[Network Meta-analysis of Chinese patent medicines combined with antibiotics in treatment of pelvic inflammatory diseases].

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of different Chinese patent medicines in the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease(PID) using network Meta-analysis. The databases of CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, SinoMed, PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMbase, and Web of Science were searched, and from the time of database construction to July 16, 2023, the randomized controlled trial(RCT) of Chinese patent medicines combined with antibiotics in the treatment of PID included in these databases was collected. The quality of the included literature was evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias tool, and data was analyzed using RevMan 5.4 and Stata 16 software. Forty-six RCTs were finally included, including Kangfu Xiaoyan Suppositories, Fuke Qianjin Tablets/Capsules, Kangfuyan Capsules, Fuyanxiao Capsules, Huahong Tablets/Capsules, Fuyanshu Capsules, Fuyue Tablets, Jingangteng Capsules, and Fuyan Kangfu Capsules. Network Meta-analysis showed that,(1) in terms of clinical effective rate, the optimal intervention was Kangfu Xiaoyan Suppositories combined with antibiotics.(2) In terms of lowering hypersensitive C-reactive protein(hs-CRP), the optimal intervention was Huahong Tablets/Capsules combined with antibiotics.(3) In terms of lowering tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), the optimal intervention was Fuyue Tablets combined with antibiotics.(4) In terms of lowering recurrence rate, the optimal intervention was Fuyanshu Capsules combined with antibiotics.(5) In terms of safety, the intervention with the least adverse reactions was Kangfuyan Capsules combined with antibiotics. The results show that Chinese patent medicines combined with antibiotics in the treatment of PID can improve the comprehensive efficacy, reduce the patient's hs-CRP and TNF-α, and have a low recurrence rate, as well as safe and reliable efficacy. In clinical treatment, Kangfu Xiaoyan Suppositories or Kangfuyan Capsules combined with antibiotics can be preferred. Due to the limitations of the sample size and the quality of the literature, more large-sample and high-quality studies are needed to validate the conclusions.

Enantioselective Synthesis of Planar-Chiral Sulfur-Containing Cyclophanes by Chiral Sulfide Catalyzed Electrophilic Sulfenylation of Arenes.

An efficient catalytic asymmetric electrophilic sulfenylation reaction for the synthesis of planar-chiral sulfur-containing cyclophanes has been developed for the first time. This was achieved by using a new Lewis base catalyst and a new ortho-trifluoromethyl-substituted sulfenylating reagent. Using the substrates with low rotational energy barrier, the transformation proceeded through a dynamic kinetic resolution, and the high rotational energy barrier of the substrates allowed the reaction to undergo a kinetic resolution process. Meanwhile, this transformation was compatible with a desymmetrization process when the symmetric substrates were used. Various planar-chiral sulfur-containing cyclophanes were readily obtained in moderate to excellent yields with moderate to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 97 % yield and 95 % ee). This approach was used to synthesize pharmaceutically relevant planar-chiral sulfur-containing molecules. Density functional theory calculations showed that π-π interactions between the sulfenyl group and the aromatic ring in the substrate play a crucial role in enantioinduction in this sulfenylation reaction.

[Mechanism of Mongolian drug Naru-3 in initiation of neuroinflammation of neuropathic pain from MMP9/IL-1ß signaling pathway].

Neuropathic pain(NP) has similar phenotypes but different sequential neuroinflammatory mechanisms in the pathological process. It is of great significance to inhibit the initiation of neuroinflammation, which has become a new direction of NP treatment and drug development in recent years. Mongolian drug Naru-3 is clinically effective in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia, sciatica, and other NPs in a short time, but its pharmacodynamic characteristics and mechanism of analgesia are still unclear. In this study, a spinal nerve ligation(SNL) model simulating clinical peripheral nerve injury was established and the efficacy and mechanism of Naru-3 in the treatment of NPs was discussed by means of behavioral detection, side effect evaluation, network analysis, and experimental verification. Pharmacodynamic results showed that Naru-3 increased the basic pain sensitivity threshold(mechanical hyperalgesia and thermal radiation hyperalgesia) in the initiation of SNL in animals and relieved spontaneous pain, however, there was no significant effect on the basic pain sensitivity threshold and motor coordination function of normal animals under physiological and pathological conditions. Meanwhile, the results of primary screening of target tissues showed that Naru-3 inhibited the second phase of injury-induced nociceptive response of formalin test in mice and reduced the expression of inflammatory factors in the spinal cord. Network analysis discovered that Naru-3 had synergy in the treatment of NP, and its mechanism was associated with core targets such as matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP9) and interleukin-1ß(IL-1ß). The experiment further took the dorsal root ganglion(DRG) and the stage of patho-logical spinal cord as the research objects, focusing on the core targets of inducing microglial neuroinflammation. By means of Western blot, immunofluorescence, agonists, antagonists, behavior, etc., the mechanism of Naru-3 in exerting NP analgesia may be related to the negative regulation of the MMP9/IL-1ß signaling pathway-mediated microglia p38/IL-1ß inflammatory loop in the activation phase. The relevant research enriches the biological connotation of Naru-3 in the treatment of NP and provides references for clinical rational drug use.

