Effects of Saccharomycopsis fibuligera and Saccharomyces cerevisiae inoculation on small fermentation starters in Sichuan-style Xiaoqu liquor.

Xiaoqu liquor is a type of distilled spirit in China prepared on a small scale from a small solid starter culture. Although this liquor is popular in southwestern China, it can have a dull taste, limiting its market. To improve the flavour profile of Xiaoqu liquor, we selected two functional yeast strains (Saccharomycopsis fibuligera and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) from Zaopei (fermented grain) of Baijiu liquor and used them for Xiaoqu liquor fermentation. Compared with traditional Xiaoqu (Starter), bioaugmentation inoculation increased the glucoamylase and acidic protease activities and the ethanol synthesis rate, while decreasing the acidity of the Zaopei (fermented grains) in the early stage of fermentation. By the end of the fermentation process, the alcohol and ester content had also increased by 42.5% and 11.8%, respective, and that of aldehydes and ketones, and heterocyclic compounds decreased by 73.7% and 77.1%, respectively. Traditional isolation and high-throughput sequencing were employed to analyse the microorganisms in the Zaopei. Bioaugmentation inoculation increased the microbial diversity of Xiaoqu liquor during the fermentation process. The dominant fungus during fermentation using the two types of starter cultures was S. cerevisiae, whereas the dominant bacteria was Pseudomonas, followed by Bacillus, Weissella, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroides. Principal component analysis of the bacterial community structure and flavour substances in the Zaopei produced using the two strains revealed that there were few differences between the two liquors and that inoculation with functional yeasts may not change the flavour substances in Xiaoqu liquor. However, correlation analysis showed that Escherichia Shigella, Terrisporobacter, Bacillus, Clostridium, and Prevotellaceae are the main microorganisms in the Xiaoqu liquor fermentation process. These results lay the foundation to improve the quality of Xiaoqu liquor.

Assessment of ß-glucans, phenols, flavor and volatile profiles of hulless barley wine originating from highland areas of China.

Low alcohol hulless barley wine (HW) is a popular beverage among the highland areas in China. It is known to have several health benefits due to the presence of ß-glucan and antioxidant compounds. Therefore, the total ß-glucan content, total phenols and flavonoids of HW samples from the highland areas of Sichuan province and Tibet were determined in this study. The results indicated that HW is abundant in both ß-glucan (54-76 mg/L) and phenolic compounds (131-178 mg/L). Moreover, this study also investigated the flavor and aroma characteristics of HW samples. A total of forty six volatile aroma substances were identified by GC-MS. The HWs could be classified into three distinct groups in terms of the region of origin according to the results of PCA based on the GC-MS data. These findings provide a useful foundation for further study of the health benefits and the flavor characteristics of HW in highland areas.

Characterization of the Distribution of Pyrene Molecules in Confined Geometries with the Model Free Analysis.

Evidence is provided showing that global Model Free Analysis (MFA) of monomer and excimer fluorescence decays of pyrene dissolved in aqueous solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) provides the same structural and dynamic information on SDS micelles as the well-established Micelle Model (MM) does. Both MFA and MM were employed to characterize the quenching kinetics between dyes and quenchers located in surfactant micelles and the aggregation number of surfactant micelles. However, contrary to the MM, which assumes that dyes and quenchers distribute themselves among SDS micelles according to a Poisson distribution and react with a rate constant that is proportional to the number of reactants in a micelle, the MFA accomplishes this task without making any assumption about the process of pyrene excimer formation in SDS micelles. The ability of the MFA to retrieve accurately the molar fraction of pyrene molecules that are isolated in SDS micelles and do not form excimers was taken advantage of to establish that it equaled the Poisson probability of exciting micelles that contained a single pyrene. The molar fraction of isolated pyrenes could then be utilized to determine the aggregation number of the SDS micelles, and the rate constant of excimer formation between one excited- and one ground-state pyrene located inside a same micelle. Within experimental error, both the MFA and MM yielded the same micelle aggregation number and rate constant of excimer formation, with the MFA making no prior assumptions about the physical principles underlying the process of excimer formation contrary to the MM. The ability of the MFA to retrieve quantitative parameters providing structural and dynamic information about macromolecular systems with no prior knowledge about their architecture or labeling scheme implies that it can be applied to characterize a wide range of macromolecular architectures in solution.

Altered intrinsic connectivity networks in frontal lobe epilepsy: a resting-state fMRI study.

