Discapacidad y calidad de vida después de un accidente de tránsito en Medellín y su área metropolitana. Estudio de cohorte

Objetivo: Comparar al año, el funcionamiento, calidad de vida (cv), dolor y depresión entre adultos menores y mayores de 60 años que tuvieron lesiones moderadas y graves en accidentes de tránsito ocurridos en Medellín y su área metropolitana. Metodología: Análisis secundario de dos cohortes de pacientes con lesiones moderadas y graves ocurridas en Medellín y su área metropolitana en 2009-2010 y 2015-2016. Se hizo evaluación para el funcionamiento, la cv, depresión y el dolor, con instrumentos validados para ello. Las diferencias entre las cohortes 12 meses después del accidente se compararon con t-Student. Se hizo un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple para determinar los factores explicativos de discapacidad y cv. Resultados: Se incluyeron 837 pacientes, de los cuales el 84,8 % completó el seguimiento. La motocicleta fue el principal vehículo involucrado (86,1 y 60,7 %). Se observó mejor funcionamiento en mayores de 60 años en cuidado personal, y mayor compromiso en las actividades de la vida diaria, laborales y funcionamiento global. La cv fue significativamente mejor en menores, en desempeño emocional, desempeño físico y función física. En el análisis multivariado, el mayor compromiso en el funcionamiento fue explicado por ser mujer, tener más edad, lesión más grave, mayor dolor y depresión. La mejor cv fue explicada por ser hombre, menos edad, menor gravedad de la lesión, dolor y síntomas depresivos. Conclusiones: La edad, el sexo, la gravedad de la lesión, el dolor y la depresión explican la discapacidad y las dimensiones de la cv 12 meses después del accidente de tránsito.

Objective: To compare functioning, quality of life (QoL), pain, and depression at one year between adults under and over 60 years of age who had moderate and severe injuries in traffic accidents in Medellin and its metropolitan area. Methodology: Secondary analysis of two cohorts of patients with moderate and severe injuries that occurred in Medellín and its metropolitan area in 2009-2010 and 2015-2016. They were evaluated at baseline and 12 months with functioning (who-das ii), QoL (sf-36), pain (vas), and depression (phq-9). The differences between cohorts 12 months after the accident were compared with t-Student test. A multiple linear regression analysis was done to determine factors related to disability and QoL. Results: 837 patients were included, 84,8% completed the follow-up. The motorcycle was the main vehicle involved (86,1% vs. 60,7). Better functioning was observed in people over 60 years of age in personal care, and greater commitment in activities of daily living, work and global functioning. QoL was significantly better in minors, in emotional performance, physical performance and physical function. In the multivariate analysis, the greater compromise in functioning was explained by being female, older, more severe injury, greater pain, and depression. The best QoL was explained by being male, younger, less severe injury, pain, and depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Age, sex, injury severity, pain, and depression explain disability and QoL dimensions 12 months after the traffic accident.

Objetivo: Comparar a funcionalidade, qualidade de vida (QV), dor e depressão entre adultos com menos e mais de 60 anos de idade que sofreram lesões moderadas e graves em acidentes de trânsito ocorridos em Medellín e sua região metropolitana. Metodologia: Análise secundária de duas coortes de pacientes com lesões moderadas e graves que ocorreram em Medellín e sua área metropolitana em 2009-2010 e 2015-2016. Foi feita avaliação funcional, cv, depressão e dor, com instrumentos validados para isso. As diferenças entre as coortes 12 meses após o acidente foram comparadas com o teste t de Student. Uma análise de regressão linear múltipla foi realizada para determinar os fatores explicativos para deficiência e cv. Resultados: foram incluídos 837 pacientes, dos quais 84,8% completaram o seguimento. A motocicleta foi o principal veículo envolvido (86,1 e 60,7%). Melhor funcionamento foi observado em pessoas com mais de 60 anos nos cuidados pessoais e maior comprometimento nas atividades de vida diária, trabalho e funcionamento global. A QV foi significativamente melhor nos menores, no desempenho emocional, no desempenho físico e na função física. Na análise multivariada, o maior comprometimento funcional foi explicado por ser mulher, ser mais velho, lesão mais grave, maior dor e depressão. A melhor QV foi explicada por ser homem, menor idade, menor gravidade da lesão, dor e sintomas depressivos. Conclusões: Idade, sexo, gravidade da lesão, dor e depressão explicam as dimensões de incapacidade e QV 12 meses após o acidente de trânsito.

