[Survival time and related factors on HIV/AIDS patients in Guizhou province from 1995 to 2018].

Objective: To examine the survival time and related factors on HIV/AIDS patients in Guizhou province from 1995 to 2018. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze the HIV/AIDS case from 1995 to 2018 in Guizhou province with data gathered from the "Chinese National Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Prevention and care Information system". Survival rate was calculated by life table and survival time was estimated by Kaplan-Meier. Related factors on survival time were analyzed by Cox regression model. Results: A total of 53 232 HIV/AIDS cases were included in the study, with the mortality rate as 8.53/100 person-years (14 210/166 679.18), median survival time as 10.20 (95%CI: 9.91-10.48) years, and survival rates of 1, 5, 10 and 20 years as 0.85, 0.68, 0.51, 0.36, 0.19 respectively. Results from the multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that factors as: being male (compared with females, aHR=0.757, 95%CI: 0.727-0.788), with antiviral treatment (ART) (compared with those without ART, aHR=0.173, 95%CI: 0.165-0.181), CD(4)<200 cells/µl[compared with CD(4)(+)T cells (CD(4)) ≥200 cells/µl, aHR=0.410, 95%CI: 0.387-0.435], age ≥45 (compared with age<45, aHR=1.506, 95%CI: 1.193-1.901), illiterate (compared with having high school education or above, aHR=0.904, 95%CI: 0.832-0.982), unmarried (compared with divorced or widowed, aHR=0.896, 95%CI: 0.848-0.946), through heterosexual transmission (compared with homosexual transmission, aHR=0.555, 95%CI: 0.487-0.632), ethnic minorities (compared with Hans, aHR=1.185, 95%CI: 1.114-1.262), and farmers/migrant workers (compared with domestic/unemployed,aHR=0.874, 95%CI: 0.834-0.916,) etc., were related to the survival time of HIV/AIDS, in Guizhou province. Conclusions: The mortality rate of HIV/AIDS in Guizhou province appeared relatively high, but with no obvious downward trend seen in the last years. Factors as being male, age ≥45, low education level, ethnic minorities, CD(4)<200 cells/µl were identified as related to the HIV/AIDS survival time. We would suggest that treatment and follow-up management programs should be strengthened to improve the quality of life among these patients.

The association between subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycosylation profiles and hypertension in the Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz, and Tajik populations.

Hypertension results from the interaction of genetic and acquired factors. IgG occurs in the form of different subclasses, of which the effector functions show significant variation. The detailed differences between the glycosylation profiles of the individual IgG subclasses may be lost in a profiling method for total IgG N-glycosylation. In this study, subclass-specific IgG Fc glycosylation profile was investigated in the four northwestern Chinese minority populations, namely, Uygur (UIG), Kazak (KZK), Kirgiz (KGZ), and Tajik (TJK), composed of 274 hypertensive patients and 356 healthy controls. The results showed that ten directly measured IgG N-glycan traits (i.e., IgG1G0F, IgG2G0F, IgG2G1FN, IgG2G1FS, IgG2G2S, IgG4G0F, IgG4G1FS, IgG4G1S, IgG4G2FS, and IgG4G2N) representing galactosylation and sialylation are significantly associated with hypertension, with IgG4 consistently showing weaker associations of its sialylation, across the four ethnic groups. We observed a modest improvement on the AUC of ROC curve when the IgG Fc N-glycan traits are added into the glycan-based model (difference between AUCs, 0.044, 95% CI: 0.016-0.072, P = 0.002). The AUC of the diagnostic model indicated that the subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycan profiles provide more information reinforcing current models utilizing age, gender, BMI, and ethnicity, and demonstrate the potential of subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycosylation profiles to serve as a biomarker for hypertension. Further research is however required to determine the additive value of subclass-specific IgG Fc N-glycosylation on top of biomarkers, which are currently used.

Serum CYFRA21-1 as an effective tumor biomarker for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

UNLABELLED: We investigated if the serum cytokeratin 19 fragment 21.1 (CYFRA21-1) level was elevated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and can function as a biomarker for detection and monitoring of NPC. Three hundred and one study subjects were divided into two groups: the NPC group (n=126) and healthy control group (n=175). Serum CYFRA21-1 levels were measured before and after treatment using a chemiluminescent immunoassay, and its association with tumor stage and the clinical objective responses were analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to discriminate patients with NPC from the healthy controls. The pretreatment serum CYFRA21-1 level was significantly elevated in patients with NPC compared with the healthy controls (5.07±1.98 ng/ml vs 2.36±1.21 ng/ml, p<0.001), and it declined significantly after the entire treatment (2.14±0.72 ng/ml, p<0.001). The serum CYFRA21-1 level of patients with a classification of T3-4 was significantly higher than that of those with class T1-2 (5.64±2.23 ng/ml vs 4.62±1.64 ng/ml, p=0.006), and that of patients with clinical stage III-IV was higher than clinical stage I-II (5.31±2.02 vs 4.04±1.37 ng/ml, p=0.003). The AUC, sensitivity and specificity of elevated serum CYFRA21-1 in patients with NPC was 0.91, 0.83 and 0.89 respectively. In conclusion, the serum CYFRA21-1 level could be a reliable and effective biomarker for the detection and monitoring of NPC tumor progression. KEYWORDS: nasopharyngeal carcinoma, CYFRA21-1, tumor biomarker, receiver operating characteristic curve.