Examining the resting-state networks (RSNs) may help us to understand the neural mechanism of the frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE). Resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) data were acquired from 46 patients with FLE (study group) and 46 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects (control group). The independent component analysis (ICA) method was used to identify RSNs from each group. Compared with the healthy subjects, decreased functional connectivity was observed in all the networks; however, in some areas of RSNs, functional connectivity was increased in patients with FLE. The duration of epilepsy and the seizure frequency were used to analyze correlation with the regions of interest (ROIs) in the nine RSNs to determine their influence on FLE. The functional network connectivity (FNC) was used to study the impact on the disturbance and reorganization of FLE. The results of this study may offer new insight into the neuropathophysiological mechanisms of FLE.

Monitoring the reduced scattering coefficient of bone tissues on the trajectory of pedicle screw placement using near-infrared spectroscopy.

Pedicle screw (PS) fixation has been widely used for spine diseases. Scientists and clinicians employ several approaches to navigate PS during operation. We have demonstrated the feasibility of monitoring the reduced scattering coefficient (µ's) on the trajectory of PS using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). To perform the in-vitro monitoring, an NIRS measurement system was introduced and the reduced scattering coefficients of different sites in porcine pedicle were accurately deduced from the spectrum. Moreover, the changes of the reduced scattering coefficient along the different paths were studied. The results show reduced scattering coefficients on different regions of bones can be significantly distinguished. Furthermore, monitoring experiments along different paths confirmed that a reduced scattering coefficient would change versus the depth of puncture in pedicles. Thus, the proposed monitoring system based on NIRS provides a potential for guiding PS during operation.

Interleukin-22 mediates early host defense against Rhizomucor pusilluscan pathogens.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, the fungal infectious disease zygomycosis has increased in incidence worldwide, especially among the immunodeficient population. Despite the rates of zygomycosis-related death and deformation being very high, the mechanism(s) by which the fungal pathogens cause these severe manifestations remain unknown. METHODS: Using the associated Rhizomucor variabilis species, which can selectively induce cutaneous zygomycosis in otherwise healthy individuals, we investigated the host mechanisms of infection-related responses, including cytokine and chemokine expression as well as contributions of particular T cell subsets. siRNA specifically targeting IL-22,IL-17 and IFN-γ were used to down-regulate expression of those molecules. RESULTS: In mouse models of infection, IL-22 was implicated in development of Rhizomucor spp.-induced skin lesions. In cultured human peripheral blood monocytes, R. pusilluscan, which is often found in immunodeficient patients, induced the production of IL-22, while R. variabilis did not. Moreover, Rhizomucor spp.-induced secretion of Il-22 from CCR6(+)CCR4(+)CCR10(+) cells was down-regulated by knockdown of IL-22 related signaling receptors, RORC and ARH. CONCLUSION: Our data strongly suggest that avoidance of IL-22 may be one mechanism by which mucor species produce morbidity and mortality in infected individuals.

Gender differences in bone density at different skeletal sites of acquisition with age in Chinese children and adolescents.

Bone mass acquisition from different genders and races of children and adolescents may vary. To explore gender- and age-related differences in bone mineral density (BMD) measurements in Chinese children and adolescents, we used the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) bone densitometer to take BMD measurements at the posteroanterior (PA) and lateral spine, hip, and forearm in 1286 healthy children and adolescents, ranging from 6 to 24 years of age. Our results show a correlation between BMD measurements taken from different skeletal sites and from different ages of subjects. Male data were best fit to a power regression model, yielding the largest determinant coefficients (R (2)), whereas S regression was the best fitting model for females. In individuals younger than 17 years of age, the rate of BMD accumulation in the PA spine is more rapid in females than in males, whereas in individuals older than 19 years of age, the converse was found to be true. In children younger than 14 years of age, BMD measurements, taken from the lateral spine, the neck and trochanter of the femur, and the total hip, correlated with age similarly in both genders. Additionally, in measurements taken from the forearm ultradistal and 1/3 region, BMD measurements from similar ages of both genders are similar. With increasing age, BMD measurements in males become significantly higher than those of females. However, volumetric BMD (vBMD) measurements from both genders show good uniformity at the lateral spine with a near overlap of the two models. Our findings suggest that vBMD acquisition measurements in Chinese children and adolescents show no gender differences, with gender differences only demonstrated in areal BMD (aBMD) measurements taken from different skeletal sites.