Dynamics of the components of energy intake between Spanish and Mexican preschool children: energy density and food volume in two contexts.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the differences in the dynamics of dietary energy density (ED), food volume (FV) and energy intake (EI) between two groups of healthy children, in normal conditions, from Spain and Mexico. METHODS: Crossectional study which analyses the habitual diet of two healthy children groups, 1-4 years old, from Reus (Spain, n = 203) and Guadalajara (Mexico, n = 147). Dietary intake was assessed using the 24-hour recall. Anthropometric data were also obtained. We estimated Z-score of weight, height and BMI, and EI (kcal/day), ED (kcal/g), FV (g/day), El/kg body weight (kcal/kg/day) and FV/kg body weight (g/kg/day). RESULTS: The Spanish children consumed significantly more cereals (p < 0.05), vegetables, meat, fish and eggs than the Mexican children (p < 0.001), while the latter consumed significantly more sweets (p < 0.001). The mean El/kg body weight was 107.7 ± 36.2 kcal/kg/day in the children from Reus, and 102.4 ± 38.8 kcal/kg/day in the children from Guadalajara, without significant differences. While the ED was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the Spanish sample (1.41 ± 0.35 kcal/g) that in the Mexican one (1.19 ± 0.37 kcal/g), we observed the contrary on FV per kilogram of weight: it was significantly (p < 0.001) greater in Mexicans (91.0 ± 36.1 g/kg/day) than in Spanish (79.5 ± 27.5 g/kg/day). CONCLUSION: In two populations with different contexts, the balance between energy intake and energy requirements is achieved in different ways, allowing energy intake per unit of weight and growth to be adequate. Future studies are needed to clarify the factors of a possible alteration of this equilibrium through time, in such a way, that it would probably contribute to the development of overweight and obesity in several environments.

Dynamics of the components of energy intake between Spanish and Mexican preschool children: energy density and food volume in two contexts / Dinámica de los componentes de la ingesta energética entre niños preescolares de España y México: densidad energética y volumen alimentario en dos contextos

Objective: To determine the differences in the dynamics of dietary energy density (ED), food volume (FV) and energy intake (EI) between two groups of healthy children, in normal conditions, from Spain and Mexico. Methods: Crossectional study which analyses the habitual diet of two healthy children groups, 1-4 years old, from Reus (Spain, n = 203) and Guadalajara (Mexico, n = 147).Dietary intake was assessed using the 24-hour recall. Anthropometric data were also obtained. We estimated Z-score of weight, height and BMI, and EI (kcal/day), ED(kcal/g), FV (g/day), EI/kg body weight (kcal/kg/day) and FV/kg body weight (g/kg/day). Results: The Spanish children consumed significantly more cereals (p < 0.05), vegetables, meat, fish and eggs than the Mexican children (p < 0.001), while the latter consumed significantly more sweets (p < 0.001). The mean EI/kg bodyweight was 107.7 ± 36.2 kcal/kg/day in the children from Reus, and 102.4 ± 38.8 kcal/kg/day in the children from Guadalajara, without significant differences. While the ED was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the Spanish sample(1.41 ± 0.35 kcal/g) that in the Mexican one (1.19 ± 0.37kcal/g), we observed the contrary on FV per kilogram of weight: it was significantly (p < 0.001) greater in Mexicans(91.0 ± 36.1 g/kg/day) than in Spanish (79.5 ± 27.5 g/kg/day).Conclusion: In two populations with different contexts, the balance between energy intake and energy requirements is achieved in different ways, allowing energy in take per unit of weight and growth to be adequate. Future studies are needed to clarify the factors of a possible alteration of this equilibrium through time, in such away, that it would probably contribute to the development of overweight and obesity in several environments (AU)