Effect of the route of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection of piglets on the course of disease.

Three different routes of Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection of piglets, namely intranasal (i.n.) through drops, intradermal (i.d.) into the foot, and intramuscular (i.m.) were compared regarding the onset and severity of the disease. The results showed that the i.d. injection of the virus resulted in the fastest onset of the disease. The i.m. injection led to a delayed onset, but the final effect was identical with i.d. injection. Moreover, the i.m. injection was simpler to perform and easier to evaluate. Therefore, the i.m. injection of piglets is recommended as the optimal infection route for evaluation of the FMDV vaccine potency.

Distribution of killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes in Eastern mainland Chinese Han and Taiwanese Han populations.

The interaction between killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules expressed on target cells is known to modulate the cytolytic activity of natural killer (NK) cells. To date, a wide range of KIR genotypes has been observed, which varies among different ethnic populations. We report here comparison of the KIR gene content and genotypic structure of KIRs in 106 individuals from Eastern mainland Chinese Han and 97 from Taiwanese Han. All 17 KIR genes were observed in the two populations. Framework genes 2DL4, 3DL2, 3DL3 and 3DP1 were present in all individuals. The two populations had very similar frequencies in most loci, however, significant differences were noted in the frequencies of KIR3DS1 and KIR2DS4D (KIR2DS4 deletant variant). A total of 35 and 29 genotypes were identified in the individuals from the Eastern mainland Chinese and the Taiwanese Hans, respectively. Some pairs of KIRs showed significant positive and negative linkage disequilibrium (LD). Our data showed that there were minor distinctions in KIR gene frequencies, genotypes and LD between the two populations, which shed light on a possible geographic genetic demarcation among different Chinese communities.

Cigarette smoking and urinary organic sulfides.

In order to observe how cigarette smoking influences levels of thio-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to detect TTCA in urine from 18 healthy male volunteers. At the same time, the total amount of urinary organic sulfides was determined by the iodine azide test (IAT). Nine of the volunteers had smoking histories (5 to 10 cigarettes per day, as the smoking group), and the rest only occasionally smoke (1 to 2 cigarettes per month, as the control group). Samples were collected in the early morning (limosis) and 90 minutes after smoking a cigarette. Results showed that smoking a single cigarette could elevate the level of urinary organic sulfides both in the smoking and control groups, while a smoking habit appeared to have no significant influence on the urinary organic sulfide level. No significant cumulative effect of cigarette smoking on urinary organic sulfides was found. The influence of cigarette on urinary organic sulfides was temporary. The results suggest that cigarette smoking might be a confounding factor in biomonitoring the levels of carbon disulfide in exposed workers.

Association of the R485K polymorphism of the factor V gene with poor response to activated protein C and increased risk of coronary artery disease in the Chinese population.

Inherited predisposition to thrombosis contributes to the initiation and progression of coronary artery disease (CAD). The present study was designed to explore the relationship between genetic variation of coagulation factor V and occurrence of CAD. A total of 141 unrelated patients with CAD and 175 healthy controls were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) for variation detection in all 25 exons of the factor V gene. Among the study subjects, 55 CAD patients and 73 controls were evaluated at random for response to activated protein C (APC) by Coatest APC resistance test. Polymorphisms in exon 4, 10, 13 and 16 of factor V gene were documented [642G-->T(S156), 1628--> A(R485K), 4070A-->G(H1299R) and 5380G A(V1736M), respectively]. The study also identified a novel polymorphism 327A G in exon 2 which did not alter the amino acid residue. Leiden mutation (R506Q) was not detected in any of our 316 subjects. Among the five polymorphisms, the allele frequency of 1628G--> A was significantly different between the CAD patients and the controls (0.36 vs. 0.21, p < 0.05). Subjects homozygous or heterozygous for the A allele of 1628G-->A polymorphism had lower normalized APC ratios than those with the GG genotype in the CAD group (1.16+/-0.13 and 1.18+/-0.23 vs. 1.36+/-0.33, p <0.05) and in the controls, indicating that A(1628) allele was associated with a poor response to APC. We conclude that the 1628G-->A (R485K) polymorphism of factor V is associated with a poor response to APC and increased risk for CAD.

Clonorchiasis: treatment with praziquantel in 50 cases.

Of 50 patients infected with Clonorchis sinensis, 3 groups were formed and treated with different doses of praziquantel (2-cyclohexylcarbonyl-1,2,3,6,7,11b-hexahydro-4H-pyrazino[2,1-a] isoquinolin- 4-one). 24 patients out of 50 were followed up for 3 months and another 10 for 6 months. It is evident that this single-day treatment is effective and satisfactory. In 5 patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency no haemolysis occurred.

Paragonimiasis: treatment with praziquantel in 40 human cases and in 1 cat.

40 patients infected with P. westermani were divided into 3 groups and treated with praziquantel (2-cyclohexylcarbonyl-1,2,3,6,7,11b-hexahydro-4H-pyrazino[2,1-a]++ +isoquinolin- 4-one) by 3 different dosages. Parasitological cure was achieved in 27/40 patients, i.e. 67.5%. Details are given in this short communication.