Novel practical stereoselective synthesis of a bicyclic hydantoino-thiolactone as the key intermediate for production of (+)-biotin.

Bicyclic hydantoinothiolactone (1), as the key intermediate for production of (+)-biotin, has been efficiently and high-stereoselectively synthesized from the cheap starting material l-cystine via nine steps in 44% overall yield. In this new practical synthesis, there are two characteristic steps worthy of note. One step is TMSOTf-catalyzed efficient cyanation of (3S,7aR)-6-benzyl-5-oxo-3-phenyltetrahydro-1H,3H-imidazo[1,5-c]thiazol-7-yl acetate, the other step is DBU-catalyzed rapid isomerization of trans-isomer to cis-isomer of the bicyclic hydantoinothiolactone.

A dendrite-free and anticaustic Zn anode enabled by high current-induced reconstruction of the electrical double layer.

Aqueous Zn-based batteries deliver thousands of cycles at high rates but poor recyclability at low rates. Herein, we reveal that this illogical phenomenon is attributed to the reconstructed electrode/electrolyte interface at high rates, wherein the condensed electrical double layer (EDL) and the tightly absorbed Zn2+ ions on the Zn electrode surface afford compact and corrosion-resistant Zn deposits.

High-Energy and Long-Lived Zn-MnO2 Battery Enabled by a Hydrophobic-Ion-Conducting Membrane.

Alkaline Zn-MnO2 batteries feature high security, low cost, and environmental friendliness while suffering from severe electrochemical irreversibility for both the Zn anode and MnO2 cathode. Although neutral electrolytes are supposed to improve the reversibility of the Zn anode, the MnO2 cathode indeed experiences a capacity degradation caused by the Jahn-Teller effect of the Mn3+ ion, thus shortening the lifespan of the neutral Zn-MnO2 batteries. Theoretically, the MnO2 cathode undergoes a highly reversible two-electron redox reaction of the MnO2/Mn2+ couple in strongly acidic electrolytes. However, acidic electrolytes would inevitably accelerate the corrosion of the Zn anode, making long-lived acidic Zn-MnO2 batteries impossible. Herein, to overcome the challenges faced by Zn-MnO2 batteries, we propose a hybrid Zn-MnO2 battery (HZMB) by coupling the neutral Zn anode with the acidic MnO2 cathode, wherein the neutral anode and acidic cathode are separated by a proton-shuttle-shielding and hydrophobic-ion-conducting membrane. Benefiting from the optimized reaction conditions for both the MnO2 cathode and Zn anode as well as the well-designed membrane, the HZMB exhibits a high working voltage of 2.05 V and a long lifespan of 2275 h (2000 cycles), breaking through the limitations of Zn-MnO2 batteries in terms of voltage and cycle life.

Cooling-activated dorsomedial hypothalamic BDNF neurons control cold defense in mice.

BDNF and its expressing neurons in the brain critically control feeding and energy expenditure (EE) in both rodents and humans. However, whether BDNF neurons would function in thermoregulation during temperature challenges is unclear. Here, we show that BDNF neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMHBDNF ) of mice are activated by afferent cooling signals. These cooling-activated BDNF neurons are mainly GABAergic. Activation of DMHBDNF neurons or the GABAergic subpopulations is sufficient to increase body temperature, EE, and physical activity. Conversely, blocking DMHBDNF neurons substantially impairs cold defense and reduces energy expenditure, physical activity, and UCP1 expression in BAT, which eventually results in bodyweight gain and glucose/insulin intolerance. Therefore, we identify a subset of DMHBDNF neurons as a novel type of cooling-activated neurons to promote cold defense. Thus, we reveal a critical role of BDNF circuitry in thermoregulation, which deepens our understanding of BDNF in controlling energy homeostasis and obesity.

