Spanish version of the Coping Strategies Inventory.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was to adapt the Coping Strategies Inventory (CSI) to the Spanish setting. This need is justified on the one hand by the shortage and limitations of the instruments available in our language and, on the other, by the excellent potentialities that the CSI offers. METHOD: It was translated and applied to a sample of 337 adults, with diverse demographic characteristics, recruited from different teaching activities by the authors in the province of Seville (Spain). RESULTS: The results showed excellent psychometric properties surpassing those of the original study: eight factors accounted for 61 % of variance with only 40 items (as opposed to the 72 that accounted for 47% in the original study) and obtained Alpha coefficients between 0.63 and 0.89. The convergent validity was verified using intercorrelations between scales, correlations with personality dispositions (NEOFFI) and with the coping efficacy. DISCUSSION: The CSI was a valid and reliable measure of coping strategies used in many stressful situations.

Adaptación española del Inventario de Estrategias de Afrontamiento / Spanish version of the Coping Strategies Inventory

Introducción. En el presente trabajo acometimos la adaptación del Inventario de Estrategias de Afrontamiento (CSI) al ámbito español. Esta necesidad se justifica, por una parte, por la escasez y las limitaciones de los instrumentos disponibles en nuestro idioma, y por otra, por las excelentes potencialidades que ofrece el CSI. Método. Fue traducido y aplicado a una muestra de 337 personas adultas de características sociodemográficas diversas, recogida de forma incidental en actividades formativas en la provincia de Sevilla. Resultados. Los resultados mostraron unas excelentes propiedades psicométricas superando incluso las del estudio original: ocho factores explicaron un 61 % de la varianza con sólo 40 ítems (frente a los 72 que explicaban un 47% en el instrumento original) y obtuvieron coeficientes de consistencia interna entre 0,63 y 0,89. La validez convergente se comprobó utilizando las intercorrelaciones entre escalas y las correlaciones con disposiciones de personalidad (NEO-FFI) y eficacia percibida del afrontamiento. Conclusiones. El CSI se comportó de forma válida y fiable en la evaluación de la utilización de estrategias de afrontamiento en una amplia variedad de situaciones

Introduction. The aim of the present study was to adapt the Coping Strategies Inventory (CSI) to the Spanish setting. This need is justified on the one hand by the shortage and limitations of the instruments available in our language and, on the other, by the excellent potentialities that the CSI offers. Method. It was translated and applied to a sample of 337 adults, with diverse demographic characteristics, recruited from different teaching activities by the authors in the province of Seville (Spain). Results. The results showed excellent psychometric properties surpassing those of the original study: eight factors accounted for 61 % of variance with only 40 items (as opposed to the 72 that accounted for 47% in the original study) and obtained Alpha coefficients between 0.63 and 0.89. The convergent validity was verified using intercorrelations between scales, correlations with personality dispositions (NEOFFI) and with the coping efficacy. Discussion. The CSI was a valid and reliable measure of coping strategies used in many stressful situations

[Assessment of chronic pain coping strategies]. / Evaluación de las estrategias de afrontamiento del dolor crónico.

INTRODUCTION: We made an adaptation of the Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ) to the Spanish population. This measure, the most used in its scope, was developed by Rosenstiel and Keefe in 1983. METHOD: 205 participants coming from Primary Health Care and pain clinics made up the sample. More than half suffered migraine and chronic tension-type headache; the rest, fibromyalgia, low back pain, arthrosis or arthritis. RESULTS: Factor analyses explained 59 % of the total variance, on an 8-factor structure that converged into a 2-factor structure. In the 8-factor solution the novelty was the diversification of mental-non-mental distraction strategies, and religious-non-religious hope strategies. In the 2-factor solution the novelty was the grouping according to the efficacy of the coping. All the CSQ factors showed inner consistency and construct validity. Thus, unadaptive coping strategies were related to negative, anxious and depressed self-talk, related to lack of control and perceived self-efficacy, and related to many pain behaviors. On the contrary it happened with adaptive coping strategies. In addition, the diagnosis of pain was related to the utilization and effectiveness of coping strategies. CONCLUSIONS: CSQ is shown to be a reliable and valid measure of coping strategies in chronic pain in the Spanish population, showing the difference between theoretical and empirical factor structures again.

