONS: The informed consent is a medico-legal document which content should consider the latest jurisprudence on the minimally invasive techniques for the treatment of obesity.

Obesidad como factor de riesgo para la recidiva litiásica / Obesity as Risk Factor for Lithiasic Recurrence

Objetivos: Los enfermos obesos pueden presentar particularidades en las características de los cálculos urinarios que forman; además el índice de masa corporal (IMC) puede constituir un factor predictivo de recidiva litiásica. Pretendemos evaluar y comparar las características litiásicas según las diferentes categorías de IMC, teniendo también en cuenta la probabilidad de recidiva litiásica en presencia de las covariables edad y sexo .Material y métodos: Análisis transversal retrospectivo sobre 346 enfermos litiásicos: 96 (27,7%) presentaban bajo-normopeso, 151 (43,6%) sobrepeso y 99 (28,6%) obesidad. Se utilizaron los test de la Chi cuadrado y ANOVA. Se realizó análisis de supervivencia para el cálculo de la probabilidad de recidiva litiásica (sí/no) en función del tiempo, sobre 158 enfermos, en los que se consiguió la resolución completa del cálculo inicial empleando el método de Kaplan Meier. Las comparaciones entre las diferentes categorías de IMC se realizaron mediante los test de Log-Rank, Breslow y Tarone-Ware. Se realizó también análisis multivariante mediante modelo de regresión de Cox, introduciendo las covariables edad y sexo. Resultados: Se demostró una tendencia creciente lineal significativa entre multiplicidad e IMC (p=0,03). Las variables tamaño y composición no demostraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos. La mediana de seguimiento de los 158 enfermos incluidos en el análisis de supervivencia fue 1.866 días (IC 95%: 1.602,5-2.129,5). Recidivaron 18 de ellos (11,4%) sin encontrarse diferencias significativas entre grupos: 4 bajo-normopeso (9,8%), 10 sobrepeso (14,1%) y 4 obesos (8,7%). El análisis multivariante tampoco demostró una influencia significativa del IMC sobre la recidiva litiásica (p=0,86: HR = 1,06; IC 95%: 0,56-2,03). Conclusión: Se demuestra una influencia significativa del IMC sobre la multiplicidad litiásica al diagnóstico, aunque no sobre la recidiva litiásica en función del tiempo. Parece necesario llevar a cabo estudios con muestras amplias para calcular la verdadera influencia del IMC sobre la recidiva litiásica (AU)

Objectives: Obese patients may have special characteristics in the urinary stones formed, as the body mass index (BMI) may also be a predictive factor in lithiasic recurrence. We aim to evaluate and compare the lithiasic characteristics according to the different BMI categories, also considering the likelihood of lithiasic recurrence in presence of age and gender covariables. Material and methods: Retrospective, cross-sectional analysis on 346 lithiasic patients, 96 (27.7%) had low-normal weight, 151 (43.6%) overweight, and 99 (28.6%) obesity. The Chi-square and ANOVA tests were used. Survival analysis for the calculation of likelihood of lithiasic recurrence (yes/no) was made based on time on 158 patients in whom complete resolution of the initial stone was achieved by the Kaplan Meier method. Comparisons between the different categories of BMI were made using the log-Rank, Breslow and Tarone-Ware tests. Multivariate analysis was also made with the Cox regression model, introducing the covariables of age and gender. Results: A significant growing linear tendency has been demonstrated between multiplicity and BMI (p=0.03). The variables size and composition did not show significant differences between the groups. Median follow-up of 158 patients included in the survival analysis was 1866 days (95% CI 1602.5-2129.5). Eighteen (11.4%) of them recurred, without finding significant differences between groups: 4 low-normal weight (9.8%), 10 overweight (14.1%) and 4 obese (8.7%). The multivariate analysis also did not show a significant influence of the BMI on lithiasic recurrence (p=0.86; HR =1.06; 95% CI: 0.56-2.03). Conclusion: A significant influence of BMI was shown on lithiasic multiplicity on diagnosis, although not on lithiasic recurrence based on time. It seems to be necessary to carry out studies in larger samples to calculate the true influence of BMI on lithiasic recurrence (AU)