Chiral Lewis Base Catalyzed Enantioselective Selenocyclization of 1,1-Disubstituted Alkenes: Asymmetric Synthesis of Selenium-Containing 4H-3,1-Benzoxazines.

An enantioselective selenocyclization of 1,1-disubstituted alkenes was achieved for the first time, which is enabled by a novel combination of a chiral BINAM-derived sulfide and an achiral Lewis acid. Various selenium-containing 4H-3,1-benzoxazines, which are widely present in a range of medicinally relevant molecules, were readily obtained in moderate to good yields and good to excellent enantioselectivities. A series of tetrasubstituted carbon stereocenters were facilely constructed.

Chiral Selenide/Achiral Sulfonic Acid Cocatalyzed Atroposelective Sulfenylation of Biaryl Phenols via a Desymmetrization/Kinetic Resolution Sequence.

Enantioselective synthesis of axially chiral sulfur-containing biaryl derivatives through the electrophilic sulfenylation of biaryl phenols has been achieved for the first time. This catalytic asymmetric system, which involves sequential desymmetrization and kinetic resolution, is enabled by a combination of a novel 3,3'-disubstituted BINOL-derived selenide catalyst and an achiral sulfonic acid. Control experiments and computational studies suggest that multiple noncovalent interactions between the cocatalysts and substrate, especially a network of hydrogen bond interactions, play a crucial role in determining the enantioselectivity and reactivity.

Interrogation of the microenvironmental landscape in spinal ependymomas reveals dual functions of tumor-associated macrophages.

Spinal ependymomas are the most common spinal cord tumors in adults, but their intratumoral cellular heterogeneity has been less studied, and how spinal microglia are involved in tumor progression is still unknown. Here, our single-cell RNA-sequencing analyses of three spinal ependymoma subtypes dissect the microenvironmental landscape of spinal ependymomas and reveal tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) subsets with distinct functional phenotypes. CCL2+ TAMs are related to the immune response and exhibit a high capacity for apoptosis, while CD44+ TAMs are associated with tumor angiogenesis. By combining these results with those of single-cell ATAC-sequencing data analysis, we reveal that TEAD1 and EGR3 play roles in regulating the functional diversity of TAMs. We further identify diverse characteristics of both malignant cells and TAMs that might underlie the different malignant degrees of each subtype. Finally, assessment of cell-cell interactions reveal that stromal cells act as extracellular factors that mediate TAM diversity. Overall, our results reveal dual functions of TAMs in tumor progression, providing valuable insights for TAM-targeting immunotherapy.

Why cannot long-term cascade be predicted? Exploring temporal dynamics in information diffusion processes.

Predicting information cascade plays a crucial role in various applications such as advertising campaigns, emergency management and infodemic controlling. However, predicting the scale of an information cascade in the long-term could be difficult. In this study, we take Weibo, a Twitter-like online social platform, as an example, exhaustively extract predictive features from the data, and use a conventional machine learning algorithm to predict the information cascade scales. Specifically, we compare the predictive power (and the loss of it) of different categories of features in short-term and long-term prediction tasks. Among the features that describe the user following network, retweeting network, tweet content and early diffusion dynamics, we find that early diffusion dynamics are the most predictive ones in short-term prediction tasks but lose most of their predictive power in long-term tasks. In-depth analyses reveal two possible causes of such failure: the bursty nature of information diffusion and feature temporal drift over time. Our findings further enhance the comprehension of the information diffusion process and may assist in the control of such a process.

Spinal Cord Diffuse Midline Gliomas With H3 K27m-Mutant: Clinicopathological Features and Prognosis.

