Prevalence and Characteristics of Sexual Victimization among Gay and Bisexual Men: A Preliminary Study in Spain.

Sexual violence is an understudied issue in the population of gay and bisexual men, although the existing articles to date demonstrate that it is a problem that merits public attention. This study aims to approach the problem of invisibility around the matter, as well as presenting a number of variables that have been usually overlooked in Spanish research or have not been assessed at all. Lifetime sexual victimization, sociodemographic characteristics, situational characteristics and social support were examined among 550 gay and bisexual males living in Spain using a self-administrated questionnaire. Results analysis show that 90.00% (87.18-92.38%) of participants reported at least one experience of unwanted insinuation, 87.27% (84.19-89.94%) reported at least one experience of sexual coercion, 64.00% (59.83-68.02%) reported at least one experience of sexual assault, and specifically 19.82% (16.57-23.40%) reported being raped during their lifetime. Significant differences have been found between some categories regarding gender identity, sexual orientation, age, race/ethnicity and educational level. Overall, these results showcase sexual violence as a pervasive problem in the Spanish gay and bisexual community.

Desigualdades e implicaciones afectivas en mujeres autoras de lesión / Inequalities and affective involvement of female perpetrators of injury / Desigualdades e implicações afetivas em mulheres autoras de lesão

En este artículo se analiza la problemática específica de mujeres que cumplen condena por un delito de lesiones, en el contexto penal español. Fue abordado a través de una metodología cualitativa, realizando entrevistas en profundidad, procesadas en base a un análisis temático siguiendo criterios de organización de la Teoría Fundamentada. En sus resultados se destaca en el contexto previo al delito: la desigualdad con su pareja, posicionándose desde la sumisión a la exigencia de reciprocidad. Una vez condenadas, les repercute la implicación afectiva y su vulnerabilidad frente a la ruptura de vínculos significativos en su vida cotidiana. Se concluye incorporar el enfoque de género, enfatizando en un análisis crítico respecto del proceso e implicancias de la comisión del delito; así como la discusión de integrar nuevas categorías que intervengan en los discursos legales y políticas públicas respecto a la violencia en la pareja.

This article analyzes the specific problems of women who are serving sentences for the crime of injury, in Spanish criminal context. It was addressed through a qualitative methodology, conducting in depth interviews, processed based on a thematic analysis following criteria of organization of the Grounded Theory. Their results it stands out in the context prior to the crime: the inequality with their partner, positioning itself from submission to the requirement of reciprocity. Once condemned, condemn affects the affective implication and vulnerability in from of the rupture of significant links in their daily lives. The conclusion about the relevance of incorporating the gender approach, emphasizing a critical analysis about the process and implications of the crime, as well as the discussion of integrating new categories that intervene in legal speeches and public policies regarding violence in the couple.

Este artigo analisa a problemática específica de mulheres que cumprem condena por um delito de lesão, no contexto penal espanhol. O estudo foi feito através de metodologia qualitativa, realizando entrevistas em profundidade, processadas com base na análise temática seguindo critérios de organização da Teoria Fundamentada. Os resultados destacam, no contexto prévio do delito, a desigualdade no casal, posicionando-se desde uma submissão a exigência de reciprocidade. Uma vez condenadas, ressaltam a implicação afetiva e sua vulnerabilidade frente a ruptura de vínculos significativos na sua vida cotidiana. Conclui-se sobre a relevância de incorporar o enfoque de gênero, enfatizando uma análise crítica sobre o processo e as implicações no delito, assim como a discussão de integrar novas categorias que intervenham nos discursos legais e políticas públicas sobre a violência no casal.

I Am a Bull! The Construction of Masculinity in a Group of Men Perpetrators of Violence against Women in Spain

The relationship between violence and masculinity warrants special attention in intervention work with men who inflict violence against their partners. In this article we sought to explore this connection drawing upon the metaphor of 'being like a bull' used by a member of a group of men held in Spain. We reflected on the patriarchal system that legitimises the constant proof expected of the 'bull', of its masculinity in an 'arena' made up of an audience of spectators who reflect the traditional male image. In conclusion, we highlighted the importance of psychosocial interventions in this sector with a more committed political/policy and gender perspective, focusing on cultural and macro-social aspects in interventions with those who inflict violence.

