Association between red blood cell distribution width and non-valvular atrial fibrillation in hemodialysis patients: a single-center Chinese population study.

BACKGROUND: Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) has emerged as a prognostic marker of atrial fibrillation (AF) in various clinical settings. However, the relationship by which RDW was linked to AF in hemodialysis (HD) patients was not clear. We sought to reveal the relationship between RDW and AF occurrence in HD patients. METHODS: We enrolled 170 consecutive maintenance HD patients, including 86 AF patients and 84 non-AF patients. All participants' medical history and detailed clinical workup were recorded before the first dialysis session of the week. Electrocardiography, laboratory and transthoracic echocardiography examination indices were compared between the AF group and non-AF group. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the independent predictors of AF occurrence in HD patients. RESULTS: There were all paroxysmal AF patients in AF group. Compared to the non-AF group, patients with AF group had a significantly older age (61.0 ± 1.48 vs. 49.71 ± 1.79, p < 0.001), lower BMI (24.3 ± 4.11 vs. 25.8 ± 3.87, p < 0.05), higher RDW (15.10 ± 0.96 vs. 14.26 ± 0.82, p < 0.001) and larger LAD (39.87 ± 3.66 vs. 37.68 ± 5.08, p < 0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analyses demonstrated that values of age (OR: 1.030, 95%CI: 1.004-1.057, per one- year increase), BMI (OR: 0.863, 95%CI: 0.782-0.952, per 1 kg/m2 increase), RDW (OR: 2.917, 95%CI: 1.805-4.715, per 1% increase) and LAD (OR: 1.097, 95%CI: 1.004-1.199, per 1 mm increase) were independently associated with AF occurrence (p < 0.05, respectively). The best cutoff value of RDW to predict AF occurrence was 14.65% with a sensitivity of 68.6% and a specificity of 72.6%. CONCLUSIONS: The increased RDW was significantly associated with the paroxysmal AF occurrence in HD patients.

Prognostic value of left ventricular global longitudinal strain in chronic kidney disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate whether left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS) is a potential marker of predicting adverse outcomes in CKD patients. BACKGROUND: CKD is a growing health burden currently affecting 10-15% of adults worldwide, and disproportionally increasing propensity to develop cardiovascular diseases and events. Although obtained from several relatively small studies, the evidence supporting the prognostic value of GLS in patients with CKD is still building. METHODS: We conducted a Medline literature research using electronic databases (PubMed, Ovid, Embase and Web of Science) to identify relevant studies reporting the association between GLS and the primary outcomes, including all-cause mortality, major cardiac events (MCE), and cardiovascular mortality in CKD patients. Sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis were performed to find the origin of heterogeneity. RESULTS: A total of 11 observational studies with 2167 patients with CKD were enrolled. In patients with CKD, GLS was associated with all-cause mortality (HR: 1.09, 95% CI 1.06-1.12) with no heterogeneity among the studies (I2 = 46.5%, P = 0.06). In addition, GLS was associated with MCE and cardiovascular mortality with no heterogeneity (HR 1.16, 95% CI 1.11-1.22; HR 1.18, 95% CI 1.12-1.24, respectively). Overall, GLS was also associated with combined adverse events in CKD patients (HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.07-1.12) with moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 51.2%, P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis demonstrates that GLS is associated with all-cause mortality, MCE, cardiovascular mortality, and combined adverse events in CKD patients.

Prognostic impact of galectin-3 in chronic kidney disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Galectin-3 as a ß-galactoside-binding lectin, which has served important functions in numerous biological activities including cell growth, apoptosis, pre-mRNA splicing, differentiation, transformation, angiogenesis, inflammation, fibrosis, and host defense, may be used in prediction of clinical outcomes in CKD patients. However, the given results remain debatable and inconclusive. Hence, we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis to clarify the predictive value of galectin-3 in patients with CKD, especially ESRD patients going on dialysis. METHODS: PubMed and Embase electronic databases were searched to identify eligible studies reporting the association between galectin-3 and adverse outcomes in CKD patients. We searched the literatures published October 2018 or earlier. We used both fix-effects and random-effects models to calculate the overall effect estimate. An I2 > 50% indicates at least moderate statistical heterogeneity. A sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis were performed to find the origin of heterogeneity. RESULTS: We ultimately enrolled five studies with a total of 5226 patients in this meta-analysis. The result showed that high galectin-3 levels were associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular (CV) events in CKD patients. For every 1% increased in galectin-3, the risk of all-cause mortality increased by 37.9% (HR 1.379, 95% CI 1.090-1.744). Much more, the risk of CV events in CKD patients was also significantly increased (HR 1.054, 95% CI 1.007-1.102) with no statistical heterogeneity among the studies (I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.623). However, there was no statistical difference between the risk of all-cause mortality and galectin-3 in HD patients (HR 1.171, 95% CI 0.963-1.425). CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis suggests that high levels of galectin-3 may increase the risk of all-cause mortality and CV events in CKD patients, however, probably not a sensitive biomarker for outcomes in HD patients. Further studies were warranted to validate our findings.