Consentimiento informado en el balón intragástrico avalado por SENPE, SEEDO, SEN y SECO; aspectos médico-legales / Informed consent in the intragastric balloon supported by SENPE, SEEDO, SEN and SECO; legal aspects

Introducción: El Balón Intragástrico (BIG) es una técnica invasiva, no quirúrgica, de carácter temporal, para el tratamiento de la obesidad, cuyos resultados dependen en gran medida de la colaboración del paciente. Objetivo: El objetivo es adaptar el Consentimiento Informado propio de la cirugía bariátrica, a un método que reviste las características especiales descritas. Material y método: Se utiliza el Consentimiento Informado propuesto por la ASAC para cirugía bariátrica, así como 8 sentencias relacionadas con el BIG tal como se hallan en la base de datos WESTLAW ES. Resultado: La revisión de las sentencias define el tratamiento mediante BIB como tratamiento con intención curativa y no satisfactiva, con obligación de medios aunque no de resultados, por parte del médico tratante. Se han de respetar además las obligaciones de una información correcta y completa -incluyendo las pautas dietéticas a seguir-, así como de las alternativas terapéuticas posibles, y por fin, de una constancia del proceso por escrito. Conclusiones: El Consentimiento Informado es un importante documento médico-legal cuyo contenido debe tener en cuenta la jurisprudencia recientemente aparecida en el campo de las técnicas mínimamente invasivas para el tratamiento de la obesidad (AU)

Introduction: Intra-gastric balloon (IGB) is an invasive, temporary, non-surgical technique for the treatment of obesity. Its outcomes mainly depend on the patient's collaboration. Objective: The aim was to adapt the informed consent used for bariatric surgery to a method that has especial characteristics. Materials and methods: We used the informed consent proposed by ASAC for bariatric surgery and 8 statements related to IGB included in the WESTLAW ES database. Results: The review of the statements defines the IGB treatment as a curative-intended and non-satisfactive therapy with an obligation of the means used, but not the outcomes, by the treating physician. Moreover, the obligations of providing a correct and complete information -which includes the dietary regime- should be observed, as well as the possible therapeutic alternatives and finally, the proceeding used should be in written. Conclusions: The informed consent is a medico-legal document which content should consider the latest jurisprudence on the minimally invasive techniques for the treatment of obesity (AU)

[Obesity as risk factor for lithiasic recurrence]. / Obesidad como factor de riesgo para la recidiva litiásica.

OBJECTIVES: Obese patients may have special characteristics in the urinary stones formed, as the body mass index (BMI) may also be a predictive factor in lithiasic recurrence. We aim to evaluate and compare the lithiasic characteristics according to the different BMI categories, also considering the likelihood of lithiasic recurrence in presence of age and gender covariables. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective, cross-sectional analysis on 346 lithiasic patients, 96 (27.7%) had low-normal weight, 151 (43.6%) overweight, and 99 (28.6%) obesity. The Chi-square and ANOVA tests were used. Survival analysis for the calculation of likelihood of lithiasic recurrence (yes/no) was made based on time on 158 patients in whom complete resolution of the initial stone was achieved by the Kaplan Meier method. Comparisons between the different categories of BMI were made using the log-Rank, Breslow and Tarone-Ware tests. Multivariate analysis was also made with the Cox regression model, introducing the covariables of age and gender. RESULTS: A significant growing linear tendency has been demonstrated between multiplicity and BMI (p=0.03). The variables size and composition did not show significant differences between the groups. Median follow-up of 158 patients included in the survival analysis was 1866 days (95% CI 1602.5-2129.5). Eighteen (11.4%) of them recurred, without finding significant differences between groups: 4 low-normal weight (9.8%), 10 overweight (14.1%) and 4 obese (8.7%). The multivariate analysis also did not show a significant influence of the BMI on lithiasic recurrence (p=0.86; HR =1.06; 95% CI: 0.56-2.03). CONCLUSION: A significant influence of BMI was shown on lithiasic multiplicity on diagnosis, although not on lithiasic recurrence based on time. It seems to be necessary to carry out studies in larger samples to calculate the true influence of BMI on lithiasic recurrence.