La relación entre violencia y masculinidades merece especial atención en el trabajo de intervención con hombres que ejercen violencia contra sus parejas. En este artículo buscamos explorar esta conexión a partir de la metáfora "ser como un toro", utilizada por un integrante de un grupo de hombres en medio de un encuentro tuvo lugar en España. Nuestra intención es reflexionar sobre el sistema patriarcal que legitima que el "toro" tenga que ofrecer pruebas de su masculinidad de manera constante, ante una "arena" constituida por espectadores que refuerzan la imagen masculina tradicional. En conclusión, destacamos la importancia de intervenciones psicosociales con líneas más comprometidas políticamente y con perspectiva de género, que atienden a los aspectos culturales y macrosociales en los trabajos con autores de violencia.

Investigación sobre violencia de género en la pareja: recomendaciones prácticas / Research about gender violence: practical guide / Pesquisa sobre violência de gênero no casal: recomendações práticas

El objetivo de este trabajo es relatar la experiencia de búsqueda de participantes de una investigación cualitativa sobre violencia de género en la pareja contra mujeres inmigrantes latinoamericanas. Se discuten cuestiones como dificultades de la inserción en el campo, estrategias para lograr el muestro, aspectos éticos a tener en cuenta en estudios sobre violencia. Esas dificultades encontradas en el recurrido metodológico pueden ser un reflejo de los obstáculos que impiden que las mujeres busquen apoyo institucional. Ello lleva a entender que hay barreras comunes en el campo de investigación e intervención en violencia de género que merecen ser identificadas y superadas. Por último, se advierte sobre el impacto de las entrevistas sobre violencia en la vida de los(as) investigadores(as) y se sugiere que ellos(as) adopten estrategias para equilibrar su vida personal y profesional a través de actividades que puedan descargar la carga emocional producida a partir del trabajo con violencia.(AU)

This paper aims to describe the experience of finding participants for a qualitative research on gender violence against Latin American immigrant women. The challenges in reaching the research sample, strategies to achieve the aimed number of participants, as well as ethical aspects involved in studying gender violence are discussed in this work. The problem found on the methodology can reflect the obstacles that impede women to seek help. It seems that there are similar barrier in the field of research and intervention about violence that should be identified. Finally, advice is given on the impact produced by the interviews on the researchers' lives and we recommend that they adopt strategies in order to balance personal and professional life.(AU)

O objetivo de este trabalho é descrever a experiência de busca das participantes de uma pesquisa sobre violência de gênero no casal contra mulheres imigrantes latino-americanas. As dificuldades de acesso ao campo de pesquisa, as estratégias para conseguir a amostra e os aspectos éticos em estudos sobre violência são discutidos. Essas dificuldades encontradas no percurso metodológico podem refletir os obstáculos que impedem que as mulheres busquem apoio dos serviços sociais. Isso mostra que existem barreiras comuns na área de investigação e intervenção em violência de gênero que devem ser identificadas e eliminadas. Por último, chama-se atenção sobre o impacto das entrevistas sobre violência na vida dos(as) pesquisadores e sugere-se que eles(as) adotem estratégias para equilibrar a vida pessoal e profissional através de atividades em que possam descarregar a carga emocional gerada a partir do trabalho com violência.(AU)

Investigación sobre violencia de género en la pareja: recomendaciones prácticas / Research about gender violence: practical guide / Pesquisa sobre violência de gênero no casal: recomendações práticas

El objetivo de este trabajo es relatar la experiencia de búsqueda de participantes de una investigación cualitativa sobre violencia de género en la pareja contra mujeres inmigrantes latinoamericanas. Se discuten cuestiones como dificultades de la inserción en el campo, estrategias para lograr el muestro, aspectos éticos a tener en cuenta en estudios sobre violencia. Esas dificultades encontradas en el recurrido metodológico pueden ser un reflejo de los obstáculos que impiden que las mujeres busquen apoyo institucional. Ello lleva a entender que hay barreras comunes en el campo de investigación e intervención en violencia de género que merecen ser identificadas y superadas. Por último, se advierte sobre el impacto de las entrevistas sobre violencia en la vida de los(as) investigadores(as) y se sugiere que ellos(as) adopten estrategias para equilibrar su vida personal y profesional a través de actividades que puedan descargar la carga emocional producida a partir del trabajo con violencia.

This paper aims to describe the experience of finding participants for a qualitative research on gender violence against Latin American immigrant women. The challenges in reaching the research sample, strategies to achieve the aimed number of participants, as well as ethical aspects involved in studying gender violence are discussed in this work. The problem found on the methodology can reflect the obstacles that impede women to seek help. It seems that there are similar barrier in the field of research and intervention about violence that should be identified. Finally, advice is given on the impact produced by the interviews on the researchers' lives and we recommend that they adopt strategies in order to balance personal and professional life.