Is Peritoneal Dialysis a Suitable Renal Replacement Therapy Option for Polycystic Kidney Disease Patients?

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Mounting clinical experience and evidence from scale observational studies have suggested that polycystic kidney disease (PKD) was not a contraindication for peritoneal dialysis (PD). Recent studies have reported that PD may be associated with a better prognosis in PKD than that of non-PKD patients. To solve the problem, we performed a systematic review and comprehensive meta-analysis to compare the outcomes between PKD and non-PKD patients on PD and the all-cause mortality between patients with PKD on PD and hemodialysis (HD). METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature using electronic databases (PubMed, Ovid, Embase and Web of Science) to identify the studies reporting the endpoint events of PKD/non-PKD patients with PD and the all-cause mortality between patients with PKD on PD and HD, such as dialysis adequacy, technique failure, PD-related complications, the mode of RRT change, and all-cause mortality. We searched the literature published February 2018 or earlier. We used both fix-effects and random-effects models to calculate the overall effect estimate. A sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis were performed to find the origin of heterogeneity. RESULTS: 12 studies with a total of 17,040 patients reported the endpoint events of PKD/non-PKD patients with PD. No significant difference was observed on dialysis adequacy (Kt/V, SMD: -0.02, 95%CI: -0.12-0.08; D: Pcr (4h), SMD: -0.10, 95% CI: -0.26-0.06), technique failure (RR: 0.97, 95%CI: 0.78-1.20), RRT change (RR: 0.96, 95%CI: 0.77-1.19), total PD-associated complications (RR: 1.0, 95%CI: 0.91-1.09) and all-cause mortality (RR: 0.40, 95%CI: 0.33-0.47) in PKD patients, compared with non-PKD subjects undergoing PD. However, the proportion of renal transplantation in PKD patients was higher than that of non-PKD patients (RR: 2.04, 95%CI: 1.88-2.20) with significant heterogeneity (I2 =82.7%, P=0.000). 4 studies with a total of 5,762 patients reported that the all-cause mortality did not differ between the PKD patients on PD and HD (RR: 0.87, 95%CI: 0.72-1.06). CONCLUSION: Our meta-analysis found that the outcomes of given population of PKD patients on PD were at least not inferior as compared to those with other primary kidney diseases, and suggested that PKD might be not absolutely a contraindication for PD. Given the limitations of the proposed, it needs further large-scale studies to assess whether PD is a suitable RRT option for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients with PKD.

Association Between Red Blood Cell Distribution Width and All-cause Mortality in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Considering results among previous studies regarding the relationship of red blood cell distribution width (RDW) and all-cause mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, we aimed to perform a comprehensive meta-analysis to evaluate the potential association between RDW and all-cause mortality in CKD patients. METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature using electronic databases (PubMed, Ovid, Embase and Web of Science) to identify the studies reporting the association between RDW and all-cause mortality in CKD patients. We searched the literatures published December 2016 or earlier. We used both fix-effects and random-effects models to calculate the overall effect estimate. A sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis were performed to find the origin of heterogeneity. RESULTS: We retrieved 9 studies with a total of 117,047 patients. For every 1% increase in RDW, the risk of all-cause mortality increased by 47% (HR 1.47, 95% CI 1.35-1.61) with no statistical heterogeneity among the studies (I2 = 44.5%, p = 0.094). When RDW was entered as a categorical variable, mortality risk was significantly increased (HR 1.84, 95% CI 1.21-2.81). Heterogeneity among the studies was observed for all-cause mortality (I2 = 82.3%, p = 0.001). We also performed a predefined subgroup analyses according to study population. We found that for every 1% increase in RDW, the risk of all-cause mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients increased by 36% (HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.20-1.53). CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis suggests that high levels of RDW probably increase the risk of all-cause mortality in CKD patients.

