ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Topical exogenous lipase has been approved for cosmetic use and has been used to mobilize fat from adipocytes. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of exogenous lipase in the subcutaneous adipose tissue. METHODS: Three different concentrations of exogenous lipase 1× (2 Units per ml), 5× (10 units per ml), and 10× (20 units per ml) were applied in a porcine model. Normal saline (NS) solution (as negative control) and phosphatidylcholine (as positive control) were also injected. Skin and subcutaneous tissue biopsies, up to the fascia, were obtained from each injection site on the 3rd day after injection. The number of cells per 20× field was counted as an indirect measurement of the size of the adipocytes. RESULTS: For 1× lipase, the number of cells per field was 47.80 (±7.63) versus 27.26 (±4.93), and 34.66 (±6.84) for NS, and phosphatidylcholine, respectively. For 5× lipase, the count was 36.06 (±4.74) versus 24.13 (±5.18), and 33.2 (±9.34). For 10× lipase, it was 40.06 (±4.35) versus 29.26 (±2.34) and 32.66 (±6.30) (p < .05 for all groups). CONCLUSIONS: A higher number of cells per field were observed in the lipase samples, inferring a decreased volume of adipocytes. No inflammation and/or loss of cell architecture were evidenced in the exogenous lipase groups.
Subject(s)
Adipose Tissue , Lipase , Swine , Animals , Lipase/pharmacology , Adipose Tissue/pathology , Subcutaneous Fat , Phosphatidylcholines/pharmacology , Models, AnimalABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The incidence of deaths and injuries associated with gunshot wounds deserves special attention, mainly because of its repercussions on hospital resources and the diagnosis and treatment protocols. OBJECTIVE: To perform an analysis on the epidemiological factors associated with gunshot wounds. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An analysis was made of multiple variables of all patients diagnosed with gunshot wounds during the period between 2005 and 2015. RESULTS: A total of 605 cases were found, and an additional sub-group of 314 cases was obtained for a deeper analysis. The overall mortality rate was 7.9%. The main anatomical region was the abdomen, with 44%. A total of 324 laparotomies were performed, 124 incisions of the thoracic wall, and 72 vascular examinations. In the sub-group of 314 cases, a 16.9% and 42% of laparotomies and vascular examinations, respectably, were reported without evidence of injury to internal organs. DISCUSSION: Morbidity and mortality increases when 2 or more wounds are present with multiple organ injuries, in patients with multiple transfusions, or in those transferred to the intensive care unit. CONCLUSIONS: The incorporation of a physical evaluation format by all the departments involved is suggested for patients that are attended with gunshot wounds, in order to obtain more epidemiological information of these injuries for further studies.