O objetivo de este trabalho é descrever a experiência de busca das participantes de uma pesquisa sobre violência de gênero no casal contra mulheres imigrantes latino-americanas. As dificuldades de acesso ao campo de pesquisa, as estratégias para conseguir a amostra e os aspectos éticos em estudos sobre violência são discutidos. Essas dificuldades encontradas no percurso metodológico podem refletir os obstáculos que impedem que as mulheres busquem apoio dos serviços sociais. Isso mostra que existem barreiras comuns na área de investigação e intervenção em violência de gênero que devem ser identificadas e eliminadas. Por último, chama-se atenção sobre o impacto das entrevistas sobre violência na vida dos(as) pesquisadores e sugere-se que eles(as) adotem estratégias para equilibrar a vida pessoal e profissional através de atividades em que possam descarregar a carga emocional gerada a partir do trabalho com violência.

Políticas e leis sobre violência de gênero - reflexões críticas / Policies and laws about gender violence - critical reflexions

Leis e políticas públicas dirigidas a assuntos relacionados à violência de gênero merecem reflexão no momento de aplicação e análise. Enquadradas em uma sociedade heterocentrista e patriarcal, sua aplicação não está isenta de dificuldades, armadilhas e lacunas. Este texto, tendo como base de análise a psicologia crítica, estudos de gênero pós-estruturalistas, teoria queer e criminologia crítica, pretende ser um convite a reflexão sobre como estas leis e políticas tem contribuído para construção e permanência de um estereótipo e antinomia homem-maltratador versus vítima-mulher. Para este fim, vemos necessária a ênfase aos processos desde onde os sujeitos produzem gênero. Nossa motivação é contribuir com ferramentas de análise que permitam abrir novas perspectivas para a intervenção jurídica e assistencial. Como reflexões conclusivas, ressaltamos a importância de liberar-se de um discurso dicotômico e linear, de estar atento a relações de poder e considerar diferenças e particularidades descentradas do normativo e de posicionamentos fixos heterocentrados.

Laws and public policies aimed at gender violence-related issues deserve to be reflected upon at the time of their application and analysis. In the context of a heterocentric and patriarcal society, their application is not free from difficulties, traps and lacunae. This text, grounded analytically on critical psychology, post-structuralist gender studies, queer theory, and critical criminology, intends to be an invitation to a reflection on how these laws and policies have contributed to building and maintaining a stereotype and antinomy of man-as-aggressor versus woman-as-victim. For such, it is necessary to focus on the processes whence the subjects produce gender. Our motivation is to contribute with analytical tools that enable opening new perspectives for legal and assistential intervention. As conclusions, we underline the importance of freedom from a linear, dichotomous discourse, of paying attention to power relations, and of taking into consideration normative-decentred differences and particularities, and from fixed heterocentred positions.

Percepción Social de la Violencia en la Pareja desde los Estereotipos de Género / Social Perception through Gender Stereotypes of Partner Violence

Resumen. El objetivo general de la investigación consiste en evaluar el grado de anclaje social de determinados estereotipos sobre género (hombre proveedor; mujer cuidadora) y sobre violencia de género(hombre violento, mujer pacífica) y se enmarca en el contexto de un debate sobre el alcance y los límites del enfoque de género a la hora de comprender y prevenir la violencia en las diversas modalidades de pareja. Participaron en la investigación 741 personas, dos tercios de las cuales mujeres, residentes en España, México, Puerto Rico y El Salvador. En cada país, se accedió a una muestra de conveniencia estratificada de acuerdo con criterios de género, generación, nivel de formación, situación ocupacional y orientación sexual. En sesiones individualizadas cuya duración osciló entre 35 y 60 minutos, las personas participantes respondieron primero un IAT ( Implicit Association Test) y luego un cuestionario con series de ítems cerrados y de preguntas abiertas. Una de sus secciones incluye 48 ítems referidos a “actividades” que la persona debe categorizar numéricamente en una escala de 1 a 7, con formato de diferencial semántico, en cuyos polos figuran “de hombre” y “de mujer”. En esta serie se entremezclan dos escalas de 24 ítems cada una de ellas: la de dureza y la de ternura. De la información obtenida se desprende que las muestras de todos los países organizan su percepción de la violencia en la pareja de acuerdo con los estereotipos de género. Hombres y mujeres coinciden en percibir como masculinos los atributos de la escala de dureza y(..) (AU)

