ABSTRACT
Infants necessitate vaccinations to prevent life-threatening infections. Our understanding of the infant immune responses to routine vaccines remains limited. We analyzed two cohorts of 2-month-old infants before vaccination, one week, and one-month post-vaccination. We report remarkable heterogeneity but limited antibody responses to the different antigens. Whole-blood transcriptome analysis in an initial cohort showed marked overexpression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and to a lesser extent of inflammation-genes at day 7, which normalized one month post-vaccination. Single-cell RNA sequencing in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a second cohort identified at baseline a predominantly naive immune landscape including ISGhi cells. On day 7, increased expression of interferon-, inflammation-, and cytotoxicity-related genes were observed in most immune cells, that reverted one month post-vaccination, when a CD8+ ISGhi and cytotoxic cluster and B cells expanded. Antibody responses were associated with baseline frequencies of plasma cells, B-cells, and monocytes, and induction of ISGs at day 7.
Subject(s)
Interferons , Leukocytes, Mononuclear , Humans , Infant , Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism , Interferons/metabolism , Vaccination , Gene Expression Profiling , Inflammation/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Enterovirus-D68 (EV-D68) has appeared biennially in the United States following the 2014 outbreak. It has gained epidemiologic and clinical relevance and was identified as an important pathogen associated with severe respiratory and central nervous system diseases. We aim to describe the clinical and molecular characteristics of the post-pandemic 2022 Enterovirus-D68 outbreak in children evaluated in a tertiary pediatric hospital in Columbus, Ohio. METHODS: EV-D68 RT-PCR was performed on nasopharyngeal specimens collected during Jun-Nov 2022 from children (<18 years), identified by 1) physician-order or 2) random selection of 10-15 specimens weekly that were Rhinovirus/Enterovirus-positive by physician-ordered respiratory virus panel. Patients who tested positive for EV-D68 were identified and clinical data and outcomes were analyzed. Partial viral VP1 region was sequenced and characterized. RESULTS: Forty-four children positive for EV-D68 were identified, among which 88.6 % of patients presented with respiratory symptoms and 61.4 % required PICU admission. Two patients presented with AFM that was attributed to EV-D68. EV-D68 sequences from 2022 clustered within the B3 subclade. CONCLUSIONS: A significant proportion of children identified with EV-D68 during the 2022 outbreak had respiratory compromise requiring PICU admission. As the virus continues evolving, it is important to monitor the activity of EV-D68, characterizing these strains clinically and genetically, which will help to understand the viral pathogenicity and virulence.
Subject(s)
Enterovirus D, Human , Enterovirus Infections , Respiratory Tract Infections , Child , Humans , United States/epidemiology , Ohio/epidemiology , Child, Hospitalized , Enterovirus D, Human/genetics , Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology , Disease OutbreaksABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a short-term protocol using subcutaneous sensitization with ovalbumin, without the use of adjuvants, would induce an eosinophilic response in the lungs of mice similar to that observed in previous, well-established protocols. METHODS: Adult female BALB/c mice were randomized and divided into groups according to the number of sensitizations with ovalbumin and the number/dosage of intranasal ovalbumin challenges. The short-term protocol (10 days) consisted of one sensitization with ovalbumin and three ovalbumin challenges (100 µg). Total and differential cell counts in BAL fluid, levels of eosinophil peroxidase in lung tissue, and histopathological examination of the lungs were performed 24 h after the last ovalbumin challenge. RESULTS: No significant differences were found among the groups regarding the variables studied. The short-term protocol, as well as the other protocols studied, induced an eosinophilic response similar to that obtained in the positive control. CONCLUSIONS: Subcutaneous sensitization with ovalbumin and without the use of adjuvants resulted in a significant allergic response in the lungs of mice, even in the short-term protocol group. Our findings suggest that this short-term protocol can be used as a first-line pre-clinical test for the study of new medications, reducing the costs and observation periods.