[Intragastric balloon in obesity treatment]. / Balón intragástrico en el tratamiento de la obesidad.

Obesity is considered a chronic and epidemic illness, hece difficult to treat. As conservative treatment has a high rate of failure, and considering morbimortality and sequels of surgery, less invasive techniques appeared to contribute to the treatment of this illness. The most implanted technique nowadays is the Intragastric Balloon, considered more efficient as conservative treatments and with less risks tan surgery, but having today a lack of consensus on indications and few information on his limitations, while its apparition in medias promote an important expansion in the 4 last years. In this publication, we do a critical revision, and describe limitations of this treatment, based on the evidences given by literature. We conclude this revision with some recommendations concerning the technique and indications, material and human requiring, need of a Multidisciplinary Team, as well as an adequate control and following.

Balón intragástrico en el tratamiento de la obesidad / Intragastric balloon in obesity treatment

La obesidad es considerada una enfermedad crónica, epidémica, y de difícil tratamiento. Ante el alto índice de fracasos de los métodos conservadores, y por otra parte, la inevitable morbimortalidad y secuelas ligadas a la cirugía, surgen nuevas técnicas poco invasivas destinadas a contribuir al tratamiento de esta enfermedad. La más implantada actualmente es el Balón Intragástrico, considerado más eficaz que el tratamiento conservador, con menos riesgo que la cirugía pero que adolece adía de hoy de una falta de consenso sobre sus indicaciones y escasa información sobre sus limitaciones, al tiempo que su aparición mediática ha propiciado su gran difusión en los 4 últimos años. En este trabajo se realiza una revisión crítica y se señalan las limitaciones de este tratamiento con base a la evidencia aportada por los estudios publicados hasta la fecha. Como conclusión de dicha revisión, se emiten una serie de recomendaciones respecto a la técnica y sus indicaciones, requisitos materiales y humanos, necesidad de Equipo Multidisciplinar así como del control y seguimiento Adecuados (AU)

Obesity is considered a chronic and epidemic illness, and difficult to treat. As conservative treatment has a high rate of failure, and considering morbimortality and sequels of surgery, less invasive techniques appeared to contribute to the treatment of this illness. The most implanted technique nowadays is the Intragastric Balloon, considered more efficient as conservative treatments and with less risks tan surgery, but having today a lack of consensus on indications and few information on his limitations, while its apparition in medias promote an important expansion in the 4 last years. In this publication, we do a critical revision, and describe limitations of this treatment, based on the evidences given by literature. We conclude this revision with some recommendations concerning the technique and indications, material and human requiring, need of a Multidisciplinary Team, as well as an adequate control and following (AU)

Phosphocalcic metabolism after biliopancreatic diversion.

BACKGROUND: Malabsorptive techniques to treat morbid obesity have been followed by alterations in phosphocalcic metabolism. Knowledge of the preoperative situation is important to assess the influence of these techniques on phosphocalcic metabolism and to consider treatments for these alterations. METHODS: 61 consecutive morbidly obese patients (50 women, 11 men, age 19 to 63 years) having had biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) were studied in a prospective manner. Preoperative and postoperative levels of calcium, phosphorus, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, tartrate resistant acid phosphate, plasma parathormone (PTH), tubular absorption of phosphate, and urinary calcium and pyridinolines were analyzed, as well as the potential risk factors for their alterations. Follow-up of all patients was a minimum of 4 years. RESULTS: Before BPD, 42.3% of patients presented an increase in PTH and 54% a decrease in the 25-OH vitamin D, but the values of calcium and plasma phosphorus maintained at normal level. 81.8% of the patients with an increase in the PTH maintained high levels after BPD, while 60% of those with a normal preoperative PTH also presented hyperparathyroidism 4 years after the intervention. A correlation between the levels of plasma PTH and body mass index was not found. CONCLUSION: Morbid obesity is accompanied by a high percentage of hyperparathyroidism. BPD produces malabsorption of vitamin D during the first years, favoring the persistence or appearance of hyperparathyroidism. It is important to recognize and treat the secondary hyperparathyroidism. The postoperative period could necessitate more energetic interventions to get more efficient control of the phosphocalcic metabolism.