[Effect of shenshuning recipe on the extracellular matrix accumulation of the peritoneal fibrosis rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of Shenshuning Recipe (SR) on the peritoneal function, accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), and the expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in the peritoneal fibrosis rats. METHODS: The peritoneal fibrosis correlating peritoneal dialysis SD rat model was induced by injecting erythromycin and peritoneal dialysate. They were randomly divided into 4 groups according to body weight, i.e., the 1.50% peritoneal dialysate group (Group B), the 1.50% peritoneal dialysate + SR group (Group C), the 4.25% peritoneal dialysate group (Group D), and the 4.25% peritoneal dialysate +SR group (Group E), 15 in each group. Besides, another 15 rats was taken as the blank control group (n = 15, Group A). SR at the daily dose of 43.93 g/kg was given to rats in Group C and E by gastrogavage, while equal volume of normal saline was given to rats in other groups by gastrogavage. The changes of glucose in the peritoneal fluid were detected. The ultra filtration volume (UF)and mass transfer of glucose (MTG) were calculated. The pathomorphological changes of the peritoneum were observed. The distribution of collagen fiber, fibroblast count, collagen I (Col I), expressions of TIMP-1 and TGF-beta1 were determined. RESULTS: At the end of the 6th week, statistical difference was shown in UF [(-3.3 +/- 14.2) mL] and [(-2.0 +/- 10.7) mL], MTG [(18.1 +/- 0.8) mmol/kg] and [(16.1 +/- 1.2) mmol/kg], collagen fiber [(4 721.3 +/- 541.0)%] and [(6502.7 +/- 877.4)%], fibroblast [(0.087 +/- 0.010)/mm2] and [(0.131 +/- 0.042)/mm2], Col I [(187.5 +/- 36.9)%] and [(289.7 +/- 95.6)%], TIMP-1 [(2.57 +/- 0.94)%] and [(3.63 +/- 0.29)%], and TGF-beta1 [(104.0 +/- 20.7) ng/L] and [(108.2 +/- 17.5) ng/L] between Group C and Group E, when compared with the peritoneal dialysate group at the same concentration (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: SR could postpone the development of peritoneal fibrosis in peritoneal dialysis SD rats possibly through inhibiting expressions of TGF-beta1 and TIMP-1, and hindering the over-accumulation of ECM.

Optimized project of traditional Chinese medicine in treating chronic kidney disease stage 3: a multicenter double-blinded randomized controlled trial.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Stage 3 is the key phase of chronic kidney disease. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used for the treatment of chronic kidney disease. But a large sample trial is desirable. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 578 Chinese patients with primary glomerulonephritis in CKD stage 3 were randomly assigned to three groups: patients received TCM (TCM group), benazepril (Ben group), TCM combined with benazepril (TCM+Ben group). Patients were followed up for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was the time to the composite of 50% increased of serum creatinine, end stage renal disease or death. RESULTS: eGFR in the TCM and the TCM+Ben group were improved (week 24 vs. baseline, P<0.05) while eGFR in the Ben group was decreased (week 24 vs. baseline, P>0.05). 24h urinary protein excretion (UP) and urinary albumin/creatinine (UAlb/Cr) were decreased in the TCM+Ben (week 24 vs. baseline, P<0.05) and the Ben group (week 24 vs. baseline, P>0.05). UP and UAlb/Cr were increased in the TCM group to week 12, then were stable (week 24 vs. baseline, P<0.05). The hemoglobin in the TCM group was also improved (week 24 vs. baseline, P<0.05). The accumulative survival rate in the TCM+Ben group was higher than that in the TCM group and the Ben group (P=0.044). Side effects in the TCM group were the lowest in these groups (P<0.05). The patients with dry cough in the TCM+Ben group and the Ben group were increased as compared with the TCM group (P<0.05). Hyperkalemia happened less frequently in the TCM group as compared with the other two groups (P=0.052). CONCLUSIONS: For the patients with CKD stage 3, TCM can improve eGFR and hemoglobin with lower side effects. Benazepril significantly decreased the proteinuria. Chinese medicine integrated with benazepril can ameliorate renal function and decrease proteinuria synergistically.

