ABSTRACT
The jaboticaba tree (Plinia peruviana (Poir.) Govaerts) is a native Brazilian species, and its fruits are very popular in Brazil. The purpose of this study was to model the diameter growth, and determine the age of jaboticaba trees in four natural populations in Southwest of Paraná State, Brazil. The knowledge of the growth dynamics of this species is essential to assist management and conservation strategies and to discover when this species was established in the region. Core samples were collected to obtain complete growth series by measurement of annual growth rings. The series were crossdated, seven growth models were adjusted, and the best model for each site and a general model were selected using statistics rules. The time series spanned periods of ~75 to ~100 years, and growth ranged between 0.27 and 0.37 cm year-1. Chapman-Richards' model showed better adherence for locations individually, and Monomolecular when grouped. Because to the age reached by the jaboticaba trees and the high density of this species in these natural populations, consequently named "jaboticabais", it was inferred that there was an anthropogenic action in the dispersion and formation of the settlements through the indigenous and caboclos that inhabited the region before 1940. Also, this is the first work to register and verify the fusion of trunks for species of the Plinia genus using double piths found in samples, a feature that must be considered to avoid overestimating the age of jaboticaba trees based solely on measuring tree diameter.
Subject(s)
Myrtaceae , Trees , Brazil , FruitABSTRACT
All night sleep EEG recordings were compared in patients with panic attacks, major depression, and normal controls. Total time asleep, total time awake and sleep efficiency were significantly different in normal controls as compared with the other groups. In contrast, REM latency and REM density were significantly different in depressed patients as compared with the other groups. Differences were also observed in stage I and DELTA sleep, but when age was considered as covariate these differences were no longer observed. These findings support the concept the patients with panic attacks have a sleep pattern that differs from normal subjects but that is also different from that of depressed patients. The implications of sleep recordings for psychiatric nosology are discussed.
Subject(s)
Depression/physiopathology , Fear/physiology , Panic/physiology , Sleep/physiology , Analysis of Variance , Electroencephalography , Female , Humans , Male , Sleep, REM/physiologyABSTRACT
All night sleep EEG recordings were compared in patients with panic attacks, major depression, and normal controls. Total time asleep, total time awake and sleep efficiency were significantly different in normal controls as compared with the other groups. In contrast, REM latency and REM density were significantly different in depressed patients as compared with the other groups. Differences were also observed in stage I and DELTA sleep, but when age was considered as covariate these differences were no longer observed. These findings support the concept the patients with panic attacks have a sleep pattern that differs from normal subjects but that is also different from that of depressed patients. The implications of sleep recordings for psychiatric nosology are discussed.
