Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en el paciente anciano institucionalizado / Type 2 diabetes mellitus in elderly institutionalized patients

Una mujer de 93 años de edad ingresa en una planta de hospitalización convencional por una infección respiratoria aguda. La paciente tiene diabetes mellitus tipo 2 de unos 15 años de evolución y no presenta otras comorbilidades asociadas, salvo progresiva dependencia por senescencia y un ingreso hospitalario previo por neumonía hace 6 meses; actualmente vive en una residencia asistida. En un análisis reciente tenía una HbA1c de 7,8%, con una creatinina sérica de 1,3mg/dl (MDRD: 45ml/min). Su tratamiento habitual consistía en glibenclamida 5mg al día y metformina 850mg cada 12h. ¿Qué pauta debemos seguir una vez hospitalizada? ¿Precisa de alguna modificación de su tratamiento al alta? (AU)

A 93-year-old woman is admitted to a conventional hospital ward for an acute respiratory infection. The patient has type 2 diabetes mellitus of approximately 15 years evolution and has no other associated comorbidities, except for progressive dependence due to senescence and a previous hospitalization for pneumonia 6 months ago. She is currently in an assisted-living residence. A recent laboratory test revealed an HbA1c level of 7.8%, with a serum creatinine level of 1.3mg/dl (MDRD, 45ml/min). Her standard treatment consists of 5mg of glibenclamide a day and 850mg of metformin every 12hours. What regimen should we follow once she is hospitalized? Does she require any change in her treatment at discharge? (AU)

Type 2 diabetes mellitus in elderly institutionalized patients. / Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en el paciente anciano institucionalizado.

A 93-year-old woman is admitted to a conventional hospital ward for an acute respiratory infection. The patient has type 2 diabetes mellitus of approximately 15 years evolution and has no other associated comorbidities, except for progressive dependence due to senescence and a previous hospitalization for pneumonia 6 months ago. She is currently in an assisted-living residence. A recent laboratory test revealed an HbA1c level of 7.8%, with a serum creatinine level of 1.3mg/dl (MDRD, 45ml/min). Her standard treatment consists of 5mg of glibenclamide a day and 850mg of metformin every 12hours. What regimen should we follow once she is hospitalized? Does she require any change in her treatment at discharge?

Aproximación al manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico del síndrome de Charles Bonnet en un servicio de urgencias: una serie de 10 casos / Diagnostic and therapeutic management of Charles Bonnet syndrome in an emergency department: a description of 10 cases

Se expone el manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico del síndrome de Charles Bonnet (SCB)en urgencias. Estudio de una serie de casos de todos los casos atendidos por alucinaciones visuales que cumplían los criterios diagnósticos de SCB (introspección preservada, baja agudeza visual y ausencia de otros diagnósticos alternativos), en un servicio de urgencias de un hospital terciario y universitario durante 2 años (2010-2011). Posteriormente se realizó un seguimiento telefónico a los 6 meses para conocer la evolución clínica. De los 140 pacientes atendidos por alucinaciones visuales, 14 tuvieron como juicio clínico al alta de probable SCB, de los cuales sólo 10 cumplían los criterios diagnósticos de SBC. La edad media fue de 80,4 (DE 4,90) años, y 6 (60%) fueron mujeres. La sintomatología alucinatoria de presentación fue generalmente compleja (7 pacientes con visión de personas), y en la mayoría de los casos tenía una persistencia de escasos días (9pacientes con una duración de 1 a 4 días). En 8 (80%) de los casos la agudeza visual fue menor de 0,05 y en 3 (30%) tenían amaurosis en uno o ambos ojos. La exploración neurológica, los estudios analíticos, la radiografía simple no mostraron alteraciones de interés, y en aquellos 8 (80%) pacientes en los que se disponía de TC craneal, los hallazgos observados fueron inespecíficos. Se recomendaron medidas no farmacológicas en todos los casos y quetiapina 25 mg/día en 4 casos. El SCB se resolvió en menos de 3 meses en 6 (60%) de los pacientes. El SCB es una entidad que hay que tener en cuenta en los pacientes ancianos con pobre agudeza visual que consultan en urgencias por alucinaciones visuales. Su conocimiento puede resultar de interés a los urgenciólogos de cara a poder tranquilizar al paciente y evitar pruebas complementarias o tratamientos innecesarios con potenciales efectos adversos (AU)