BACKGROUND: "Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27M-mutant" (DMG) mainly arises within the pontine, thalamic, and spinal cord regions. Because of the rarity of spinal cord gliomas, the general knowledge surrounding DMGs is mainly based on pontine and thalamic gliomas, whereas tumor location tends to influence the clinicopathological features and prognosis. OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinicopathological characteristics and molecular profiles of DMGs located in the spinal cord. METHODS: The clinical and molecular pathologic features and prognosis were comprehensively analyzed in a series of 44 patients with spinal cord DMGs. RESULTS: The median age was 36 yr, and 88.7% of patients (39/44) were adults (≥18 yr). Histopathologically, malignant grades included grade II (16 cases), grade III (20 cases), and grade IV (8 cases). Compared with patients with histological grade IV, patients with lower histological grade (grade II/III) were older (37 vs 24 yr, P = .020) and were associated with longer overall survival (24.1 vs 8.6 mo, P = .007). All 30 tested tumors were isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wild type, and 96% of cases (22/23) presented with unmethylated O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that histological grade and presurgery McCormick Scale scores were independent prognostic factors for overall survival, whereas extensive surgical resection and chemoradiotherapy were not significantly associated with improved survival. The most frequent anatomic locations were the cervical enlargement (C4-T1, n = 16) and conus medullaris (T12-L1, n = 13), which exhibited distinctive clinical characteristics and molecular features. CONCLUSION: The findings provide guidelines for the evidence-based practice of the specialized management of spinal cord DMGs.

D-Limonene Is a Potential Monoterpene to Inhibit PI3K/Akt/IKK-α/NF-κB p65 Signaling Pathway in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pulmonary Fibrosis.

At the time of the prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), pulmonary fibrosis (PF) related to COVID-19 has become the main sequela. However, the mechanism of PF related to COVID (COVID-PF) is unknown. This study aimed to explore the key targets in the development of COVID-PF and the mechanism of d-limonene in the COVID-PF treatment. The differentially expressed genes of COVID-PF were downloaded from the GeneCards database, and their pathways were analyzed. d-Limonene was molecularly docked with related proteins to screen its pharmacological targets, and a rat lung fibrosis model was established to verify d-limonene's effect on COVID-PF-related targets. The results showed that the imbalance between collagen breakdown and metabolism, inflammatory response, and angiogenesis are the core processes of COVID-PF; and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways are the key targets of the treatment of COVID-PF. The ability of d-limonene to protect against PF induced by bleomycin in rats was reported. The mechanism is related to the binding of PI3K and NF-κB p65, and the inhibition of PI3K/Akt/IKK-α/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway expression and phosphorylation. These results confirmed the relationship between the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and COVID-PF, showing that d-limonene has a potential therapeutic value for COVID-PF.

Clinicopathological characteristics and survival of spinal cord astrocytomas.

BACKGROUND: Due to their rarity, the clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic factors of spinal cord gliomas are still unclear. Here, we aimed to clarify these issues in a cohort of 108 spinal cord astrocytomas. METHODS: We characterized the clinicopathological characteristics, including 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) grade, age, sex, location, segment length, resection, pre- and postsurgery, Modified McCormick Scale (MMS), radio- and chemotherapy, and Ki-67 and H3 K27M mutations, in 108 spinal cord astrocytomas through heatmaps. The Cox regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier curves were used to study the prognostic value of these clinicopathological features. RESULTS: There are a total 38 H3 K27M-mutant tumors, including 31 cases with histological grade II/III tumors. The age of low-grade astrocytoma patients (WHO grade I/II, n = 54) was significantly younger (27.0 vs 35.5 years, P = .001) than those with high-grade tumors (WHO grade III/IV, n = 54). All patients underwent surgical resection with neurophysiological monitoring, and the surgery did not result in significant changes in MMS. The presurgery MMS was associated with overall survival in the high-grade subgroup (P = .008) but not in the low-grade subgroup (P = .312). While, the high content of resection improved the survival of only patients with low-grade astrocytomas (P = .016) but not those with high-grade astrocytomas (P = .475). Both the low-grade and high-grade astrocytomas had no obvious benefit from neither adjuvant chemotherapy nor radiotherapy (all P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: We characterized the clinicopathological characteristics and their prognostic values in 108 spinal cord astrocytomas, which could help with evidence-based management of spinal cord astrocytomas.