Understanding community-based rehabilitation and the role of physical and rehabilitation medicine.

Community-based rehabilitation (CBR) is an accepted model to improve the delivery of rehabilitation in the community. It includes the access to health care, education, labor and accessible environments. The role of Specialists in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine in this strategy (SPRM) is not very well defined. On the occasion of the international consultation for the WHO Action Plan for persons with disabilities, a discussion about the meaning of CBR and the role of SPRM on CBR has occurred among the International Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (ISPRM) members. The following major questions were identified; what is CBR? What is the role of Specialists in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (SPMR) in CBR? A review of the literature and a discussion among experts was held to answer these questions. It is of major importance to distinguish between the two concepts of CBR: The first one is the policy or management strategy of CBR that was developed by WHO about 30 years ago. The second one is the provision of basic rehabilitation services offered at the community level. CBR strategy must also addresses the need for optimal access to specialized rehabilitation services and will have a key role in the design and building of so-called "Basic Rehabilitation Services." The authors proposed a scheme, which integrates all relevant aspects surrounding the concept of CBR; levels of care rehabilitation services and the roles proposed for SPRM. In addition, the convention for the rights of persons with disabilities and the conceptual framework of the ICF was taken into account.

Multicentric study of epidemiological and clinical characteristics of persons injured in motor vehicle accidents in Medellín, Colombia, 2009-2010 / Estudio multicéntrico de las características epidemiológicas y clínicas de las personas lesionadas en accidentes de tránsito en Medellín, Colombia, 2009-2010

Introduction: Traffic accidents (TA) cause 1.23 million deaths each year worldwide while between 20 and 50 million persons are injured each year. In 2011 in Medellin, Colombia, there were 307 traffic deaths and 23,835 injured with 411 accidents for each 10,000 vehicles. Objective: The purpose of the study was to describe the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics, as well as the quality of life and disability outcomes for those injured in traffic accidents in Medellin. Methods: This prospective, descriptive, cross-sectional study collected data from 834 patients that were classified with the New Injury Severity Score (NISS) , the WHO-DAS-II (Disability Assessment) Scale and the SF-36 Health Survey. Results: Three-fourths (75.8%) of the patients were male. Eighty-one percent (81.0%) of patients were involved in motorcycle accidents, with 45.6% suffering moderate trauma, and 32.6% experiencing severe trauma. Of the patients with severe trauma, 8.5% were not wearing helmets. Half of the sample (49.7%) injured their extremities. The WHODAS-II domains most affected were: Activities outside the home (62.0%), Housework (54.3%) and Moving in one's environment (45.2%). Quality of life areas affected were: Physical role (20.3%), Body pain (37.3%), Emotional role (44.1%), Physical functioning (52.6%). Conclusions: Patients with more severe injuries had higher levels of disability and a worse quality of life. Motorcycles made up a large proportion of traffic accidents in this city and mitigation strategies to reduce this public health problem should particularly focus on this high-risk group.

Antecedentes: Los accidentes de tránsito (AT) causan 1.23 millones de muertes en el mundo, y entre 20 y 50 millones sufren lesiones no fatales. En Medellín (Colombia) en el 2011 hubo 307 muertos en AT y 23.835 heridos, con 411 accidentes por cada 10.000 vehículos. Objetivo: Describir las características epidemiológicas, clínicas, de calidad de vida y discapacidad de los pacientes luego de un AT en Medellín. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo trasversal prospectivo del estado inicial de una cohorte de 834 pacientes, clasificados de acuerdo a la gravedad de trauma (NISS) y las escalas WHO-DAS II y SF-36. Resultados: En el 81% de los AT estuvieron involucradas motos, con lesiones moderadas en el 45.6 %, y graves en el 32.6% de ellos. No utilizaban casco el 8.5% de los pacientes con NISS grave. En el 49.7% se afectaron los miembros inferiores. Los dominios del WHO-DAS II más afectados fueron: actividades fuera del hogar (62.0%) actividades domésticas (54.3%) y moverse en el entorno (45.2%). La calidad de vida comprometió los dominios de desempeño físico (20.3%), dolor corporal (37.3%), desempeño emocional (44.1%) y funcionamiento físico (52.6%). Conclusiones: Los pacientes con lesiones más graves tuvieron mayor compromiso en la discapacidad y en la calidad de vida. Esta carga de enfermedad la producen principalmente los AT en los que están involucradas las motos.