To describe the diagnosis and therapeutic management of Charles Bonnet syndrome in the emergency department based on a retrospective descriptive study of all patients with visual hallucinations who were diagnosed with Charles Bonnet syndrome in the emergency department of Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal in 2010 and 2011. The patients met all the diagnostic criteria for this syndrome: preserved insight, diminished vision, and absence of an alternative diagnosis. Follow-up interviews were carried out by telephone an average of 6 months after diagnosis. Of a total of 140patients with visual hallucinations, 14 were discharged with a diagnosis of Charles Bonnet syndrome but only 10 met allthe diagnostic criteria. The mean (SD) age was 80.4 (4.90) years, and 60% were women. Complex visual hallucinations(of persons in 70%) had developed within 1 to 4 days of consultation in 90%. Visual acuity was less than 0.05 (hand movements or lights) for 80%, and 3 had full loss of vision in one or both eyes. Neurologic examination, laboratory tests, and a simple radiograph yielded no findings of interest. Computed tomography images of the head (70%) yieldedonly nonspecific findings. Hygienic measures and quetiapine (25 mg/d) were recommended for 4 patients. The syndrome resolved in less than 3 months in 60% of the patients. Charles Bonnet syndrome is relatively common among elderly patients with visual hallucinations and poor visual acuity, but the short-term prognosis is good. An understanding this syndrome is of great importance in emergency medicine, in the interest of avoiding unnecessary tests or treatments that may be harmful (AU)

Inhibidores del cotransportador sodio-glucosa tipo 2(SGLT2): de la glucosuria renal familiar al tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2): from familial renal glycosuria to the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Durante siglos, el riñón se ha considerado principalmente un órgano de eliminación y un regulador de la sal y del equilibrio iónico. A pesar de que una vez se pensó que era la causa estructural de la diabetes, y que en los últimos años ha sido ignorado como regulador de la homeostasis de la glucosa, actualmente es reconocido como un actor importante en el ámbito de la regulación del metabolismo glucídico. Durante el ayuno, el 55% de la glucosa proviene de la gluconeogénesis. Sólo 2 órganos tienen esta capacidad: el hígado y el riñón. Este último es responsable del 20% de la producción total deglucosa y del 40% de la producida por la gluconeogénesis. Hoy en día tenemos una mejor comprensión de la fisiología del transporte de glucosa renal a través de transportadores específicos, como el cotransportador sodio-glucosa tipo 2(SGLT2 por sus siglas en inglés: Sodium Glucose Cotransporter). Un compuesto natural, floricina, se aisló a principios de1800 y durante décadas desempeñó un papel importante enla diabetes y la investigación de la fisiología renal. Finalmente, en el nexo de estos descubrimientos antes mencionados, se reconoció el efecto de compuestos floricina-like en los transportadores de glucosa renal, lo que ha ofrecido un nuevo mecanismo para el tratamiento de la hiperglucemia. Esto ha llevado al desarrollo de varias modalidades terapéuticas potencialmente eficaces para el tratamiento de la diabetes (AU)

For centuries, the kidney has been considered primarily an organ of elimination and a regulator of salt and ion balance. Although once thought that the kidney was the structural cause of diabetes, which in recent years has been ignored as a regulator of glucose homeostasis, is now recognized as a major player in the field of metabolic regulation carbohydrate. During fasting, 55% of the glucose comes from gluconeogenesis. Only 2 organs have this capability: the liver and kidney. The latter is responsible for 20% of total glucose production and 40%of that produced by gluconeogenesis. Today we have a better understanding of the physiology of renal glucose transport via specific transporters, such as type 2 sodiumglucose cotransporter (SGLT2). A natural compound, phlorizin, was isolated in early 1800 and for decades played an important role in diabetes and renal physiology research. Finally, at the nexus of these findings mentioned above, recognized the effect of phlorizin-like compounds in the renal glucose transporter, which has offered a new mechanism to treat hyperglycemia. This has led to the development of several potentially effective treatment modalities for the treatment of diabetes (AU)

[Sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2): from familial renal glucosuria to the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus]. / Inhibidores del cotransportador sodio-glucosa tipo 2 (SGLT2): de la glucosuria renal familiar al tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2.

For centuries, the kidney has been considered primarily an organ of elimination and a regulator of salt and ion balance. Although once thought that the kidney was the structural cause of diabetes, which in recent years has been ignored as a regulator of glucose homeostasis, is now recognized as a major player in the field of metabolic regulation carbohydrate. During fasting, 55% of the glucose comes from gluconeogenesis. Only 2 organs have this capability: the liver and kidney. The latter is responsible for 20% of total glucose production and 40% of that produced by gluconeogenesis. Today we have a better understanding of the physiology of renal glucose transport via specific transporters, such as type 2 sodium-glucose cotransporter  (SGLT2). A natural compound, phlorizin, was isolated in early 1800 and for decades played an important role in diabetes and renal physiology research. Finally, at the nexus of these findings mentioned above, recognized the effect of phlorizin-like compounds in the renal glucose transporter, which has offered a new mechanism to treat hyperglycemia. This has led to the development of several potentially effective treatment modalities for the treatment of diabetes.