Catalpol Protects Against Pulmonary Fibrosis Through Inhibiting TGF-ß1/Smad3 and Wnt/ß-Catenin Signaling Pathways.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal lung disease characterized by fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix remodeling; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying its occurrence and development are not yet fully understood. Despite it having a variety of beneficial pharmacological activities, the effects of catalpol (CAT), which is extracted from Rehmannia glutinosa, in IPF are not known. In this study, the differentially expressed genes, proteins, and pathways of IPF in the Gene Expression Omnibus database were analyzed, and CAT was molecularly docked with the corresponding key proteins to screen its pharmacological targets, which were then verified using an animal model. The results show that collagen metabolism imbalance, inflammatory response, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are the core processes in IPF, and the TGF-ß1/Smad3 and Wnt/ß-catenin pathways are the key signaling pathways for the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Our results also suggest that CAT binds to TGF-ßR1, Smad3, Wnt3a, and GSK-3ß through hydrogen bonds, van der Waals bonds, and other interactions to downregulate the expression and phosphorylation of Smad3, Wnt3a, GSK-3ß, and ß-catenin, inhibit the expression of cytokines, and reduce the degree of oxidative stress in lung tissue. Furthermore, CAT can inhibit the EMT process and collagen remodeling by downregulating fibrotic biomarkers and promoting the expression of epithelial cadherin. This study elucidates several key processes and signaling pathways involved in the development of IPF, and suggests the potential value of CAT in the treatment of IPF.

A Glycine max sodium/hydrogen exchanger enhances salt tolerance through maintaining higher Na+ efflux rate and K+/Na+ ratio in Arabidopsis.

BACKGROUND: Soybean (Glycine max (L.)) is one the most important oil-yielding cash crops. However, the soybean production has been seriously restricted by salinization. It is therefore crucial to identify salt tolerance-related genes and reveal molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance in soybean crops. A better understanding of how plants resist salt stress provides insights in improving existing soybean varieties as well as cultivating novel salt tolerant varieties. In this study, the biological function of GmNHX1, a NHX-like gene, and the molecular basis underlying GmNHX1-mediated salt stress resistance have been revealed. RESULTS: We found that the transcription level of GmNHX1 was up-regulated under salt stress condition in soybean, reaching its peak at 24 h after salt treatment. By employing the virus-induced gene silencing technique (VIGS), we also found that soybean plants became more susceptible to salt stress after silencing GmNHX1 than wild-type and more silenced plants wilted than wild-type under salt treatment. Furthermore, Arabidopsis thaliana expressing GmNHX1 grew taller and generated more rosette leaves under salt stress condition compared to wild-type. Exogenous expression of GmNHX1 resulted in an increase of Na+ transportation to leaves along with a reduction of Na+ absorption in roots, and the consequent maintenance of a high K+/Na+ ratio under salt stress condition. GmNHX1-GFP-transformed onion bulb endothelium cells showed fluorescent pattern in which GFP fluorescence signals enriched in vacuolar membranes. Using the non-invasive micro-test technique (NMT), we found that the Na+ efflux rate of both wild-type and transformed plants after salt treatment were significantly higher than that of before salt treatment. Additionally, the Na+ efflux rate of transformed plants after salt treatment were significantly higher than that of wild-type. Meanwhile, the transcription levels of three osmotic stress-related genes, SKOR, SOS1 and AKT1 were all up-regulated in GmNHX1-expressing plants under salt stress condition. CONCLUSION: Vacuolar membrane-localized GmNHX1 enhances plant salt tolerance through maintaining a high K+/Na+ ratio along with inducing the expression of SKOR, SOS1 and AKT1. Our findings provide molecular insights on the roles of GmNHX1 and similar sodium/hydrogen exchangers in regulating salt tolerance.

Network embedding for link prediction: The pitfall and improvement.

Link prediction plays a significant role in various applications of complex networks. The existing link prediction methods can be divided into two categories: structural similarity algorithms in network domain and network embedding algorithms in the field of machine learning. However, few researchers focus on comparing these two categories of algorithms and exploring the intrinsic relationship between them. In this study, we systematically compare the two categories of algorithms and study the shortcomings of network embedding algorithms. The results indicate that network embedding algorithms have poor performance in short-path networks. Then, we explain the reasons for this phenomenon by computing the Euclidean distance distribution of node pairs after a given network has been embedded into a vector space. In the vector space of a short-path network, the distance distribution of existent and nonexistent links are often less distinguishable, which can sharply reduce the algorithmic performance. In contrast, structural similarity algorithms, which are not restricted by the distance function, can represent node similarity accurately in short-path networks. To address the above pitfall of network embedding, we propose a novel method for link prediction aiming to supplement network embedding algorithms with local structural information. The experimental results suggest that our proposed algorithm has significant performance improvement in many empirical networks, especially in short-path networks. AUC and Precision can be improved by 36.7%-94.4% and 53.2%-207.2%, respectively.