Abstract. The overall goal of this research was to assess the degree of social attachment of certain stereotypes about gender (male provider; female caregiver) and violence (violent, peaceful woman) and is framed in the context of a debate about the extent and limits of a gender approach when it comes to understanding and preventing violence in different types of partner. 741 people were involved in the research, two thirds of them women, living in Spain, Mexico, Puerto Rico and El Salvador. In each country, they agreed to a stratified convenience sample according to criteria of gender, age, education level, occupational status and sexual orientation. In one session lasting between 35 and 60 minutes, the participants first answered an IAT (Implicit Association Test) and then a series of items in a questionnaire with closed and open ended questions. One section includes 48 items referring to “activities” that the person must categorize numerically on a scale of 1-7, with a semantic differential format, and whose poles are “male” and“ woman.” In this series two scales of 24 items each are mixed: hardness and tenderness. From the information obtained it is seen that samples from all countries organize their perception of partner violence according to gender stereotypes. Men and women both perceived attributes of the hardness scale to be masculine, and those of tenderness to be feminine, with these perceived differences in terms of gender role behaviors being even more enhanced and further polarized by the women. The socio-cultural anchor of the gender violence stereotype has theoretical and social implications in that it visualizes abuse from a man to a woman in the heterosexual couple and blurs that which occurs in other forms of partner. This raises topics which should be urgently addressed in the research agenda (AU)

Work, family, and gender: elements for a theory of work-family balance.

Over last century, work was not only a means of economic survival, but also a very strong factor of psychological structuring and of organization of personal, family, and everyday life. The new world of work provides new challenges to the balance of work and family life. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 453 people with the aim of analyzing the relation between variables such as family burdens and domestic responsibilities, and the appraisal of work and family, values involved in work-family balance. The results of this study show that, in the present economic and cultural context, assuming family burdens and domestic responsibilities increases the positive appraisal of work and family, both in men and women. This has theoretical and practical implications concerning the challenge of work-family balance.

Work, Family, and Gender: elements for a Theory of Work-Family Balance

Over last century, work was not only a means of economic survival, but also a very strong factor of psychological structuring and of organization of personal, family, and everyday life. The new world of work provides new challenges to the balance of work and family life. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 453 people with the aim of analyzing the relation between variables such as family burdens and domestic responsibilities, and the appraisal of work and family, values involved in work-family balance. The results of this study show that, in the present economic and cultural context, assuming family burdens and domestic responsibilities increases the positive appraisal of work and family, both in men and women. This has theoretical and practical implications concerning the challenge of work-family balance (AU)

A lo largo del último siglo, el trabajar ha funcionado no sólo como un medio de obtención de sustento material, sino también como un importante factor de estructuración psicológica y de organización de la vida personal, familiar y cotidiana. El nuevo entorno del trabajo plantea nuevos desafíos para la conciliación de la vida laboral y la familiar. Se aplicó un cuestionario a una muestra de 453 personas con el objetivo de analizar la relación de variables como las cargas familiares y las responsabilidades domésticas con la valoración del trabajo y de la familia, valores a su vez implicados en la conciliación de la vida laboral con la vida familiar. Los resultados del estudio muestran que, en el presente contexto económico y cultural, la asunción de cargas familiares y de responsabilidades domésticas aumenta al tiempo la valoración de la familia y del trabajo, tanto en hombres como en mujeres; lo cual tiene implicaciones teóricas y prácticas en lo que concierne al desafío de la conciliación trabajo-familia (AU)

El malestar en el empleo temporal involuntario / Malaise in involuntary temporary employment

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el papel de la voluntariedad de la situación ocupacional en el malestar psicológico en el empleo temporal. Se aplicó un cuestionario a una muestra de 463 personas incluidas en alguno de los siguientes cuatro tipos ideales de situación ocupacional: empleo estable,empleo temporal voluntario, empleo temporal involuntario y desempleo. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas entre todos los tipos laborales en la escala de bienestar laboral. De mayor a menor puntuación media en esta escala, el orden de los tipos es: empleo estable, empleo temporal voluntario, desempleo y empleo temporal involuntario. Las respuestas textuales a las preguntas abiertas ponen de manifiesto un alto malestar en el estatus de empleo temporal involuntario, atribuido a la situación ocupacional presente y a la incertidumbre e inseguridad que genera el propio futuro laboral percibido (AU)