Recommendations from SPNS/GEAM/SENBA/SENPE/AEDN/SEDCA/GESIDA on nutrition in the HIV-infected patient.

OBJECTIVE: to make recommendations on the approach to nutritional problems (malnutrition, cachexia, micronutrient deficiency, obesity, lipodystrophy) affecting HIV-infected patients. METHODS: these recommendations have been agreed upon by a group of expertes in the nutrition and care of HIV-infected patients, on behalf of the different groups involved in drafting them. Therefore, the latest advances in pathophysiology, epidemiology, and clinical care presented in studies published in medical journals or at scientific meetings were evaluated. RESULTS: there is no single method of evaluating nutrition, and diferent techniques--CT, MRI, and DXA--must be combined. The energy requirements of symptomatic patients increase by 20-30%. There is no evidence to support the increase in protein or fat intake. Micronutrient supplementation in only necessary in special circumstances (vitamin A in children and pregnant woman). Aerobic and resistance excercise is beneficial both for cardiovascular health and for improving lean mass and muscular strength. It is important to follow the rules of food safety at every stage in the chain. Therapeutic intervention in anorexia and cachexia must be tailored, by combining nutritional and pharmacological support (appetite stimulants, anabolic steroids, and, in some cases, testosterone). Artificial nutrition (oral supplementation, enteral or parenteral nutrition) is safe and efficacious, and improves nutritional status and response to therapy. In children, nutritional recommendations must be made early, and are a necessary component of therapy. CONCLUSION: appropriate nutritional evaluation and relevant therapeutic action are an essential part of the care of HIV-infected patients.

Recommendations from SPNS/GEAM/SENBA/SENPE/AEDN/SEDCA/ GESIDA on nutrition in the HIV-infected patient / Recomendaciones de SPNS/GEAM/SENBA/SENPE/AEDN/SEDCA/GESIDA sobre nutrición en el paciente con infección por VIH

Objective: to make recommendations on the approach to nutritional problems (malnutrition, cachexia, micronutrient deficiency, obesity, lipodystrophy) affecting HIV-infected patients. Methods: these recommendations have been agreed upon by a group of expertes in the nutrition and care of HIV-infected patients, on behalf of the different groups involved in drafting them. Therefore, the latest advances in pathophysiology, epidemiology, and clinical care presented in studies published in medical journals or at scientific meetings were evaluated. Results: there is no single method of evaluating nutrition, and diferent techniques —CT, MRI, and DXA— must be combined. The energy requirements of symptomatic patients increase by 20-30%. There is no evidence to support the increase in protein or fat intake. Micronutrient supplementation in only necessary in special circumstances (vitamin A in children and pregnant woman). Aerobic and resistance excercise is beneficial both for cardiovascular health and for improving lean mass and muscular strength. It is important to follow the rules of food safety at every stage in the chain. Therapeutic intervention in anorexia and cachexia must be tailored, by combining nutritional and pharmacological support (appetite stimulants, anabolic steroids, and, in some cases, testosterone). Artificial nutrition (oral supplementation, enteral or parenteral nutrition) is safe and efficacious, and improves nutritional status and response to therapy. In children, nutritional recommendations must be made early, and are a necessary component of therapy. Conclusion: appropriate nutritional evaluation and relevant therapeutic action are an essential part of the care of HIV-infected patients