Multicentric study of epidemiological and clinical characteristics of persons injured in motor vehicle accidents in Medellín, Colombia, 2009-2010.

INTRODUCTION: Traffic accidents (TA) cause 1.23 million deaths each year worldwide while between 20 and 50 million persons are injured each year. In 2011 in Medellin, Colombia, there were 307 traffic deaths and 23.835 injured with 411 accidents for each 10.000 vehicles. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to describe the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics, as well as the quality of life and disability outcomes for those injured in traffic accidents in Medellin. METHODS: This prospective, descriptive, cross-sectional study collected data from 834 patients that were classified with the New Injury Severity Score (NISS) , the WHO-DAS-II (Disability Assessment) Scale and the SF-36 Health Survey. RESULTS: Three-fourths (75.8%) of the patients were male. Eighty-one percent (81.0%) of patients were involved in motorcycle accidents, with 45.6% suffering moderate trauma, and 32.6% experiencing severe trauma. Of the patients with severe trauma, 8.5% were not wearing helmets. Half of the sample (49.7%) injured their extremities. The WHODAS-II domains most affected were: Activities outside the home (62.0%), Housework (54.3%) and Moving in one's environment (45.2%). Quality of life areas affected were: Physical role (20.3%), Body pain (37.3%), Emotional role (44.1%), Physical functioning (52.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with more severe injuries had higher levels of disability and a worse quality of life. Motorcycles made up a large proportion of traffic accidents in this city and mitigation strategies to reduce this public health problem should particularly focus on this high-risk group.

ANTECEDENTES: Los accidentes de tránsito (AT) causan 1.23 millones de muertes en el mundo, y entre 20 y 50 millones sufren lesiones no fatales. En Medellín (Colombia) en el 2011 hubo 307 muertos en AT y 23.835 heridos, con 411 accidentes por cada 10.000 vehículos. OBJETIVO: Describir las características epidemiológicas, clínicas, de calidad de vida y discapacidad de los pacientes luego de un AT en Medellín. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo trasversal prospectivo del estado inicial de una cohorte de 834 pacientes, clasificados de acuerdo a la gravedad de trauma (NISS) y las escalas WHO-DAS II y SF-36. RESULTADOS: En el 81% de los AT estuvieron involucradas motos, con lesiones moderadas en el 45.6 %, y graves en el 32.6% de ellos. No utilizaban casco el 8.5% de los pacientes con NISS grave. En el 49.7% se afectaron los miembros inferiores. Los dominios del WHO-DAS II más afectados fueron: actividades fuera del hogar (62.0%) actividades domésticas (54.3%) y moverse en el entorno (45.2%). La calidad de vida comprometió los dominios de desempeño físico (20.3%), dolor corporal (37.3%), desempeño emocional (44.1%) y funcionamiento físico (52.6%). CONCLUSIONES: Los pacientes con lesiones más graves tuvieron mayor compromiso en la discapacidad y en la calidad de vida. Esta carga de enfermedad la producen principalmente los AT en los que están involucradas las motos.