The aim of this study was to analyze the occupational situation voluntary on the psychological malaise in temporary employment. A questionnaire was applied to a sample of 463 individuals included in one of the following four ideal types of occupational situation: stable employment, voluntary temporary employment, involuntary temporary employment, and unemployment. Results showed significant different among all occupational types in a scale of labor wellbeing. From higher to lower score in this scale, the ranking of the types is: stable employment, voluntary temporary employment, unemployment, and involuntary temporary employment. The responses to the open questions showed a high malaise in individuals in the condition of involuntary temporary employment, which is attributed to the current occupational situation and to the uncertainty and insecurity generated by the perceived labor future (AU)

Violencia ocupacional: El caso de los profesionales sanitarios / No disponible

La violencia ocupacional es un fenómeno emergente y global en el ámbito de los riesgos laborales que afecta a todas las profesiones -y muy especialmente al sector sanitario- y cuya prevención exige una información empírica válida, fiable, situada y permanentemente actualizada. Hasta el presente, esta información se obtiene básicamente de encuestas de autoinforme, con bajos porcentajes de respuesta y notables problemas metodológicos de validez, por los diversos sesgos que conlleva. Este artículo expone el diseño y los resultados de la implementación en diversos centros sanitarios de Catalunya de la Web www.violenciaocupacional.net, un sistema informatizado de Notificación on-line de Incidentes Violentos (NIV), describe la tipología y la prevalencia de esta violencia en el colectivo investigado, identifica los principales factores de riesgo de la misma y compara los datos obtenidos con los de otras investigaciones de referencia. El Cuestionario de Violencia Ocupacional incluido en esta Web permite un registro integrado de características y circunstancias de incidentes violentos contra profesionales de la salud en tiempo real y de modo confidencial. Una sola persona notifica on-line los incidentes de cada centro. Pertenece a los departamentos de Recursos Humanos o de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales y ha sido especialmente designada para ello por su propia institución, que participa voluntariamente en el proyecto. Los resultados muestran que entre el 01-01-2005 y el 31-12-07, desde los 38 centros participantes, en los que trabajan unas 18.500 personas, han sido notificados 846 incidentes violentos. En el 36 % de los casos se da cuenta de agresión física y en el 80 % de la de tipo verbal (que a menudo acompaña a la anterior). Los incidentes afectan a personal de enfermería (48%), médico (32%), técnico y administrativo (13%) y de otros sectores (7%). Como base de datos epidemiológicos permanentemente actualizada en tiempo real y desde el escenario natural de los incidentes, el sistema NIV constituye una herramienta novedosa de recogida de información sobre la violencia ocupacional en el sector sanitario. Los resultados de su aplicación confirman la importancia del problema en la sanidad catalana, ratifican tendencias observadas por otros estudios locales e internacionales y señalan algunas variables clave para el desarrollo de políticas preventivas en este campo

Workplace violence is a global emergent issue on the labour risks affecting all professions –and very specially the health sector-. Its prevention requires valid, reliable, situated and permanently actualized information. Till now, this information is obtained mainly from self-report inquiries, with low response rates and a lot of validity methodological problems because its biases. This article show the design and the results of the implementation on some sanitarian centres of Catalonia of the www.violenciaocupacional.net website, a computerized system of on-line Notification of Violent Incidents (NIV), describes the typology and prevalence of this violence in the investigated collective, identifies its main risk factors, and compares the collected results with data obtained from other relevant research. The Occupational Violence Questionnaire included in this Website permits an integrated register of de characteristics y circumstances of violent incident against health care workers on real time and with confidentiality. One person notifies on-line the incidents of every centre. This person belongs to Human Resources or Labour Risk Prevention departments and was specially designed to this function by its own institutions, who voluntarily participate in the project. From period including from 01-01-2005 to 31-12-07, from 38 participant centers, on who work near to 18.500 people, 846 violent incidents were notified. Physical aggression is accounted on 36% of the cases and verbal aggression (who sometimes joints it) on 80% of them. Incidents affect to nursing (48%), medical (32%), technical and administration (13%), and other (7%) personnel. As a permanently actualized epidemiological data base on real time and from the same natural setting of the incidents, the NIV system is a new tool of collecting information about the workplace violence in the health sector. The results of its application confirm the importance of the problem in the Catalan health sector and the tendencies in the matter observed from other local and international studies, and identify some key variables for developing preventive politics on this field