Objetivo: Determinar las diferencias en la dinámica de la densidad energética (DE), volumen de alimentos (FV) e ingesta energética (IE), entre dos grupos de niños sanos, en condiciones de vida habitual, de España y México. Metodología: Estudio transversal que analiza la dieta habitual de niños sanos, entre 1-4 años, originarios de Reus (España, n = 203) y Guadalajara (México, n =147). La ingesta dietética fue evaluada con el recordatorio de 24 horas. Se valoraron algunos parámetros antropométricos. Se calculó puntuación-Z para el peso, talla e IMC, y la IE (kcal/día), DE (kcal/g), FV (g/día),IE/kg de peso corporal (kcal/kg/día) y FV/kg de peso corporal (g/kg/día).Resultados: Los niños españoles presentaron una mayor ingesta de cereales (p < 0,05), verduras, carne, pescado y huevo, que los mexicanos (p < 0,001), mientras que estos últimos tuvieron una mayor ingesta de azúcares (p <0,001). La media de IE/kg de peso fue de 107,7 ± 36,2kcal/kg/día en niños de Reus, y 102,4 ± 38,8 kcal/kg/día en niños de Guadalajara, sin diferencias significativas. Mientras la DE fue significativamente mayor (p < 0,001)en los españoles (1,41 ± 0,35 kcal/g) que en los mexicanos(1,19 ± 0,37 kcal/g), observamos lo contrario en FV/kg de peso: este fue significativamente mayor (p < 0,001) en los niños mexicanos (91,0 ± 36,1 g/kg/día) que en los españoles(79,5 ± 27,5 g/kg/día).Conclusión: En dos poblaciones con contextos diferentes, el equilibrio de la IE se logra por diferentes vías, permitiendo un aporte energético por unidad de peso y crecimiento adecuados. Se precisan futuros estudios que aclaren los factores mediante los cuales este equilibrio se altera a través del tiempo, y que quizá, contribuye al desarrollo de sobrepeso u obesidad, en diversos entornos (AU)

[Food intake, dietary habits and nutritional status of the population of Reus (X): Evolution of the diet and the contribution of macronutrients to energy intake (1983-1999) by age and sex]. / Consumo, hábitos alimentarios y estado nutricional de la población de Reus (X): Evolución de la ingestión alimentaria y de la contribución de los macronutrientes al aporte energético (1983-1999), según edad y sexo.

BACKGROUND: To study the evolution of the diet and the nutritional intake between 1983 and 1999, by age and sex. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We performed a series of analysis of the food intake on a representative sample of the population of Reus (aged 10-69 years). Dietary intake was estimated using the 24-hours recall method. In 1999 the sample size was 839 individuals, 41% of them having taken part in the studies since 1983. Results are shown as mean (standard deviation). RESULTS: In 1999, the energy intake was 2524 (582) kcal in men aged 35-44 years (n = 57), and 1827 (490) kcal in women (n = 95) (p < 0.001 between sexes). The energy intake decreases with age (significant trend [p < 0.001] between 15-69 years) and it is higher in men than in women in all the age groups studied. When comparing similar age groups, we observe that this energy intake has not changed significantly since 1983. Between 1983 and 1999 the contribution of the macronutrients to the total energy intake has become more similar between ages and sexes. In 1999, in men aged 35-44 years a 15.6% of the energy came from proteins, 42% from fat and 42.5% from carbohydrates; in women of the same age: a 17.3% of the energy came from proteins, 42.4% from fat and 40.3% from carbohydrates). During this period we observed, however, remarkable changes in the diet which imply the increasing participation of the dairy products, vegetables and meat in the energy intake, or the significant decrease of the role of tubers, eggs and visible fat. CONCLUSIONS: Our population maintains an energy intake without significant changes, and it presents a trend towards a progressive uniformity of the nutritional balance between the different ages and sexes, although there are significant changes in some components of the diet.