[Effects of Shensu II Recipe on the expressions of transforming growth factor-beta1, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in the focal segmental glomerulosclerosis rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of Shensu II Recipe on the renal function, mesangial extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation, the expressions of transforming growth factor-beta1, (TGF-beta1), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in the focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) rats. METHODS: FSGS SD rat model was induced by injecting adriamycin. They were randomly divided into the model group, the Western medicine group, and the Chinese medicine group according to body weight. Besides, another 12 rats was taken as the blank control group. Of them, benazepril (0.33 mg/100 g) was given to rats in the Western medicine group by gastrogavage, while Shensu II Recipe (3.5 g/100 g) was given to rats in the Chinese medicine group by gastrogavage. Normal saline was given to rats in the control group and the model group by gastrogavage. Six rats died during the experiment process, among which, one in the control group, two in the model group, one in the Western medicine group, and two in the Chinese medicine group. The changes of 24 h urinary protein (24 hU, pyrogallol red method), blood urea nitrogen (BUN, urease method), serum creatinine (SCr, enzymatic assay of creatinine), serum total protein (TP, biuret colorimetry), serum albumin (ALB, bromocresol green colormetry) were detected. The pathomorphological changes of the glomerulus were observed. Fibronection (FN), collagen IV (Col IV), glomerulus sclerosis index (GSI), ECM/glomerulus area (GA), expressions of TGF-beta1, and PAI-1 were determined by semi-quantitative analysis. RESULTS: At the end of the 12th week, improvement was shown in the Chinese medicine group (24 hU: 38.55 +/- 2.49 mg; BUN:10.87 +/- 1.78 mmol/L; SCr: 51.70 +/- 1.50 micromol/L; TP: 68.28 +/- 2.31 g/L; and ALB: 42.43 +/- 1.95 g/L). The pathomorphological observation showed that the development of glomerulosclerosis (GS) was significantly slowed down. Semi-quantitative analysis showed significant difference when compared with the model group (GSI: 1.68 +/- 0.33 grade; ECM/GA: 7.11% +/- 2.46%; FN: 4.15% +/- 1.55%; Col IV:1.47% +/- 0.48%; TGF-beta1:19.70% +/- 5.05%; PAI-1: 22.57% +/- 10.65%) ( P < 0.05, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Shensu II Recipe could postpone the development of GS in FSGS rats possibly through inhibiting the expressions of TGF-beta1 and PAI-1, hindering the over-accumulation of mesangial matrix.

[Effects of shenshuning recipe on expression of hepatocyte growth factor in rats with glomerulosclerosis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Shenshuning Recipe (SSNR) on gene expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in renal tissues in rats with glomerulosclerosis. METHODS: Glomerulosclerosis was induced in 42 rats by unilateral nephrectomy and intravenous injection of doxorubicin. Then these 42 rats were randomly divided into three groups: untreated group, SSNR-treated group and benazepril-treated group. Another eight rats were included into sham-operation group. The rats in the SSNR-treated group and the benazepril-treated group were fed SSNR or benazepril respectively for 8 weeks. The levels of 24 h urine protein (Upr), serum creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of rats in each group were examined. The renal morphological changes were observed under microscope, and the diameter of glomerular capillary, mesangial matrix and glomerulosclerosis index were analyzed by image analysis software. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method was used to detect the gene expression of HGF in the renal tissues. RESULTS: The levels of 24 h Upr, serum Cr and BUN in the untreated group were remarkably increased than those in the sham-operation group (P<0.01). The pathological morphological changes in the untreated group showed that the glomerulosclerosis was diffused around the renal tissue and the capillaries were shrunk. The expression level of mesangial matrix was up-regulated and the glomerulosclerosis index was 3.32+/-0.35. The expression level of HGF mRNA in the untreated group was obviously lower than that in the sham-operation group (P<0.05). The levels of 24 h Upr, serum Cr and BUN in the SSNR-treated group and the benazepril-treated group were remarkably decreased as compared with those in the untreated group, while the expression levels of HGF mRNA were both obviously higher than that in the untreated group (P<0.01). The pathological morphological changes in the SSNR-treated group and the benazepril-treated group were both alleviated. There was no significant difference in therapeutic effect between the SSNR-treated group and the benazepril-treated group. CONCLUSION: Shenshuning Recipe can up-regulate the expression of HGF mRNA, decrease the mesangial matrix, and improve the renal function, so that it may retard the development of glomerulosclerosis.