Estrés y sistema inmune en obreras de maquiladoras hondureñas / Stress and the immune system in Honduran maquiladora workers

Numerosos estudios señalan a la industria maquiladora como espacio de procesos productivos precarios, carente de derechos laborales, caracterizado por uso intensivo de mano de obra femenina y vinculado con afectación a la salud de las obreras. Es elevada la cantidad de estas industrias en países de Centroamérica, entre ellos Honduras, y la salud de sus trabajadoras se ha visto afectada. La exposición prolongada a condiciones estresantes repercute sobre diversos sistemas corporales, entre ellos el inmune. Esta investigación analiza la relación entre condiciones de trabajo estresantes y alteraciones en el sistema inmune de obreras de la maquila hondureña. Se aplicaron encuestas a 199 trabajadoras para identificar condiciones de trabajo potencialmente estresantes y daños a la salud. Se identificó presencia de estrés y su repercusión sobre el sistema inmune, con medición de anticuerpos en suero. Se midieron inmunoglobulinas IgG, IgA e IgM por método turbidimétrico en 98 trabajadoras. Se efectuó análisis bivariado con el programa Statcalc. Se reportó multiexposición a condiciones estresantes. 83% de trabajadoras presentaron estrés. Se encontró disminución de inmunoglobulinas en varias trabajadoras (12,24%). Se esperaba que ninguna presentara disminución, pues en población general sólo una de cada 1000 personas la tiene. La presencia de padecimientos relacionados con condiciones estresantes, comunes en las industrias maquiladoras, hace urgente la aplicación de medidas que corrijan esas condiciones para evitar daños a la salud de obreras de la maquila. La disminución de inmunoglobulinas debe tomarse en cuenta para reflexionar acerca del impacto de las condiciones nocivas de trabajo e implementar medidas de prevención.

Numerous studies point to the maquiladora industry as an area of unstable production processes, devoid of labor rights, characterized by intensive use of female labor and associated with adverse effects on health of workers. There are a large number of these industries in Central American countries, including Honduras, and the health of their workers has been affected. Prolonged exposure to stressful conditions can impact various body systems, including the immune system. This research analyzes the relationship between stressful working conditions and alterations in the immune system of Honduran maquiladora workers. Surveys were completed by 199 workers to identify potentially stressful working conditions and adverse health effects. We identified the presence of stress (stress symptom scale) and its impact on the immune system through measurement of serum antibodies. We measured IgG, IgA and IgM by the turbidimetric method in 98 workers. Bivariate analysis was performed with the program Statcalc. Multiple exposures to stressful conditions were reported. 83% of workers had stress. Decreases in immunoglobulin levels were found in 12.24% of workers. This was unexpected, as only 1 in 1000 persons in the general population present any decrease in immunoglobulin levels. The presence of conditions associated with stressful conditions, common in the maquiladora industry, makes it urgent to correct these conditions and prevent adverse health effects among female workers. The observed decrease in immunoglobulin levels should be considered when assessing the impact of harmful conditions of work and in the implementation of preventive measures.

Condiciones de trabajo, Estrés y Daños a la salud en trabajadoras de la maquila en Honduras / Working conditions, stress and adverse health effects among female maquiladora workers in Honduras

Se analizan las condiciones de trabajo de las obreras de la maquila de San Pedro Sula, Honduras, así como la presencia de estrés y daños a la salud en estas trabajadoras. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de tipo transversal por medio de la aplicación de tres instrumentos: una guía de observación del proceso de trabajo, una encuesta individual y la Escala sintomática de estrés. Los resultados muestran una elevada exposición a riesgos y exigencias, así como tasas altas de daños a la salud. Destaca la presencia importante de estrés en las trabajadoras. La elevada frecuencia de daños a la salud, entre los que se encuentra fatiga crónica, depresión, ansiedad, trastornos musculoesqueléticos, entre otros, está asociada a la alta exposición a riesgos y exigencias que imponen las formas de organización y división del trabajo a las obreras en este tipo de industrias

This paper describes working conditions in the export-oriented “maquiladora” industry in San Pedro Sula, Honduras, and the presence of stress and adverse health effects in women workers. A cross-sectional study was conducted, using three instruments: a guide for observation of work processes, an individual health symptom survey and a stress symptom scale. Results revealed a high prevalence of exposure to occupational risk factors and job demands, as well as high rates of stress and adverse effects on health. Chronic fatigue, depression, anxiety, musculoskeletal disorders, among others, are associated with high exposures to workplace risk factors and job demands due to the organization and division of labor in these industries