Lewis Base/Brønsted Acid Co-catalyzed Enantioselective Sulfenylation/Semipinacol Rearrangement of Di- and Trisubstituted Allylic Alcohols.

An enantioselective sulfenylation/semipinacol rearrangement of 1,1-disubstituted and trisubstituted allylic alcohols was accomplished with a chiral Lewis base and a chiral Brønsted acid as cocatalysts, generating various ß-arylthio ketones bearing an all-carbon quaternary center in moderate to excellent yields and excellent enantioselectivities. These chiral arylthio ketone products are common intermediates with many applications, for example, in the design of new chiral catalysts/ligands and the total synthesis of natural products. Computational studies (DFT calculations) were carried out to explain the enantioselectivity and the role of the chiral Brønsted acid. Additionally, the synthetic utility of this method was exemplified by an enantioselective total synthesis of (-)-herbertene and a one-pot synthesis of a chiral sulfoxide and sulfone.

PRMT2ß, a C-terminal splice variant of PRMT2, inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells.

Our previous study reported several alternative splicing variants of arginine N-methyltransferase 2 (PRMT2), which lose different exons in the C-terminals of the wild-type PRMT2 gene. Particularly, due to frame-shifting, PRMT2ß encodes a novel amino acid sequence at the C-terminus of the protein, the function of which is not understood. In the present study, we determined the role of PRMT2ß in breast cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis and its effect on the Akt signaling pathway. Stable breast cancer MCF7 cell line with lentivirus-mediated PRMT2ß overexpression was obtained after selection by puromycin for 2 weeks. The effect of lentivirus-mediated PRMT2ß overexpression on breast cancer cellular oncogenic properties was evaluated by MTT, colony formation, cell cycle analysis and apoptosis assays in MCF7 cells. Luciferase activity assay and western blot analysis were performed to characterize the effects of PRMT2ß on cyclin D1 promoter activities and the Akt signaling pathway. Tissue microarray was performed to investigate the association of PRMT2ß with breast cancer progression. Lentivirus-mediated PRMT2ß overexpression suppressed the cell proliferation and colony formation of breast cancer MCF7 cells. PRMT2ß overexpression induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of MCF7 cells. Furthermore, PRMT2ß was revealed to suppress the transcription activity of the cyclin D1 promoter, and PRMT2ß was also found to inhibit cyclin D1 expression via the suppression of Akt/GSK-3ß signaling in breast cancer cells. Clinically, it was revealed that PRMT2ß expression was negatively correlated with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) (p=0.033) in breast tumors. Our results revealed that PRMT2ß, a novel splice variant of PRMT2, plays potential antitumor effect by suppressing cyclin D1 expression and inhibiting Akt signaling activity. This also opens a new avenue for treating breast cancer.

TGF-ß1 induces HMGA1 expression: The role of HMGA1 in thyroid cancer proliferation and invasion.

The role of transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) is complicated and plays a different role in the development of cancer. High mobility group A (HMGA1) participates in multiple cellular biology processes, and exerts important roles in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, the correlation of TGF-ß1 and HMGA1 in cancer cells is not yet fully understood. In this study, we determined the effects of TGF-ß1 on HMGA1 expression in thyroid cancer cells and examined the role of HMGA1 in thyroid cancer progression. With real-time PCR and immunofluorescence staining, our study demonstrated that TGF-ß1 induced the expression of HMGA1 through phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and the extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) signaling in thyroid cancer cells. With luciferase reported assay, the HMGA1 promoter activity was activated by TGF-ß1 in the SW579 cells. Furthermore, lentivirus-mediated HMGA1 knockdown inhibits cellular oncogenic properties of thyroid cancer cells. Clinically, tissue microarray revealed that HMGA1 was expressed in thyroid carcinoma more than that in normal thyroid tissues (P<0.001); expression of HMGA1 and MMP-2 was identified to be positively correlated (P=0.017). The present study established the first link between HMGA1 and TGF-ß1 in the regulation of thyroid cancer proliferation and invasion, and provided evidence for the pivotal role of HMGA1 in the progression of thyroid cancer, indicating HMGA1 to be potential biological marker for the diagnosis of thyroid cancer.