Evaluación de las estrategias de afrontamiento del dolor crónico / Assessment of chronic pain coping strategies

Introducción. Se realizó una adaptación a la población española del Cuestionario de Estrategias de Afrontamiento del Dolor (CSQ). El instrumento, el más utilizado en su ámbito, fue desarrollado por Rosentiel y Keefe en 1983.Método. Compusieron la muestra 20,5 pacientes procedentes de centros públicos de Atención Primaria y unidades de dolor. Más de la mitad padecía migraña y cefalea tensional crónica; el resto fundamentalmente fibromialgia, lumbalgia, artrosis y artritis. Resultados. Los diversos análisis factoriales explicaron el 59 por ciento de la varianza total sobre una estructura de ocho factores de primer orden que convergieron en dos de segundo orden. En los de primer orden la novedad fue la diversificación de la distracción mental y no mental y de la esperanza con y sin matices religiosos. En los de segundo orden lo novedoso fue la agrupación según la eficacia del afrontamiento. Todos los factores obtenidos mostraron su consistencia interna y validez de constructo. Así, las estrategias de afrontamiento desadaptativas se asociaron a un lenguaje interno negativo, ansiógeno y depresógeno, a una deficiente percepción de control y autoeficacia percibida y a la proliferación de conductas de dolor de diversa naturaleza. Al contrario ocurrió con las estrategias de afrontamiento en función del diagnóstico. Conclusiones. El CSQ se muestra como un instrumento válido y fiable para evaluar las estrategias de afrontamiento del dolor crónico en población española, volviéndose a demostrar la discrepancia entre su estructura teórica y la obtenida empíricamente (AU)

[The validity of the International Headache Society criteria and the modifications put forward in 2002 in the diagnosis of migraine and tension type headaches]. / Validez de los criterios de la Sociedad Internacional de Cefaleas y de sus propuestas de modificación de 2002 en el diagnóstico de migraña y cefalea tensional.

INTRODUCTION: The diagnosis of migraine (M) and tension type headaches (TH) is clinical; it is therefore important to refine the diagnostic criteria. The International Headache Society (IHS) set out the currently used criteria in 1988; 14 years later it has just put forward a number of modifications. AIMS: Our aim was to test the comprehensiveness, sensitivity and specificity of both the current and the newly proposed diagnostic criteria in Primary Health Care (PHC), where patients must be screened properly before referral to Neurology services. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 74 cases of M and 44 of TH attended in two PHC centres in Seville, in the course of a study about the psychological aspects of headaches. The doctors used a semi structured clinical interview based on the IHS criteria to carry out diagnoses. RESULTS: The comprehensiveness of the system was 100%; sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic criteria were, generally speaking, appropriate and one point highlighted was the intensity of the pain and the fact that it was aggravated by physical activity. Discriminating analysis correctly classified 94.1% of the cases according to the 1988 IHS criteria and 90.7% according to the IHS proposals from 2002, although in the latter case an extra criterion was included in the discrimination. DISCUSSION: As shown by different studies, diagnosis carried out by professionals who are well trained in the use of the current IHS criteria is perfectly valid. The present proposals for modification seem to reorganise the classification more efficiently, since they include chronic migraine and also divide episodic TH into infrequent and frequent bouts. These new proposals are now beginning their test period in different fields of application.

Pensamientos automáticos negativos en el dolorcrónico / Automatic negative thoughts in chronic pain

El análisis de los pensamientos automáticos negativos se ha revelado como elemento clave en la vivencia y manejo del dolor crónico. Ante la inexistencia de instrumentos validados en nuestro entorno, adaptamos el Inventario de Pensamientos Negativos en Respuesta al Dolor (INTRP) sobre una muestra de 205 pacientes de dolor crónico heterogéneo procedentes de diversos centros sanitarios públicos de la provincia de Sevilla (España). Se comprobó la fiabilidad y validez del inventario mediante varios procedimientos estadísticos, que incluyeron el análisis de múltiples procesos psicológicos (lugar de control, autoeficacia percibida, estrategias de afrontamiento, conductas de dolor, etc.) y parámetros clínicos (intensidad, frecuencia, medicación, etc.). El resultado final permite al profesional de la salud el análisis, no sólo de la frecuencia de pensamientos negativos en general, sino una categorización de su naturaleza (generales, pensamientos sociales negativos, de discapacidad, de falta de control y de culpa), pudiendo utilizar un baremo adjuntado al efecto (AU)