Objetivo: realizar recomendaciones sobre el abordaje de los problemas nutricionales (malnutrición, caquexia, déficit de micronutrientes, obesidad, lipodistrofia) presentes en la infección VIH. Métodos: estas recomendaciones se han consensuado por un grupo de expertos en nutrición y en atención al enfermo VIH, en representación de las distintas sociedades firmantes. Para ello se han revisado los últimos avances fisiopatológicos, epidemiológicos y clínicos recogidos en estudios publicados en revistas médicas o presentados en congresos. Resultados: no existe un único método de valoración nutricional, debiendo combinarse cuestionarios y técnicas como TAC, RNM y DEXA. Los requerimientos energéticos en enfermos sintomáticos aumentan en un 20-30%. No existe evidencia que respalde el incremento del aporte proteico o graso. La suplementación de micronutrientes sólo es necesaria en circunstancias especiales (Vitamina A en niños y embarazadas). El ejercicio aeróbico de resistencia es beneficioso tanto para la salud cardiovascular como para mejorar la masa magra y la fuerza muscular. Es importante seguir normas de seguridad en toda la cadena alimentaria. La intervención terapéutica en la anorexia y caquexia debe ser individualizada, combinando soporte nutricional y farmacológico (estimulantes del apetito, agentes anabolizantes y testosterona en algún caso). La nutrición artificial (suplementación oral, nutrición enteral o parenteral) es segura y eficaz, mejorando el estado nutricional y la respuesta al tratamiento. En niños, las recomendaciones nutricionales deben ser muy precoces, formando necesariamente parte del tratamiento. Conclusión: La adecuada valoración nutricional y la pertinente actuación terapéutica son parte esencial de la asistencia del enfermo VIH

Amputaciones de miembro inferior en población con diabetes mellitus en el área 3 de la comunidad de Madrid / Amputations of the lower limb in a population with diabetes mellitus in the Madrid community Area 3

Los pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus presenta un riesgo superior de sufrir amputación de miembro inferior (AMI), sin embargo, su incidencia difiere mucho según la población analizada. Conocer la incidencia de AMI en nuestra población es indispensable antes de poner en funcionamiento cualquier medida preventiva. Para ello, estudiamos la incidencia de AMI en la población general en el área 3 de la Comunidad de Madrid durante el período 1997-2000, analizando de forma pormenorizada su incidencia en la población diabética. Durante los 4 años se realizaron 117 AMI, 73 en varones (39 mayores y 34 menores) y 44 en mujeres (36 mayores y 8 menores). La incidencia estandarizada a la edad de las AMI fue de 13,3 por 105 habitantes y año (17,9 para varones y 8,5 para mujeres). 104 AMI fueron no traumática ni tumorales (NTT) y un 73 por ciento se realizaron en diabéticos. La incidencia de AMI de causa NTT fue de 69,3 por 105 diabéticos y año (78,7 en varones y 59,5 en mujeres), 24 veces superior que en no diabéticos. En conclusión en nuestro estudio la incidencia de AMI fue una de las más bajas comunicadas en la literatura y coincide en líneas generales con la hallada en nuestro entorno, sin embargo, este mayor riesgo de AMI en población diabética reflejan que estos resultados no son todo lo óptimo que se quisiera. El diseño de estrategias multidisciplinarias para prevenir y mejorar el manejo del pie de riesgo de amputación podría reducir el número de AMI en nuestra población (AU)

Polimorfismo genetico de la ECA y su asociación con la presencia de albuminuria en la población con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2

La Diabetes Mellitus (DM) tipo 2 se asocia con un mayor riesgo cardiovascular, riesgo que está aumentado con la presencia de albuminuria en orina. En los últimos años el polimorfismo genético D/1 de la enzima de conversión de la angiotensina (ECA) se ha asociado con aumento de excreción de albuminuria urinaria (EAU) y por tanto como predictor de nefropatía diabética. Nos plantemos estudiar la asociación entre polimorfismo de la ECA y presencia de albuminuria en nuestra población con DM tipo 2. 66 sujetos con DM tipo 2 (36 mujeres, 30 varones) de 62,2(9,1) años seguidos en consultas externas se les realizó perfil básico, lipídico, cuantificación de EAU y determinación dei polimorfismo de la ECA. En 32 sujetos tenían aumento de EAU (> 30 mg/día) y 34 eran normoaibuminúricos. La distribución del polimorfismo en la población estudiada fue: por cientoD 25(38 por ciento), DI 36(54 por ciento) y 115(8 por ciento), no existiendo diferencias entre ambos grupos. En conclusión no encontramos asociación entre el polimorfismo D/1 de la ECA y presencia de albuminuria en nuestra población con DM tipo 2 (AU)