Subject(s)
Asthma/pathology , Bronchial Hyperreactivity/pathology , Eosinophil Peroxidase/metabolism , Lung/pathology , Ovalbumin , Pulmonary Eosinophilia/immunology , Acute Disease , Animals , Asthma/enzymology , Bronchial Hyperreactivity/enzymology , Bronchial Provocation Tests , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Lung/enzymology , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Pulmonary Eosinophilia/pathology , Random AllocationABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Determinar se um protocolo curto de sensibilização com ovalbumina subcutânea, sem adjuvante, induziria uma resposta pulmonar eosinofílica em pulmões de camundongos similar àquela encontrada em protocolos previamente estabelecidos. MÉTODOS: Fêmeas adultas de camundongos BALB/c foram randomizadas e divididas em grupos de acordo com o número de sensibilizações com ovalbumina e o número/dosagem de provocação intranasal. O protocolo curto (10 dias) consistiu de uma sensibilização e três provocações com ovalbumina (100 µg). A contagem total e diferencial de células no lavado broncoalveolar, o nível de peroxidase eosinofílica no tecido pulmonar e o exame histopatológico dos pulmões foram realizados 24 h após a última provocação. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos em relação às variáveis estudadas. O protocolo curto, assim como os outros protocolos estudados, induziu uma resposta eosinofílica pulmonar semelhante àquela do grupo controle positivo. CONCLUSÕES: A sensibilização por ovalbumina subcutânea sem o uso de adjuvante resultou em uma significativa resposta pulmonar alérgica em ratos, mesmo no grupo de protocolo curto. Nossos achados sugerem que esse protocolo curto pode ser utilizado como teste pré-clínico de primeira linha para a pesquisa de novos fármacos, reduzindo custos e o tempo de observação.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a short-term protocol using subcutaneous sensitization with ovalbumin, without the use of adjuvants, would induce an eosinophilic response in the lungs of mice similar to that observed in previous, well-established protocols. METHODS: Adult female BALB/c mice were randomized and divided into groups according to the number of sensitizations with ovalbumin and the number/dosage of intranasal ovalbumin challenges. The short-term protocol (10 days) consisted of one sensitization with ovalbumin and three ovalbumin challenges (100 µg). Total and differential cell counts in BAL fluid, levels of eosinophil peroxidase in lung tissue, and histopathological examination of the lungs were performed 24 h after the last ovalbumin challenge. RESULTS: No significant differences were found among the groups regarding the variables studied. The short-term protocol, as well as the other protocols studied, induced an eosinophilic response similar to that obtained in the positive control. CONCLUSIONS: Subcutaneous sensitization with ovalbumin and without the use of adjuvants resulted in a significant allergic response in the lungs of mice, even in the short-term protocol group. Our findings suggest that this short-term protocol can be used as a first-line pre-clinical test for the study of new medications, reducing the costs and observation periods.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Mice , Asthma/pathology , Bronchial Hyperreactivity/pathology , Eosinophil Peroxidase/metabolism , Lung/pathology , Ovalbumin , Pulmonary Eosinophilia/immunology , Acute Disease , Asthma/enzymology , Bronchial Provocation Tests , Bronchial Hyperreactivity/enzymology , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology , Disease Models, Animal , Lung/enzymology , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Pulmonary Eosinophilia/pathology , Random AllocationABSTRACT
Objetivos: Testar alternativas de protocolos com modelos animais de asma aguda e crônica que apresentem características mais próximas da doença em humanos, utilizando ovalbumina livre de adjuvante.Métodos: Foram utilizadas fêmeas adultas de camundongos BALB/c, divididas em grupos de acordo com as sensibilizações com ovalbumina. O modelo agudo utilizou duas doses de ovalbumina subcutânea, sem adjuvante, com intervalo de sete dias, com posterior desafio intranasal durante três dias, comparado ao protocolo padrão que utiliza três doses de ovalbumina intraperitoneal, no período de sensibilização. O modelo crônico também utilizou ovalbumina subcutânea livre de adjuvante para sensibilização, com intervalo de 14 dias e posterior desafio intranasal, três vezes por semana, durante oito semanas. Contagem total e diferencial de células no lavado broncoalveolar e análise histológica dos pulmões foram realizadas 24 horas após o último desafio com ovalbumina.Resultados: Nos dois modelos estudados, agudo e crônico, observou-se uma resposta eosinofílica pulmonar semelhante entre os grupos. A contagem de células e a análise histológica do tecido pulmonar não apresentaram diferença significativa entre os grupos estudados.Conclusões: O uso de sensibilização subcutânea em modelo murino com ovalbumina, sem adjuvante (alum), resulta em significativa resposta inflamatória pulmonar alérgica, com predomínio de eosinófilos, podendo ser uma opção futura para experimentos mais próximos ao modelo humano, tanto na fase aguda, como na fase crônica da doença.
Aims: To test alternative protocols using animal models of acute and chronic asthma, with features closer to human disease, using ovalbumin without adjuvant. Methods: Adult female BALB/c mice were used and divided into groups according to sensitization with ovalbumin. The acute model used two doses of ovalbumin subcutaneously without adjuvant, on days 0 and 7, and after intranasal challenge for consecutives three days, compared with a standard protocol using three doses of ovalbumin for sensitization. The chronic model also used ovalbumin subcutaneously for sensitization, adjuvant-free, on days 0 and 14, and after intranasal challenge, for eight consecutive weeks. Total and differential cell counts from bronchoalveolar lavage and histopathology of the lungs were performed 24 hours after the last ovalbumin challenge. Results: In both models of protocols studied, acute and chronic, we have observed similar allergic pulmonary response between the groups. Cell counts and histological analysis of lung tissue showed no significant difference between groups. Conclusions: Use of sensitization in murine model with ovalbumin subcutaneously, with no adjuvant (alum), resulted in an expected allergic pulmonary response, with predominant eosinophils. These protocols may be a future option to animal models of asthma closer to the human disease, both in the acute and chronic patterns.
Subject(s)
Mice , Models, Animal , Asthma , Hypersensitivity , OvalbuminABSTRACT
Revisão sobre o refluxo laringofaríngeo, abrangendo sua relação com o refluxo gastroesofágico, suas manifestações clínicas, diagnóstico e tratamento.
Subject(s)
Esophageal Motility Disorders , Gastroesophageal RefluxABSTRACT
A otite externa maligna é uma forma rara de infecção necrotizante do meato auditivo externo, cujo diagnostico e tratamento continua sendo um desafio. Neste artigo serão detalhadas as características clínicas e os métodos diagnósticos e terapêuticos atualmente disponíveis para esta doença.