Energy density of the diet, food volume and energy intake by age and sex in a healthy population.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the changes in energy intake (EI), food intake volume (FV) and energy density (ED) related to age and gender in a population in the Mediterranean area of Spain, and to determine the different role of FV and ED on the consecution of the adequate EI throughout lifespan. SUBJECTS: One thousand and eighty-eight individuals (1-65 y) randomly selected from the population census. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study in which food intake was quantified by 24 h dietary recall, three non-consecutive days. Height and weight measurements were taken in 885 individuals. RESULTS: EI, FV and ED increased progressively (P < 0.001) between 1-2 y and 10-12 y of age in both sexes. At 1-2 y the EI is 5.8+/-1.5 MJ/d, FV 1195+/-275 g/d and ED 4.8+/-0.9 kJ/g. Between 1-2 and 3-4 y, coinciding with an EI that increased up to 7.2+/-1.5 MJ/d, there was an increase in ED up to 6.1+/-0.8 kJ/g (P < 0.001), while the FV did not vary significantly. At the start of puberty, between 7-9 and 10-12 y, when the EI increased to 9.7+/-0.9 MJ/d (P < 0.001) in males, the ED rose to 7.1+/-0.9 kJ/g (P < 0.001) while the FV did not vary significantly. At this age, a significant difference between the genders was observed in the EI (P = 0.04), and in the ED (P = 0.02) but not, as yet, in the FV. During adulthood, a significant trend towards decrease (P < 0.001 in both sexes) was observed in EI and ED. However, FV decreased significantly only in females. CONCLUSIONS: The changes in energy intake that were observed with respect to age and gender were accommodated-for by changes in the ED of the diet rather than by variations in food volume intake. Autoregulation of the ED of the diet, sufficient for energy intake requirement changes, appears to be an essential human capacity for efficient nutrition.

Implications of the weaning pattern on macronutrient intake, food volume and energy density in non-breastfed infants during the first year of life.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the implications of the patterns of weaning on the intake of macronutrients, energy intake, food volume and the energy density in healthy infants in the Mediterranean area of Spain. SUBJECTS AND STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of 120 clinically-healthy, non-breastfed infants at the ages of 4, 6, 9 and 12 months randomly recruited from three pediatric out-patient clinics. Nutrition data were obtained from the infant's food preparer using the 24-hour dietary recall method. RESULTS: Energy intake/kg body weight was within the recommended daily allowance and did not vary significantly with age (423 kJ/kg body weight at 4 months and 443.7 kJ/kg at 12 months). There was a progressive decrease in the intake volume (p < 0.001) in which carbohydrate-rich foodstuffs were the major factors, and an increase in the energy density (p < 0.001) in which the protein-rich items were the principal contributors. Lipid intake diminished progressively (p < 0.01) to a nadir of 26.4% of energy intake at 9 months of age. In each of the meals there was a tendency towards a progressive increase in energy intake with age. This increase was achieved by a significant increase in energy density (p < 0.001 in all meals, except dinner p < 0.05). Conversely, the intake volume of breakfast, lunch and dinner remained essentially unchanged between 6 and 12 months while that of the mid-evening meal decreased markedly. CONCLUSION: Increased energy requirements for growth is achieved, mainly, by an increase in the energy density rather than the intake volume during food-item diversification in the non-breastfed infant. Cereals were the central food item in the weaning diet in our study sample and which adequately compensates, in terms of energy requirement, for the early reliance on the lipids contained in milk.

Cavitary pulmonary metastases in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder.

About 4% of metastases to the lung eventually evolve into cavitary lesions. The origin of these lesions are squamous cell carcinomas in 69% of cases and adenocarcinomas in the rest. Lung metastases develop in 20% of patients with transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder (TCB), usually as multiple nodules. The cavitation of these metastases is an unusual finding, and a review of the literature has revealed only 7 cases of cavitary metastatic lesions from TCB. We add 2 further cases with cavitary metastases and study their clinical and radiographic features, in comparison with those previously described in the literature.

[Ovarian cancer in a female patient with von Recklinghausen's disease]. / Cáncer de ovario en una paciente con enfermedad de von Recklinghausen.

A 29-year-old female with von Recklinghausen's disease developed ovarian epithelial cancer. Neurofibromatosis is a dominant autosomal disease predisposing to a wide range of tumors. The association between neurofibromatosis and malignancy was reviewed, analyzing the relevant features for the present case.

Orbital metastases from transitional-cell cancer of the urinary bladder.

Transitional-cell cancer accounts for 90% of the histological types of cancer of the urinary bladder. This tumor most often spreads towards the lymph nodes, lung and bones, but other much more infrequent metastatic sites such as the orbit, have also been described. We report on 2 patients with transitional-cell bladder tumors that developed metastases to the orbit.